Mind Map – Indefinite Integrals ScorePlus.

❶ Integration
Integration is the inverse process of ❺ Integration by Substitution ❻ Integration by partial fractions
❹ Methods of Integration
differentiation. That is, the process of finding a
The method in which we change the A rational function of the form
function whose differential coefficient is When integration cannot be reduced 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑃1 (𝑥)
known is called integration. variable to some other variable is (𝑄(𝑥) ≠ 0) = 𝑇(𝑥) + , 𝑃1 (𝑥)
into some standard form, then 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑄(𝑥)
If the differential coefficient of 𝐹(𝑥) is 𝑓(𝑥), called the method of substitution has degree less than that of 𝑄(𝑥). We
integration is performed using following
𝑑 Consider I = ∫ f(x)dx 𝑃1 (𝑥)
i.e., [𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥), then we say that the methods : can integrate by expressing in the
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ′ 𝑄(𝑥)
(i) Integration by Substitution Put 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡), so = 𝑔 (𝑡)
anti-derivative or integral of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐹(𝑥), 𝑑𝑡 following forms :
(ii) Integration using Partial Fractions i.e., 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
written as ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥). (i) (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏) = 𝑥−𝑎 + 𝑥−𝑏 , 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏.
(iii) Integration by Parts Thus,
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
❷ Standard integrals 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑔′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 (ii) (𝑥+𝑎)2 = 𝑥−𝑎 + (𝑥−𝑎)2
❼ Integration by parts Some Important Substitutions are: 𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1 (iii) = + +
(i) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1 𝑑𝑢 (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑐
𝑛+1 ∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⋅ ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Function Substitutions 𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
(ii) ∫
1
dx = log |x| + C (iv) (𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑏) = 𝑥−𝑎 + (𝑥−𝑎)2 + 𝑥−𝑏
x Here, 𝑢 is the first function & 𝑣 is the x = asin 𝜃 or 𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
(iii) ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
second function. a2 − x 2 (v) (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐) = 𝑥−𝑎 + 𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
x = acos 𝜃
𝑎𝑥 Selection of first function : For applying
(iv) ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑎 + 𝐶
integration by parts, we choose the first a2 + x 2 x = atan 𝜃
(v) ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 ❾ Integral of some particular
function as the function which comes
(vi) ∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 x 2 − a2 x = asec 𝜃 functions
first in the word IL.ATE, where
(vii) ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 I stands for the inverse trigonometric 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
(1) ∫ = log +C
(viii) ∫ cosec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 function 𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
(ix) ∫ sec 𝑥tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 L stands for the logarithmic function ❽ Two Standard Forms of an (2) ∫ = log +C
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
(x) ∫ cosec 𝑥cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥 + 𝐶 A stands for the algebraic functions Integral (3) ∫
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
= 𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 + C
𝑥 2 +𝑎 2
(xi) ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log |sin 𝑥| + 𝐶 T stands for the trigonometric functions 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) ′ 𝑑𝑥
(i) ∫ 𝑒 + 𝑓 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = (4) ∫ = log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + C
(xii) ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log |sec 𝑥| + 𝐶 E stands for the exponential functions 𝑥 𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
(xiii) ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log |sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶 (5) ∫ = sin−1 𝑎 + C
(ii) ∫ [𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
(xiv) ∫ cosec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log |cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝐶 ❸ Trigonometric Integration 𝐶 (6) ∫
𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + C
1 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑎2
(xv) ∫ dx = sin−1 +C
a2 −x2 𝑎 1−cos 2𝐴 1+cos 2𝐴
1 𝑥 1. sin2 𝐴 = 2. cos 2 𝐴 =
(xvi) ∫ − dx = cos −1 +C 2 2
❿ Integral of some more types
a2 −x 2 𝑎 3sin 𝐴−sin 3𝐴 3 cos 𝐴+cos 3𝐴
1 1 𝑥 3. sin3 𝐴 = 4. cos 3 𝐴 =
(xvii) ∫ a2 +x2 dx = a tan−1 𝑎 + C 4 4
𝑥 𝑎2
1 1 x
5. 2sin 𝐴cos 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) (i) ∫ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝐶
(xviii) ∫ − a2 +x2 dx = a cot −1 a + C 6. 2cos 𝐴sin 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2
1 𝑎2
1 1 𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2 log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + C
(xix) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec −1 𝑎 + 𝐶 7. 2cos 𝐴cos 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)
𝑥 𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 1 𝑎2 𝑥
1 1 𝑥 8. 2sin 𝐴sin 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) (iii) ∫ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
(xx) ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 = cosec −1 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎
 ❶Definite integral
𝑏
A definite integral is denoted by ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
where 𝑎 is called the lower limit of the integral
and 𝑏 is called the upper limit of the integral.
The definite integral has a unique value.
𝑏 then 𝐴′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)∀𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏].
Also, we define ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 as the area of the
region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),
𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, the 𝑥-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎
and 𝑥 = 𝑏.
❸ Fundamental theorem of Integral calculus
ScorePlus.
1. First fundamental theorem of Integral calculus → Let
𝑥
the area function be defined by 𝐴(𝑥) = ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥∀𝑥 ≥
𝑎, where function 𝑓 is assumed to be continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏] ❹ Evaluation of Definite integrals by Substitution
𝑏
To evaluate ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 by substitution, the steps could
2. Second fundamental theorem of Integral calculus → Let
𝑓 be a continuous function of 𝑥 defined on the closed be as follows :
interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝐹 is another function such that Step I : Consider the integral without limits and
𝑑 substitute 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) to reduce the given integral to a
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓, then
𝑑𝑥 known form.
𝑏
∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐]𝑏𝑎 = [𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑐)]. This is called Step II : Integrate the new integrand with respect to the
definite integral of 𝑓 over the range [𝑎, 𝑏]. new variable without mentioning the constant of
integration.
Step III : Resubstitute for the new variable and write the
integral in terms of the original variable.
Step IV : Find the values of integral obtained in step III at
the given limits of integral and find the difference of the
Mind Map – Definite Integrals
values at the upper and lower limits.

