Peripheral and Expansion

Identifying Characteristics of Connectors &

Cables
► A port is a generic name for any connector on a computer or
peripheral into which a cable can be plugged.
► A cable is using multiple copper or fiber-optic conductors inside a
common wrapping or sheath.
► Cables connect two ports: one on the computer and one on some
other device.
► Device connector types:
► D-subminiature
► RJ-series
► Other types
Connectors

► D-subminiature Connectors:
► Are typically designated with DXn, where the X is
replaced by the letter A through E, which refer to the
size of the connector and n is replaced by the number of
pins or sockets in the connector.
► D-sub connectors are usually shaped like a trapezoid and
have at least two rows of pins.
► The “D” shape ensures the only one orientation is
possible.
Table of common D sub connectors
connectors Gender Use

DE9 Male Serial port

DE9 Female Connector on a serial cable

DB25 Male Serial port or connector on a parallel cable

DB25 Female Parallel port, or connector on a serial cable

DA15 Female Game port or MIDI port

DA15 Male Connector on a game peripheral cable or MIDI

cable

DE15 Female Video port

DE15 Male Connector on a monitor cable

RJ-series

► Registered jack connectors are used in

telecommunications.
► Two most common examples : RJ-11 & RJ-45
► The ports in older external and internal modem are
RJ-11.
► RJ-45 connector is found on Ethernet networks that use
twisted-pair cabling.
► RJ-45 interfaces are 8 pin modular connector and a
small locking tab on the one side prevents the
connector and cable from falling or being pulled out of
the jack casually.
Other types of Ports:
► USB:
► Universal Serial Bus
► Has External bus architecture
► Used for connecting up to 127 peripherals to one
computer through a single port.
► USB host controller: an integrated circuit that is usually
built into the chipset, controls every USB device that
connects to it.
► USB root hub: part of the host controller that makes the
physical connection to the USB ports. It is inside the host
controller.
► A single host controller can theoretically support up to
127 devices.
Other types of Ports:
► USB:
► Every USB device connected to a single host adapter shares
that USB bus with every other device connected to it. More
devices – more the total USB bus slow down.
► A powered USB devices & Bus-powered USB devices
► USB 1.1 – two speeds: low speed USB running at maximum 1.5
Mbps and full-speed USB running at up to 12 Mbps.
► USB 2.0 – Hi-speed USB running at 480 Mbps
► USB 3.0 – capable of speed of up to 5 Gbps, known as USB 3.1
Gen 1
► USB 3.1 – handle speed up to 10 Gbps, referred as USB 3.1 Gen
2
Other types of Ports:
► USB:
► USB connectors come in multiple sizes: A, B, mini-A, mini-B,
micro-A, micro-B and type-C.
► USB A ports are available on pc. Most peripherals use B, mini-B
or micro-B connectors.
► Type-C enable any USB device to connect.
► USB 1.1 & USB 2.0 – cable length is 5 meters
► USB 3.x – cable less than 3 meters to reach the fastest speed
► USB hub is a device that extends a single USB connection to two
or more USB ports
► Hot pluggable- hot swappable.
FireWire Port

► Also known as IEEE 1394

► Used to get digital video into a PC so it can be edited with digital
video editing tools.
► Security applications benefits from Firewire’s higher power output,
reducing the need for external power to devices such as security
camera.
► Two types of connectors: 6 pin powered connector available on
desktop computers, 4 pin bus powered connector available on
portable computers & it doesn’t provide power to a device.
► Two speeds: IEEE 1394a, runs at 400 Mbps & IEEE 1394b, runs at
800 Mbps.
► Supports a maximum of 63 devices.
► Each cable in a FireWire daisy chain has a maximum length of 4.5
meters.
Solid-State Drives (SSD)
Solid-State Drives (SSD)
► Solid-state technology is commonly used in desktop and
laptop hard drives, memory cards, cameras, USB thumb
drives, and other handheld devices.
► SSD form factors are typically 1.8-inch, 2.5-inch, or 3.5-inch.
► SSDs can be PATA, SATA, eSATA, SCSI, or USB for desktop
systems.
► SSDs that use SDRAM cache are volatile and lose data when
powered off. Others that use non-volatile flash memory such
as NAND retain data when power is turned off or
disconnected.
► SSDs are more expensive than traditional HDDs.
► Connecting Solid-State Drives: See previous slide for
connection interface available in SSD.
 SSD Vs HDD Comparison
Attribute SSD (Solid State Drive) HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
Power Draw / Battery Less power draw, averages 2 – 3 watts, More power draw, averages 6 – 7 watts and therefore uses
Life resulting in 30+ minute battery boost more battery
Cost Expensive, roughly $0.50 per gigabyte (based Only around $0.15 per gigabyte, very cheap (buying a
on buying a 1TB drive) 4TB model)
Capacity Typically not larger than 512GB for notebook Typically around 500GB and 2TB maximum for notebook size
size drives; 1TB max for desktops drives; 4TB max for desktops

