Finite strain theory

In cont inuum mechanics, t he finite strain theory—also called large strain theory, or large
deformation theory—deals wit h deformat ions in which st rains and/or rot at ions are large
enough t o invalidat e assumpt ions inherent in infinit esimal st rain t heory. In t his case, t he
undeformed and deformed configurat ions of t he cont inuum are significant ly different ,
requiring a clear dist inct ion bet ween t hem. This is commonly t he case wit h elast omers,
plast ically-deforming mat erials and ot her fluids and biological soft t issue.

Displacement

Figure 1. Motion of a continuum body.

The displacement of a body has t wo component s: a rigid-body displacement and a
deformat ion.

A rigid-body displacement consist s of a simult aneous t ranslat ion (physics) and rot at ion of
t he body wit hout changing it s shape or size.

Deformat ion implies t he change in shape and/or size of t he body from an init ial or
undeformed configurat ion t o a current or deformed configurat ion (Figure 1).

A change in t he configurat ion of a cont inuum body can be described by a displacement field.
A displacement field is a vect or field of all displacement vect ors for all part icles in t he body,
which relat es t he deformed configurat ion wit h t he undeformed configurat ion. The dist ance
bet ween any t wo part icles changes if and only if deformat ion has occurred. If displacement
occurs wit hout deformat ion, t hen it is a rigid-body displacement .

Material coordinates (Lagrangian description)

The displacement of part icles indexed by variable i may be expressed as follows. The vect or
joining t he posit ions of a part icle in t he undeformed configurat ion and deformed
configurat ion is called t he displacement vect or. Using in place of and in place of
, bot h of which are vect ors from t he origin of t he coordinat e syst em t o each respect ive
point , we have t he Lagrangian descript ion of t he displacement vect or:

Where are t he ort honormal unit vect ors t hat define t he basis of t he spat ial (lab-frame)
coordinat e syst em.

Expressed in t erms of t he mat erial coordinat es, t he displacement field is:

Where is t he displacement vect or represent ing rigid-body t ranslat ion.

The part ial derivat ive of t he displacement vect or wit h respect t o t he mat erial coordinat es
yields t he material displacement gradient tensor . Thus we have,

where is t he deformation gradient tensor.

Spatial coordinates (Eulerian description)

In t he Eulerian descript ion, t he vect or ext ending from a part icle in t he undeformed
configurat ion t o it s locat ion in t he deformed configurat ion is called t he displacement vect or:

Where are t he unit vect ors t hat define t he basis of t he mat erial (body-frame) coordinat e
syst em.

Expressed in t erms of spat ial coordinat es, t he displacement field is:

The part ial derivat ive of t he displacement vect or wit h respect t o t he spat ial coordinat es
yields t he spatial displacement gradient tensor . Thus we have,

Relationship between the material and spatial coordinate systems

are t he direct ion cosines bet ween t he mat erial and spat ial coordinat e syst ems wit h unit
vect ors and , respect ively. Thus

The relat ionship bet ween and is t hen given by

Knowing t hat

t hen

Combining the coordinate systems of deformed and undeformed

configurations

It is common t o superimpose t he coordinat e syst ems for t he deformed and undeformed

configurat ions, which result s in , and t he direct ion cosines become Kronecker delt as,
i.e.

Thus in mat erial (undeformed) coordinat es, t he displacement may be expressed as:
And in spat ial (deformed) coordinat es, t he displacement may be expressed as:

Deformation gradient tensor

Figure 2. Deformation of a continuum body.

The deformat ion gradient t ensor is relat ed t o bot h t he reference

and current configurat ion, as seen by t he unit vect ors and , t herefore it is a two-point
tensor.

Due t o t he assumpt ion of cont inuit y of , has t he inverse , where is

t he spatial deformation gradient tensor. Then, by t he implicit funct ion t heorem,[1] t he Jacobian
det erminant must be nonsingular, i.e.

