EXP :

DATE : Pre-Emphasis And De-Emphasis

AIM:

To construct the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits and to plot the frequency
response.

EQUIPMENT, DEVICES AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment/Device/Component Type/Range Quantity

1. Transistor BC107 1

115kΩ 1
33kΩ, 1
2. Resistors 10kΩ, 1
2.5kΩ 1
75kΩ 1

3. Inductor 0.75 1

4. Capacitors 10μF 3
0.8nF 1

5. Signal generator 3MHz 1

6. CRO 1MHz 1
7. RPS (0-30) V 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN FORMULA :
1
Pre-emphasis = L
2π( f )
Rf

1
De-emphasis = 2πR
d Cd

Gain = 20log(V0/Vin)

THEORY:
Emphasis is the process of boosting the Amplitude Vs Frequency characteristics of a signal to
reduce the effects caused by noise while transmission or reception of message signal over the
channel. The noise that may occurs include both single frequency interference and thermal noise.
Noise is inherently greater in amplitude at higher modulating signal than at lower frequencies,
because the signals with higher frequencies have low SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). By emphasis,
approximately a 12db of improvement in noise can be achieved in FM. This system of emphasis
is called Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis. The pre emphasis and deemphasis produce more
uniform SNR throughout the modulating signal frequency spectrum. It is widely used in
commercial and FM radio transmission and reception.

Pre-Emphasis:

In processing electronic audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed to increase
(within a frequency band) the magnitude of higher frequencies with respect to the magnitude of
lower frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse
effects of such phenomena as attenuation distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent
parts of the system. The mirror operation is called de-emphasis, and the system as a whole is called
emphasis.

Pre-emphasis is achieved with a pre-emphasis network which is essentially a calibrated filter.

The frequency response is decided by special time constants. The cut-off frequency can be
calculated from that value. Pre- emphasis is commonly used in telecommunications, digital audio
recording, record cutting, in FM broadcasting transmissions, and in displaying the spectrograms
of speech signals. Pre-emphasis is employed in frequency modulation or phase modulation
transmitters to equalize the modulating signal drive power in terms of deviation ratio. The receiver
demodulation process includes a reciprocal network, called a de-emphasis network, to restore the
original signal power distribution.
MODEL GRAPH:
De-Emphasis:

In telecommunication, de-emphasis is the complement of pre-emphasis, in the antinoise system

called emphasis. De-emphasis is a system process designed to decrease, (within a band of
frequencies), the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of
other (usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by
minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation differences or saturation of
recording media in subsequent parts of the system. Special time constants dictate the frequency
response curve, from which one can calculate the cut-off frequency. Pre-emphasis is commonly
used in audio digital recording, record cutting and FM radio transmission. In serial data
transmission, de-emphasis has a different meaning, which is to reduce the level of all bits except
the first one after a transition.

APPLICATIONS :

1. Pre-emphasis is used at transmitter and de-emphasis at receiver, forincreasing the

strength ofhigher modulating frequencies
2. Used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for FM reception.
3. As higher frequency signals are more prone to noise, the boosting of signals is done to
avoid noise.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit given.

2. Check whether all the components are properly working.
3.The amplitude of the modulating signal is kept constant.
4. Calculate 'Rf' corresponding to the frequency given.
5. The supply is then given.
6. By varying the frequency, the output voltage of pre-emphasis is tabulated.
7. Output of pre-emphasis is then given to de-emphasis circuit.
8. Then the output voltage of de-emphasis is tabulated.
9. The frequency response is plotted and practical cut off frequencies are calculated.
TABULATION:

Pre-Emphasis: Vin = V

Frequency V0 (v) Gain= 20log(V0/Vin)

DESIGN CALCULATION:

Lf = Rf =

1
Pre-emphasis = L
2π( f )
Rf

Rd = Cd =

1
De-emphasis = 2πR
d Cd

MODEL CALCULATIONS :

Lf = 0.75H Rf = 10K ohm

1
Pre-emphasis = L
2π( f )
Rf
1
= 0.75
2∗3.14∗( )
10000

=2.12K Hz

Rd = 75K ohm Cd = 1nF

1
De-emphasis = 2πR
d Cd

1
= 2∗3.14∗1∗10−9 ∗75000

=2.12K Hz
De-Emphasis:

Frequency Vin (v) Vo (v) Gain=20log (Vo/Vin)

Output of Pre- emphasis De-emphasis in dB
RESULT:

The pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits are constructed and the frequency
response curve is plotted and the cut off frequency is determined practically.

Theoretical value of fc =

Practical value of fc =

INFERENCES :

As the frequency increases, the gain increases in Pre-emphasis circuit. This is an essential
𝑆
requirement for practical FM systems since at very high frequencies ratio decreases in FM
𝑁
𝑆
unlike AM where 𝑁 remains constant. This can be observed from noise triangle shown in figure.

The reverse operation of attenuation at high frequencies occurs at the de-emphasis stage.
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is Frequency Response?

A graph plot representing the characteristics of a circuit

2. Why inductor is placed in collector Region instead of Placing it in base region or Emitter
Region?

Without the inductor,the circuit behaves like ordinary amplifier circuit. But when
inductor is placed in the collector region,it can amplify only the high frequency components.

3. What is the use of Coupling capacitors in the circuit?

Coupling capacitors are used in the amplifier circuit to isolate dc so that the biasing of
the amplifier is not disturbed therefore it allows AC.

4. What is Pre-Emphasis?

In processing electronic audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed

to increase (within a frequency band) the magnitude of higher frequencies with respect to the
magnitude of lower frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio .

5. Why Inductor is used in Pre-Emphasis circuit while capacitor is used in De-emphasis

circuit?

Inductor is used in pre-emphasis to increase the magnitude of high frequency

components as Inductive reactance increases in high frequency

Capacitor is used in de-emphasis to decrease the magnitude of high frequency

components as Capacitive reactance decreases in high frequency

6. What is the Bandwidth and Frequency range of FM?

Frequency range : 88MHz to 108MHz

Bandwidth : 200KHz

7. What Type of filter is used in a De-Emphasis circuit?

 Type of filter in de-emphasis : Low pass filter

8. What is the use of Pre-Emphasis circuit?

Pre- emphasis is commonly used in telecommunications, digital audio recording, record

cutting, in FM broadcasting transmissions, and in displaying the spectrograms of speech
signals.

9.What is the use of De-Emphasis circuit?

The de-emphasis circuit is used at the receiver side of FM modulation to return the original
frequency response. De-emphasis circuit de-amplifies the higher frequency components as it is

10. What is the role of Inductor in Pre-Emphasis?

Inductor is used in pre-emphasis circuit in order to increase the magnitude of only the
high frequency components.

11.What is the role of capacitor in De-Emphasis?

Capacitor is used in de-emphasis as a low pass filter . Demodulated FM is applied to

De-emphasis circuit in which with increase in fm, the reactance of c goes on decreasing and
output of De-emphasis will also reduce.