Operating System Boot Around 22 seconds average bootup time Around 40 seconds average bootup time
Time
Noise There are no moving parts and as such no Audible clicks and spinning can be heard
sound
Vibration No vibration as there are no moving parts The spinning of the platters can sometimes result in
vibration
Heat Produced Lower power draw and no moving parts so little HDD doesn’t produce much heat, but it will have a
heat is produced measurable amount more heat than an SSD due to moving
parts and higher power draw

Failure Rate Mean time between failure rate of 2.0 million Mean time between failure rate of 1.5 million hours
hours
File Copy / Write Speed Generally above 200 MB/s and up to 550 MB/s The range can be anywhere from 50 – 120MB / s
for cutting edge drives
Encryption Full Disk Encryption (FDE) Supported on some Full Disk Encryption (FDE) Supported on some models
models
File Opening Speed Up to 30% faster than HDD Slower than SSD
Magnetism Affected? An SSD is safe from any effects of magnetism Magnets can erase data
Optical Storage Drives
► Optical storage drive, such as the latest Blu-ray Disc (BD), a digital versatile disc—or digital video disc
(DVD), or the legacy compact disc (CD) drive can be use to store data.
► CD-ROM: The CD-ROM (read-only memory) was designed for long-term storage of data. CD-ROM can hold
approximately 650MB of data.
► DVD-ROM: The basic DVD-ROM disc is a single-sided disc that has a single layer of encoded information.
These discs have a capacity of 4.7GB data storage, but double-sided discs have a capacity of 9.4GB.
► BD-ROM: The next generation of optical storage technology was designed for modern high-definition video
sources. BD derives a 25GB storage capacity from the basic disc. When you add a second layer to the same
or opposite side of the disc, you attain 50GB of storage.
► Optical discs and their capacities
► CD SS (includes recordable versions) 650MB, 700MB, 800MB, 900MB
► DVD SS, SL 4.70GB (4.7GB)
► DVD DS, SL 9.4GB
► DVD SS, DL 8.54GB (8.5GB)
► DVD DS, DL 17.1GB
► BD SS, SL 25GB
► BD SS, DL 50GB
► BD DS, DL 100GB
► SS: single-sided; DS: double-sided; SL: single-layer; DL: dual-layer
Optical Drive Data Rates & Formats
► Data Rates
► The first CD-ROM drives transferred data at the same speed as home audio CD players, 150KBps, referred
to as 1X. CD drives rated as 2X drives that would transfer data at 300KBps. The other rated like 4x, 8x,
16x, 32x, or 52x.
► The standard DVD-ROM 1X transfer rate is 1.4MBps. And Other rates are like 4x, 8x, 16x.
► The 1X transfer rate for Blu-ray is 4.5MBps.
► Formats
► For CD
► CD-R: write to a disc only once, but read many times
► CD-RW: can erase information from disc and rewrite to it multiple times
► For DVD
► DVD+R, DVD-R, DVD-R DL, and DVD+R DL: write to a disc only once, but read many times
► DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-RW DL, DVD+RW DL: can erase information from disc and rewrite to it
multiple times
► The DVD-R (pronounced "DVD dash R") and -RW media formats are officially approved by the standards
group DVD Forum . The DVD Forum was founded by Mitsubishi, Sony, Hitachi, and Time Warner.
► DVD+R ("DVD plus” R) and +RW formats are not approved by the DVD Forum standards group, but are
instead supported by the DVD+RW Alliance. The DVD+RW Alliance is supported by Sony, Yamaha,
Philips, Dell, and JP.
Optical Drive Disk Formats
► According to the claims of the DVD Alliance, using a DVD+R/+RW recorder will
let you do the following:

► 1. Instantly eject without having to wait for finalized formatting.

► 2. Ability to record one DVD disc partially on PC and partially on television.

► 3. Background formatting: while the disc is being formatted, you can

simultaneously record on already-formatted portions of the same disc.

► 4. Enhanced ability to edit

► filenames, movie and song titles, and playlists.