The material deformation gradient tensor is a second-order t ensor

t hat represent s t he gradient of t he mapping funct ion or funct ional relat ion , which
describes t he mot ion of a cont inuum. The mat erial deformat ion gradient t ensor charact erizes
t he local deformat ion at a mat erial point wit h posit ion vect or , i.e. deformat ion at
neighbouring point s, by t ransforming (linear t ransformat ion) a mat erial line element emanat ing
from t hat point from t he reference configurat ion t o t he current or deformed configurat ion,
assuming cont inuit y in t he mapping funct ion , i.e. different iable funct ion of and
t ime , which implies t hat cracks and voids do not open or close during t he deformat ion. Thus
we have,

Relative displacement vector

Consider a part icle or mat erial point wit h posit ion vect or in t he undeformed
configurat ion (Figure 2). Aft er a displacement of t he body, t he new posit ion of t he part icle
indicat ed by in t he new configurat ion is given by t he vect or posit ion . The
coordinat e syst ems for t he undeformed and deformed configurat ion can be superimposed
for convenience.

Consider now a mat erial point neighboring , wit h posit ion vect or
. In t he deformed configurat ion t his part icle has a new
posit ion given by t he posit ion vect or . Assuming t hat t he line segment s and
joining t he part icles and in bot h t he undeformed and deformed configurat ion,
respect ively, t o be very small, t hen we can express t hem as and . Thus from Figure 2
we have

where is t he relative displacement vector, which represent s t he relat ive displacement

of wit h respect t o in t he deformed configurat ion.

Taylor approximation

For an infinit esimal element , and assuming cont inuit y on t he displacement field, it is
possible t o use a Taylor series expansion around point , neglect ing higher-order t erms, t o
approximat e t he component s of t he relat ive displacement vect or for t he neighboring part icle
as
Thus, t he previous equat ion can be writ t en as

Time-derivative of the deformation gradient

Calculat ions t hat involve t he t ime-dependent deformat ion of a body oft en require a t ime
derivat ive of t he deformat ion gradient t o be calculat ed. A geomet rically consist ent definit ion
of such a derivat ive requires an excursion int o different ial geomet ry[2] but we avoid t hose
issues in t his art icle.

The t ime derivat ive of is

where is t he velocit y. The derivat ive on t he right hand side represent s a material velocity
gradient. It is common t o convert t hat int o a spat ial gradient , i.e.,

where is t he spatial velocity gradient. If t he spat ial velocit y gradient is const ant , t he
above equat ion can be solved exact ly t o give

assuming at . There are several met hods of comput ing t he exponent ial above.

Relat ed quant it ies oft en used in cont inuum mechanics are t he rate of deformation tensor
and t he spin tensor defined, respect ively, as:

The rat e of deformat ion t ensor gives t he rat e of st ret ching of line element s while t he spin
t ensor indicat es t he rat e of rot at ion or vort icit y of t he mot ion.

The mat erial t ime derivat ive of t he inverse of t he deformat ion gradient (keeping t he
reference configurat ion fixed) is oft en required in analyses t hat involve finit e st rains. This
derivat ive is
The above relat ion can be verified by t aking t he mat erial t ime derivat ive of
and not ing t hat .

Transformation of a surface and volume element

To t ransform quant it ies t hat are defined wit h respect t o areas in a deformed configurat ion t o
t hose relat ive t o areas in a reference configurat ion, and vice versa, we use Nanson's relat ion,
expressed as

where is an area of a region in t he deformed configurat ion, is t he same area in t he

reference configurat ion, and is t he out ward normal t o t he area element in t he current
configurat ion while is t he out ward normal in t he reference configurat ion, is t he
deformat ion gradient , and .

The corresponding formula for t he t ransformat ion of t he volume element is

Derivation of Nanson's relation (see also [3])

To see how t his formula is derived, we st art wit h t he orient ed area element s

in t he reference and current configurat ions:

The reference and current volumes of an element are

where .

