Entanglement Lectures - Susskind

Kieran O’Rourke
March 21, 2018

The first religion formed when

the first liar met the first fool

Kieran O’Rourke

1 Susskind
Entanglement Introduction-Susskind Description The old Copenhagen inter-
pretation of quantum mechanics associated with Niels Bohr is giving way to
a more profound interpretation based on the idea of quantum entanglement.
Entanglement not only replaces the obsolete notion of the collapse of the
wave function but it is also the basis for Bell’s famous theorem, the new
paradigm of quantum computing, and finally the widely discussed "Many
Worlds" interpretation of quantum mechanics of Everett. This course stands
on its own, but also serves as a continuation of a year-long course series
looking at the basics of quantum mechanics, entanglement, Bell’s theorems,
elements of quantum computing, quantum teleportation, and similar mate-
rial.
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2 Lecture 1 para-
graph
Good on Classical Phase space with a Laws of Motion being time updates
to the configuration. Unitarity: Each configuration point has a unique past
and future.

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3 Lecture 2
Vectors matrices Blah!. Good on Classical Observables @1:18

4 Lecture 3
5 Lecture 4
Sigma dot n, where n is a vector representing a direction in space, i.e. the
direction cosines. Any electron state will have an n where sigma 3 is +1. Not
so for entangled states.

6 Lecture 5
Singlet Triplet States of an electron pair. Sigma + Tao operators have eigen-
vectors = 0. @00:18 significance between Triplet Singlet Entangled States.
Bell’s Theorem. @45 Projection operators. The expectation value of a Pro-
jection Operator give you a probability (Projection Postulate: In Classical
logic properties correspond to subsets. “The set of all things such that”. In
QM properties correspond to subspaces. Spin in a particular direction being
up is a property. If you want the probability of a property then find the
subspace of that property; choose a basis in that subspace; construct a pro-
jection operator using sum over dyads of the basis vectors of the subspace
and finally, take the expectation value of this constructed PO. PO throws
out everything perpendicular to its destination subspace. @00:48, Projection
Operators. Sigma + T au and it’s significance. Good to the end. 01:28, No
Cloning Theorem @1:24 Operators on Alice Bob electrons commute so are
not bound by Heisenberg. (Does this conflict with Garret’s video + ideas?)
@1:33 No Cloning Theorem. Very Good Lecture.

7 Lecture 6
Review the Projection Operator. Dyads. Resolution of the identity. Full
treatment of the Projection Operators. Projection Operator: To calculate
the probability of a property (e.g. spin up), select subspace of property you
are measuring, pick a basis for this subspace, form dyads from the basis,
calculate the expectation value. Good development of the double slit and
entanglement. Products of PO’s represent AND; Sums represent OR. Deep
enough...

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8 Lecture 7
Does the double slit again in slightly more detail (up to 00.29 the entire
depth of the double slit is in this development) followed by a long rambling
QA session. (01:23 vgood) Entropy (begins 1:05) is information that you do
not have but could get. Information = Max S – actual S. Image Trace of a
matrix is similar in role to sum in probability. Density Operator (similar to
a probability distribution in CM)/Matrix (vgood) Entropy defined in QM.
Outline of Entanglement Entropy. If a Mixed State of a system in a basis
Imageis produced with a prob of rho-sub I in each (i> then make a diagonal
matrix of rho-i in the i basis. This the density matrix (from probability den-
sity) The material in this lecture is also covered in Lecture 7 of the course
The Theoretical Minimum but in a way that is initially difficult but may
be better. Product State for two electrons requires 4-2 by 4-2 real param-
eters; general composite state needs 8-2 parameter. See Lecture 8 of The
Theoretical Minimum for how in separate subsystems, locality is protected
by restriction to unitary operators on each subsystem.
Pure states are rays in a Hilbert space ud-du is rotationally invariant
which is not true of ud+du. (substitute r+l for u and d to check this)
Density Matrix introduction.

9 Lecture 8
Up to 1:10 detailed math of Density Matrices. Especially after 00:25 A
composite state can be a pure state but, in general, Alice and Bob find that
each of them needs density matrices to describe their (mixed) states. This
Lecture is key to understanding entanglement and the use of density matrices,
up to 01:07; get fluent in this. End is good on general QM development.
Another statement of Unitarity; inner product of two states is independent
of time. <psi of t/phi of t> = <psi of zero/phi of zero>. First rule of time
evolution is that of linearity; if a goes to a prime, and b goes to b prime
then alpha a plus beta b goes to ... The -1th law of QM. Unitarity means
that the inner product between states remains constant with respect to time.
(Equivalent in Classical Mechanics to the preservation of volumes in phase
space). From this you can develop the most general form of the Schrodinger
equation. A basis is always with respect to an observable. Superposed states
are pure. When thinking about terms involving Matrix indices use dirac
notation; it is more transparent. The state |〉=12(|1〉+|2〉) is a pure state
(you know what a pure state is, including a superposition). Meaning, there’s
not a 50

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 A mixed state is a state where the phases have been lost, i.e. the terms
coming from the interference of the two functions when the square with the
complex conjugate is taken, are lost

10 Lecture 9
Derivation of the structures for Schrodinger’s Equation. Time rate of change
of Operators. @00:58 Electron in a magnetic field. Long detailed exercise
on the electron in singlet and triplet states; vgood. Full collection of Lec-
tures on: http://www.openculture.com/2008/07/susskindlecture.html Mod-
ern Physics: The Theoretical Minimum Classical Mechanics (Fall 2007)
iTunes YouTube Quantum Mechanics (Winter 2008) iTunes YouTube Spe-
cial Relativity (Spring 2008) iTunes YouTube Einstein’s General Theory of
Relativity (Fall 2009) iTunes YouTube Cosmology iTunes – YouTube Sta-
tistical Mechanics iTunes YouTube http://www.youtube.com/user/StanfordUniversity
Note also: Be aware that there are older versions of Susskind’s lectures
at
http://www.newpackettech.com/Resources/Susskind/PHY25/QuantumMechanicsO verview.htm
http : //theoreticalminimum.com/courses/quantum−mechanics/2012/winter
Andthisisgood : http : //theoreticalminimum.com/courses