► 5. 100% compatibility with all other DVD players, while still enjoying these extra
recording features.
Optical Drive Disk Formats
► For Blue-ray Disc:
► BD-R: write to a disc only once, but read many times
► BD-RE: can erase information from disc and rewrite to it multiple times
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent
Disks)
► RAID is technology that combining the storage power of more than one
hard disk for a special purpose, such as
► increased performance
► fault tolerance
► RAID can be implemented in software or in hardware, but hardware RAID
is more efficient and offers higher performance at an increased cost.
RAID Types
► RAID LEVEL 0: Disk Array without Fault Tolerance
► RAID Level 0 requires a minimum of 2 drives to implement

► Characteristics and Advantages

► RAID 0 implements a striped disk array, the data is broken down into blocks and each block is written
to a separate disk drive
► I/O performance is greatly improved by spreading the I/O load across many channels and drives
► No parity calculation overhead is involved
► Very simple design
► Easy to implement
► Disadvantages
► Not a "True" RAID because it is NOT fault-tolerant
► The failure of just one drive will result in all data in an array being lost
► Should never be used in mission critical environments
► Recommended Applications
► Video Production and Editing
► Image Editing
► Pre-Press Applications
► Any application requiring high bandwidth
RAID Types
► RAID LEVEL 1: Mirroring & Duplexing
► RAID Level 1 requires a minimum of 2 drives to implement

► Characteristics & Advantages

► 100% redundancy of data means no rebuild is necessary in case of a disk failure, just a copy to
the replacement disk
► Transfer rate per block is equal to that of a single disk
► Under certain circumstances, RAID 1 can sustain multiple simultaneous drive failures
► Simplest RAID storage subsystem design
► Disadvantages
► Highest disk overhead of all RAID types (100%)
► Typically the RAID function is done by system software, loading the CPU/Server and possibly
degrading throughput at high activity levels. Hardware implementation is strongly recommended
► May not support hot swap of failed disk when implemented in "software"
► Recommended Applications
► Accounting
► Payroll
► Financial
► Any application requiring very high availability
RAID Types
► RAID LEVEL 5: Independent Data Disks with Distributed Parity Blocks

► RAID Level 5 requires a minimum of 3 drives to implement

► Characteristics & Advantages

► Highest Read data transaction rate

► Medium Write data transaction rate

► Low ratio of ECC (Parity) disks to data disks means high efficiency

► Good aggregate transfer rate

► Disadvantages

► Disk failure has a medium impact on throughput

► Most complex controller design

► Difficult to rebuild in the event of a disk failure (as compared to RAID level 1)

► Individual block data transfer rate same as single disk

► Recommended Applications

► File and Application servers

► Database servers

► Web, E-mail, and News servers

► Intranet servers

► Most versatile RAID level

RAID Types
Power Supply & Connectors
► The power supplies can be classified into two types
► Linear Power Supply
► Switch Mode Power Supply

► The SMPS is used to give DC voltage to the components present in the motherboard.
► It is used to produce different DC voltages necessary to drive the various components like
the processor, the hard disk, floppy drive, the processor fan etc.

► Various DC Voltages are

► +12V DC: +12 V is used to drive the disk drive motors. It is also used by components
like fans and other cooling devices.
► -12V DC: This voltage is provided to the motherboard to power up the serial port.
► +5V DC: All the integrated components of the motherboard operate with +5V. Hence
the motherboard is provided with +5V power supply.
► -5V DC: use for Refreshing Ram.
► +3.3V DC: use in Newer Intel Pentium CPUs, SATA drive and notebook computers
motherboard also.
Power Supply & Connectors
► +5 V Pwr_OK (Power Good Signal):
► After a stabilized output is obtained power can be given to the processor
and the other components present in the motherboard.
► To prevent the computer from operating prematurely a power good signal
is generated to indicate that the power obtained is proper and can be
given to other devices on the motherboard.
► Power supplies are rated in watts. A watt is a unit of power.
► Most computers require power supplies in the 250 to 500-watt range.
► Higher wattage power supplies required in more advanced systems for
power-hungry graphics technologies or multiple disk drives, large amount
of RAM etc.
Power Connectors
► AT System Connector: Power connectors attached to the early PC
motherboards were known collectively as the AT system connector. There
are two six-wire connectors, labelled P8 and. They connect to an AT-style
motherboard.