Therefore,

or,

so,

So we get

or,

Polar decomposition of the deformation gradient

tensor
Figure 3. Representation of the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient

The deformat ion gradient , like any invert ible second-order t ensor, can be decomposed,
using t he polar decomposit ion t heorem, int o a product of t wo second-order t ensors
(Truesdell and Noll, 1965): an ort hogonal t ensor and a posit ive definit e symmet ric t ensor, i.e.

where t he t ensor is a proper ort hogonal t ensor, i.e. and ,

represent ing a rot at ion; t he t ensor is t he right stretch tensor; and t he left stretch tensor.
The t erms right and left means t hat t hey are t o t he right and left of t he rot at ion t ensor ,
respect ively. and are bot h posit ive definit e, i.e. and for
all non-zero , and symmet ric t ensors, i.e. and , of second order.

This decomposit ion implies t hat t he deformat ion of a line element in t he undeformed
configurat ion ont o in t he deformed configurat ion, i.e. , may be obt ained
eit her by first st ret ching t he element by , i.e. , followed by a rot at ion , i.e.
; or equivalent ly, by applying a rigid rot at ion first , i.e. , followed
lat er by a st ret ching , i.e. (See Figure 3).

Due t o t he ort hogonalit y of

so t hat and have t he same eigenvalues or principal stretches, but different

eigenvect ors or principal directions and , respect ively. The principal direct ions are
relat ed by

This polar decomposit ion, which is unique as is invert ible wit h a posit ive det erminant , is a
corrolary of t he singular-value decomposit ion.

Deformation tensors

Several rot at ion-independent deformat ion t ensors are used in mechanics. In solid mechanics,
t he most popular of t hese are t he right and left Cauchy–Green deformat ion t ensors.

Since a pure rot at ion should not induce any st rains in a deformable body, it is oft en
convenient t o use rot at ion-independent measures of deformat ion in cont inuum mechanics. As
a rot at ion followed by it s inverse rot at ion leads t o no change ( ) we can
exclude t he rot at ion by mult iplying by it s t ranspose.

The right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor

In 1839, George Green int roduced a deformat ion t ensor known as t he right Cauchy–Green
deformation tensor or Green's deformation tensor, defined as:[4][5]

Physically, t he Cauchy–Green t ensor gives us t he square of local change in dist ances due t o
deformat ion, i.e.

Invariant s of are oft en used in t he expressions for st rain energy densit y funct ions. The
most commonly used invariant s are

where are st ret ch rat ios for t he unit fibers t hat are init ially orient ed along t he eigenvect or
direct ions of t he right (reference) st ret ch t ensor (t hese are not generally aligned wit h t he
t hree axis of t he coordinat e syst ems).

The Finger deformation tensor

The IUPAC recommends[5] t hat t he inverse of t he right Cauchy–Green deformat ion t ensor
(called t he Cauchy t ensor in t hat document ), i. e., , be called t he Finger tensor.
However, t hat nomenclat ure is not universally accept ed in applied mechanics.

The left Cauchy–Green or Finger deformation tensor

Reversing t he order of mult iplicat ion in t he formula for t he right Green–Cauchy deformat ion
t ensor leads t o t he left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor which is defined as:

The left Cauchy–Green deformat ion t ensor is oft en called t he Finger deformation tensor,
named aft er Josef Finger (1894).[5][6][7]

Invariant s of are also used in t he expressions for st rain energy densit y funct ions. The
convent ional invariant s are defined as

where is t he det erminant of t he deformat ion gradient .

For compressible mat erials, a slight ly different set of invariant s is used:

The Cauchy deformation tensor

Earlier in 1828,[8] August in Louis Cauchy int roduced a deformat ion t ensor defined as t he
inverse of t he left Cauchy–Green deformat ion t ensor, . This t ensor has also been called
t he Piola tensor [5] and t he Finger tensor [9] in t he rheology and fluid dynamics lit erat ure.

Spectral representation

If t here are t hree dist inct principal st ret ches , t he spect ral decomposit ions of and
is given by
Furt hermore,

Observe t hat

Therefore, t he uniqueness of t he spect ral decomposit ion also implies t hat . The
left st ret ch ( ) is also called t he spatial stretch tensor while t he right st ret ch ( ) is called
t he material stretch tensor.

The effect of act ing on is t o st ret ch t he vect or by and t o rot at e it t o t he new

orient at ion , i.e.,

In a similar vein,
 Examples
Uniaxial extension of an incompressible material

This is t he case where a specimen is st ret ched in 1-direct ion wit h a st ret ch rat io of
. If t he volume remains const ant , t he cont ract ion in t he ot her t wo direct ions is
such t hat or . Then:

Simple shear

Rigid body rotation

Derivatives of stretch

Derivat ives of t he st ret ch wit h respect t o t he right Cauchy–Green deformat ion t ensor are
used t o derive t he st ress-st rain relat ions of many solids, part icularly hyperelast ic mat erials.
These derivat ives are

and follow from t he observat ions t hat

Physical interpretation of deformation tensors

Let be a Cart esian coordinat e syst em defined on t he undeformed body and let
be anot her syst em defined on t he deformed body. Let a curve in t he
undeformed body be paramet rized using . It s image in t he deformed body is
.

The undeformed lengt h of t he curve is given by

Aft er deformat ion, t he lengt h becomes

Not e t hat t he right Cauchy–Green deformat ion t ensor is defined as

Hence,

which indicat es t hat changes in lengt h are charact erized by .

Finite strain tensors

The concept of strain is used t o evaluat e how much a given displacement differs locally from
a rigid body displacement .[1][10][11] One of such st rains for large deformat ions is t he
Lagrangian finite strain tensor, also called t he Green-Lagrangian strain tensor or Green – St-
Venant strain tensor, defined as

or as a funct ion of t he displacement gradient t ensor

or

The Green-Lagrangian st rain t ensor is a measure of how much differs from .

The Eulerian-Almansi finite strain tensor, referenced t o t he deformed configurat ion, i.e.
Eulerian descript ion, is defined as

or as a funct ion of t he displacement gradient s we have

Derivation of the Lagrangian and Eulerian finite strain tensors
A measure of deformat ion is t he difference bet ween t he squares of t he different ial line
element , in t he undeformed configurat ion, and , in t he deformed configurat ion
(Figure 2). Deformat ion has occurred if t he difference is non zero, ot herwise a rigid-body
displacement has occurred. Thus we have,

In t he Lagrangian descript ion, using t he mat erial coordinat es as t he frame of reference, t he

linear t ransformat ion bet ween t he different ial lines is

Then we have,

where are t he component s of t he right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor,

  . Then, replacing t his equat ion int o t he first equat ion we have,

or

where , are t he component s of a second-order t ensor called t he Green – St-Venant

strain tensor or t he Lagrangian finite strain tensor,

In t he Eulerian descript ion, using t he spat ial coordinat es as t he frame of reference, t he

linear t ransformat ion bet ween t he different ial lines is
where are t he component s of t he spatial deformation gradient tensor,   . Thus we

have

where t he second order t ensor is called Cauchy's deformation tensor,   .

Then we have,

or

where , are t he component s of a second-order t ensor called t he Eulerian-Almansi finite

strain tensor,

Bot h t he Lagrangian and Eulerian finit e st rain t ensors can be convenient ly expressed in
t erms of t he displacement gradient tensor. For t he Lagrangian st rain t ensor, first we
different iat e t he displacement vect or wit h respect t o t he mat erial coordinat es
  t o obt ain t he material displacement gradient tensor,

Replacing t his equat ion int o t he expression for t he Lagrangian finit e st rain t ensor we have
 or

Similarly, t he Eulerian-Almansi finit e st rain t ensor can be expressed as

Seth–Hill family of generalized strain tensors

B. R. Set h from t he Indian Inst it ut e of Technology Kharagpur was t he first t o show t hat t he
Green and Almansi st rain t ensors are special cases of a more general st rain measure.[12][13]
The idea was furt her expanded upon by Rodney Hill in 1968.[14] The Set h–Hill family of st rain
measures (also called Doyle-Ericksen t ensors)[15] can be expressed as

For different values of we have:

The second-order approximat ion of t hese t ensors is

where is t he infinit esimal st rain t ensor.