► Standard Peripheral Power Connector:

► This type of connector is also called a Molex connector.
► Generally used for different types of internal disk drives like IDE Hard disk
drive and CD/DVD drive.
► It is also use for provide power supply to system case fans.
Power Connectors

► ATX power Connector:

► Is the connector that goes to the motherboard to provide it with power. The
connector has 20 or 24 pins.
► ATX12V 4-pin power connector.
► It is also called the P4 power connector. A second connector that goes to the
motherboard (in addition to the main 24-pin connector) to supply dedicated
power for the processor. For high-end motherboards and processors, more
power is required, therefore EPS12V has an 8 pin connector.
Power Connectors
► Floppy Drive Power Connectors:
► These connectors are called Berg connectors. These wires carry the two
voltages used by the logic circuits and motors: +5VDC (carried on the red wire)
and +12VDC (carried on the yellow wire).
Power Connectors

A 24-pin ATX12V 2.x connector in two A 6-pin ATX12V 2.1 PCIe

parts connector
Power Connectors
► SATA Power Connectors: SATA drives arrived on the
market with their own power requirements in addition
to their new data interfaces.
► The 15-pin SATA power connector, a variant of which
is shown in Figure 2.33. The fully pinned connector is
made up of three +3.3V, three +5V, and three +12V
leads interleaved with two sets of three ground leads.
Troubleshooting SMPS
TO CHECK WHETHER SMPS IS WORKING OR NOT:

► Take a small piece of wire and connect one end in

GREEN wire port and other in the BLACK. Switch ON the
supply if the fan in the SMPS is working the SMPS is
good.
 Removable storage

► Flash memory chips are a type of solid state media and

contain no moving parts
► Solid state drives (SSDs) have several advantages over
magnetic hard disks:

Generate less heat

Faster access time Faster transfer rates and consume less Last longer
power

30
Removable storage

31
 Removable storage
► A memory card is a removable flash memory device that
you insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile
device, or card reader/writer

Secure Digital
CompactFlash Secure Digital
High Capacity microSD
(CF) (SD)
(SDHC)

xD Picture Memory Stick

microSDHC Memory Stick
Card Micro (M2)

32
Removable storage

33
 Removable storage

► USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or

mobile device

Page 367
34
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 7
Figure 7-21
 Removable storage
► An ExpressCard
module is a
removable device
that fits in an
ExpressCard slot
► Developed by the
PCMCIA
► Commonly used in
notebook computers

Page 367
35
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 7
Figure 7-22
SCSI Basics
► Standard for communication between subsystem of
peripheral devices and system bus
► Bus can contain/be used by up to 7 or 15 devices
► Bus requires controller embedded on motherboard or
host adapter inserted into an expansion slot
► Faster, more expensive, more difficult to install than
similar IDE devices
► Mostly used in corporate settings
The SCSI Subsystem
► Enables two devices on SCSI bus to pass data between them
without going through CPU
► Requires SCSI controller and unique SCSI IDs assigned to each
device, including host adapter
► Components
► Host adapters
► Device drivers
SCSI Host Adapter
Host Adapters

► Manage all devices on SCSI bus

► Support internal and external SCSI devices

► Form a single daisy chain with devices

Bus Width

► Narrow SCSI
► 8-bit data path
► Uses a cable with a 50-pin connector (A cable)

► Wide SCSI
► 16-bit data path
► Uses a cable with a 68-pin connector (P cable)
Signaling Methods Used on SCSI Cables
Single-ended (SE)
● Send signal on pair of
twisted wires – one carries
voltage, one is a ground
● Less expensive than
differential
● Shorter maximum cable
length; data integrity is not
as great
Differential
● Send signal on pair of
twisted wires – both carry
voltage; signal calculated to
be the difference between
the two
● Better signal accuracy and
greater reliability
● HVD and LVD
Connectors
► 50 pin
► 68 pin
► 80 pin SCA – provides power to the device
► Best case is to use 68 pin and then use converter to use
50 pin
► Don’t forget the red stripe rule
► Terminating Resistors
► Can be a hardware terminator
► Can be terminated at the
controller through software
or a jumper
► On an end device through a
switch or by applying a
terminator to the device
Connectors
SCSI Connectors
Multiple Connectors on the SCSI Bus
SCSI Standards

► SCSI 1 (Regular SCSI)

► 8 bit only
► Supports 7 devices & adapter
► 5MBps
► SCSI 2 (Fast SCSI)
► 16 bit
► Supports up to 15 devices
► Mandatory parity checking
► Up to 80MBps
SCSI Standards

► SCSI 3 (Ultra SCSI)

► 32 bit
► Supports up to 32 devices
► Supports SCAM
► Ultra2 – 40MBps
► Ultra3 – 80MBps
► Ultra4 – 160MBps
► Ultra5 – 320MBps
**compare to SATA at 150Mbps
► SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) – compatible with SATA