Many ot her different definit ions of t ensors are admissible, provided t hat t hey all sat isfy
t he condit ions t hat :[16]

vanishes for all rigid-body mot ions

t he dependence of on t he displacement gradient t ensor is cont inuous, cont inuously

different iable and monot onic

it is also desired t hat reduces t o t he infinit esimal st rain t ensor as t he norm

An example is t he set of t ensors

which do not belong t o t he Set h–Hill class, but have t he same 2nd-order approximat ion as
t he Set h–Hill measures at for any value of .[17]

Stretch ratio

The stretch ratio is a measure of t he ext ensional or normal st rain of a different ial line
element , which can be defined at eit her t he undeformed configurat ion or t he deformed
configurat ion.

The st ret ch rat io for t he different ial element (Figure) in t he direct ion of t he
unit vect or at t he mat erial point , in t he undeformed configurat ion, is defined as

where is t he deformed magnit ude of t he different ial element .

Similarly, t he st ret ch rat io for t he different ial element (Figure), in t he direct ion of
t he unit vect or at t he mat erial point , in t he deformed configurat ion, is defined as

The normal st rain in any direct ion can be expressed as a funct ion of t he st ret ch rat io,
This equat ion implies t hat t he normal st rain is zero, i.e. no deformat ion, when t he st ret ch is
equal t o unit y. Some mat erials, such as elast omet ers can sust ain st ret ch rat ios of 3 or 4
before t hey fail, whereas t radit ional engineering mat erials, such as concret e or st eel, fail at
much lower st ret ch rat ios, perhaps of t he order of 1.1 (reference?)

Physical interpretation of the finite strain tensor

The diagonal component s of t he Lagrangian finit e st rain t ensor are relat ed t o t he

normal st rain, e.g.

where is t he normal st rain or engineering st rain in t he direct ion .

The off-diagonal component s of t he Lagrangian finit e st rain t ensor are relat ed t o shear
st rain, e.g.

where is t he change in t he angle bet ween t wo line element s t hat were originally
perpendicular wit h direct ions and , respect ively.

Under cert ain circumst ances, i.e. small displacement s and small displacement rat es, t he
component s of t he Lagrangian finit e st rain t ensor may be approximat ed by t he component s
of t he infinit esimal st rain t ensor
Derivation of the physical interpretation of the Lagrangian and Eulerian finite strain
tensors
The st ret ch rat io for t he different ial element (Figure) in t he direct ion of t he
unit vect or at t he mat erial point , in t he undeformed configurat ion, is defined as

where is t he deformed magnit ude of t he different ial element   .

Similarly, t he st ret ch rat io for t he different ial element (Figure), in t he direct ion
of t he unit vect or at t he mat erial point , in t he deformed configurat ion, is defined as

The square of t he st ret ch rat io is defined as

Knowing t hat

we have

where and are unit vect ors.

The normal st rain or engineering st rain in any direct ion can be expressed as a
funct ion of t he st ret ch rat io,

Thus, t he normal st rain in t he direct ion at t he mat erial point   may be expressed in
t erms of t he st ret ch rat io as

solving for we have

The shear strain, or change in angle bet ween t wo line element s   and   init ially
perpendicular, and orient ed in t he principal direct ions and , respect ively, can also be
expressed as a funct ion of t he st ret ch rat io. From t he dot product bet ween t he deformed
lines and we have

where is t he angle bet ween t he lines and in t he deformed configurat ion.

Defining as t he shear st rain or reduct ion in t he angle bet ween t wo line element s t hat
were originally perpendicular, we have

t hus,

t hen

or

Deformation tensors in convected curvilinear

coordinates
A represent at ion of deformat ion t ensors in curvilinear coordinat es is useful for many
problems in cont inuum mechanics such as nonlinear shell t heories and large plast ic
deformat ions. Let denot e t he funct ion by which a posit ion vect or in
space is const ruct ed from coordinat es . The coordinat es are said t o be
"convect ed" if t hey correspond t o a one-t o-one mapping t o and from Lagrangian part icles in a
cont inuum body. If t he coordinat e grid is "paint ed" on t he body in it s init ial configurat ion, t hen
t his grid will deform and flow wit h t he mot ion of mat erial t o remain paint ed on t he same
mat erial part icles in t he deformed configurat ion so t hat grid lines int ersect at t he same
mat erial part icle in eit her configurat ion. The t angent vect or t o t he deformed coordinat e grid
line curve at is given by

The t hree t angent vect ors at form a local basis. These vect ors are relat ed t he reciprocal
basis vect ors by

Let us define a second-order t ensor field (also called t he met ric t ensor) wit h component s

The Christ offel symbols of t he first kind can be expressed as

To see how t he Christ offel symbols are relat ed t o t he Right Cauchy–Green deformat ion
t ensor let us similarly define t wo bases, t he already ment ioned one t hat is t angent t o
deformed grid lines and anot her t hat is t angent t o t he undeformed grid lines. Namely,

The deformation gradient in curvilinear coordinates

Using t he definit ion of t he gradient of a vect or field in curvilinear coordinat es, t he

deformat ion gradient can be writ t en as

The right Cauchy–Green tensor in curvilinear coordinates

The right Cauchy–Green deformat ion t ensor is given by

If we express in t erms of component s wit h respect t o t he basis { } we have

Therefore,

and t he corresponding Christ offel symbol of t he first kind may be writ t en in t he following
form.

Some relations between deformation measures and Christoffel

symbols

Consider a one-t o-one mapping from to and let us

assume t hat t here exist t wo posit ive-definit e, symmet ric second-order t ensor fields and
t hat sat isfy

Then,

Not ing t hat

and we have

Define
Hence

Define

Then

Define t he Christ offel symbols of t he second kind as

Then

Therefore,

The invert ibilit y of t he mapping implies t hat

We can also formulat e a similar result in t erms of derivat ives wit h respect t o . Therefore,

Compatibility conditions

The problem of compat ibilit y in cont inuum mechanics involves t he det erminat ion of allowable
single-valued cont inuous fields on bodies. These allowable condit ions leave t he body wit hout
unphysical gaps or overlaps aft er a deformat ion. Most such condit ions apply t o simply-
connect ed bodies. Addit ional condit ions are required for t he int ernal boundaries of mult iply
connect ed bodies.

Compatibility of the deformation gradient

The necessary and sufficient condit ions for t he exist ence of a compat ible field over a
simply connect ed body are

Compatibility of the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor

The necessary and sufficient condit ions for t he exist ence of a compat ible field over a
simply connect ed body are

We can show t hese are t he mixed component s of t he Riemann–Christ offel curvat ure t ensor.
Therefore, t he necessary condit ions for -compat ibilit y are t hat t he Riemann–Christ offel
curvat ure of t he deformat ion is zero.

Compatibility of the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor

No general sufficiency condit ions are known for t he left Cauchy–Green deformat ion t ensor in
t hree-dimensions. Compat ibilit y condit ions for t wo-dimensional fields have been found by
Janet Blume.[18][19]

See also

Infinit esimal st rain

Compat ibilit y (mechanics)

Curvilinear coordinat es

Piola–Kirchhoff st ress t ensor, t he st ress t ensor for finit e deformat ions.

St ress measures

St rain part it ioning

References

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w.ce.berkeley.edu/~coby/plas/pdf/book.pdf) (PDF) (Revised ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-
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tps://authors.library.caltech.edu/4639/1/YAVjmp06.pdf) , Journal of Mathematical Physics, 47,
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4. The IUPAC recommends that this tensor be called the Cauchy strain tensor.

5. A. Kaye, R. F. T. Stepto, W. J. Work, J. V. Aleman (Spain), A. Ya. Malkin (1998). "Definition of terms
relating to the non-ultimate mechanical properties of polymers" (http://old.iupac.org/reports/1998/7
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oks?id=MVqa05_2QmAC&pg=PA25) , p. 25, Springer ISBN 3-540-24985-0.

7. The IUPAC recommends that this tensor be called the Green strain tensor.

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s?id=8mz-xPdvH00C&pg=PA463) , Wiley, p. 463 ISBN 0-471-98716-6
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4200-8598-0.

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finite plane elastostatics: complete analysis". Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics. 30 (3):
573–592. doi:10.1007/s00161-018-0623-0 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00161-018-0623-0) .
ISSN 1432-0959 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0959) .

12. Seth, B. R. (1961), "Generalized strain measure with applications to physical problems" (http://www.
dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0266913) , MRC Technical Summary Report #248, Mathematics
Research Center, United States Army, University of Wisconsin: 1–18

13. Seth, B. R. (1962), "Generalized strain measure with applications to physical problems", IUTAM
Symposium on Second Order Effects in Elasticity, Plasticity and Fluid Mechanics, Haifa, 1962.

14. Hill, R. (1968), "On constitutive inequalities for simple materials—I", Journal of the Mechanics and
Physics of Solids, 16 (4): 229–242, Bibcode:1968JMPSo..16..229H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/a
bs/1968JMPSo..16..229H) , doi:10.1016/0022-5096(68)90031-8 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F002
2-5096%2868%2990031-8)

15. T.C. Doyle and J.L. Eriksen (1956). "Non-linear elasticity." Advances in Applied Mechanics 4, 53–115.

16. Z.P. Bažant and L. Cedolin (1991). Stability of Structures. Elastic, Inelastic, Fracture and Damage
Theories. Oxford Univ. Press, New York (2nd ed. Dover Publ., New York 2003; 3rd ed., World
Scientific 2010).

17. Z.P. Bažant (1998). "Easy-to-compute tensors with symmetric inverse approximating Hencky finite
strain and its rate (http://www.civil.northwestern.edu/people/bazant/PDFs/Backup%20of%20Paper
s/373.pdf) ." Journal of Materials of Technology ASME, 120 (April), 131–136.

18. Blume, J. A. (1989). "Compatibility conditions for a left Cauchy–Green strain field". Journal of
Elasticity. 21 (3): 271–308. doi:10.1007/BF00045780 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00045780) .
S2CID 54889553 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54889553) .

19. Acharya, A. (1999). "On Compatibility Conditions for the Left Cauchy–Green Deformation Field in
Three Dimensions" (http://imechanica.org/files/B-compatibility.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Elasticity. 56
(2): 95–105. doi:10.1023/A:1007653400249 (https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1007653400249) .
S2CID 116767781 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116767781) .

Further reading

Dill, Ellis Harold (2006). Continuum Mechanics: Elasticity, Plasticity, Viscoelasticity (ht t ps://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=Nn4kzt fbR3AC) . Germany: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-9779-0.
 Dimit rienko, Yuriy (2011). Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics and Large Inelastic Deformations
(ht t ps://books.google.com/books?as_ isbn=9789400700338) . Germany: Springer.
ISBN 978-94-007-0033-8.
Hut t er, Kolumban; Klaus Jöhnk (2004). Continuum Methods of Physical Modeling (ht t ps://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=B-dxx724YD4C) . Germany: Springer. ISBN 3-540-20619-1.
Lubarda, Vlado A. (2001). Elastoplasticity Theory (ht t ps://books.google.com/books?id=1P0L
ybL4oAgC) . CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1138-1.
Macosko, C. W. (1994). Rheology: principles, measurement and applications. VCH Publishers.
ISBN 1-56081-579-5.
Mase, George E. (1970). Continuum Mechanics (ht t ps://books.google.com/books?id=bAdg
6yxC0xUC) . McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-040663-4.
Mase, G. Thomas; George E. Mase (1999). Continuum Mechanics for Engineers (ht t ps://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=uI1ll0A8B_ UC) (Second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1855-6.
Nemat -Nasser, Sia (2006). Plasticity: A Treatise on Finite Deformation of Heterogeneous
Inelastic Materials (ht t ps://books.google.com/books?id=5nO78Rt 0Bt MC) . Cambridge:
Cambridge Universit y Press. ISBN 0-521-83979-3.
Rees, David (2006). Basic Engineering Plasticity – An Introduction with Engineering and
Manufacturing Applications (ht t ps://books.google.com/books?id=4KWbmn_ 1hcYC) .
But t erwort h-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-8025-3.

External links

Prof. Amit Acharya's not es on compat ibilit y on iMechanica (ht t p://www.imechanica.org/nod

e/3786)

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