❷ Definite integrals as the Limit of a sum

𝑏
The integral ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 may be calculated by using
𝑏
❺ Properties of Definite Integral
limit of a sum as ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = limℎ→0  ℎ[𝑓(𝑎) +
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)ℎ)] where 1. ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 2. ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 3. ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −∫𝑏  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
ℎ= → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞. 4. ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏
𝑛
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
Some Useful Results 5. ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎  𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 6. ∫0  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0  𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛(𝑛−1) 2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1. 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1) = 7. ∫0  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0  𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
2 2 2 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(2𝑛−1) 𝑎
2. 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1) = 6
2𝑎 2∫0  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
8. ∫0  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
2
3. 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1)3 =
𝑛(𝑛−1) 0, if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1) 𝑎 0, if 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function, i.e. , 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
, if 𝑟 > 1 9. ∫−𝑎  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
4. Sum to 𝑛 terms of a GP is 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎(1−𝑟𝑟−1
, 2∫0  𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, if 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function, i.e., 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛)

1−𝑟
, if 𝑟 < 1
where 𝑎 = first term and 𝑟 = common ratio.
 ❷ ScorePlus.
❶ The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the
❸
The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑦 −axis and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑 is
the 𝑥 −axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and calculated as It may happen that some of the portion of the curve
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 = 𝑏 is calculated as Area = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 is above x-axis and some is below 𝑥 −axis, then the
𝑏 𝑏
Area = 𝑎
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥 −axis
and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by
Area = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2

Mind Map – Application of Integrals ❻

The area bounded by the two curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
❹ ❺ and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) such that 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) in 𝑎, 𝑐
The area bounded by the two curves 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) and 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) in 𝑐, 𝑏 , 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏 is
The area bounded by the two curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and
and 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) such that 0 ≤ 𝑔(𝑦) ≤ 𝑓(𝑦)∀ 𝑦 ∈ calculated as
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) such that 0 ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥), ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 ,the 𝑐 𝑏
𝑥 −axis and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is calculated as 𝑐, 𝑑 , the 𝑦 −axis and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑐 and Area = 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑔(𝑥) −
𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑑 is calculated as 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Area = 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
Area = 𝑐
𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
 ❶ Differential Equations
An equation containing an
independent variable, dependent
variable & differential coefficients of
dependent variable w.r.t. independent
variable is called a differential
equation. For example,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(i) 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 (ii) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = cot 𝑥
A differential equation involving
derivatives of the dependent variable
w.r.t only one independent variable is
called an ordinary differential
equation.
❽ Linear Differential Equations
General form of linear differential
equation is
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 …… 𝑖
where, 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥 or
constants
𝑑𝑥
Or + 𝑃′ 𝑦 = 𝑄 ′ …… 𝑖𝑖
𝑑𝑦
where, 𝑃′ and 𝑄 ′ are functions of 𝑦
or constants
Then, solution of Eq. 𝑖 is given by
the equation is
𝑦 × 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 × 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
where, 𝐼𝐹 = Integrating Factor given
by 𝑒 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
Also, solution of Eq. 𝑖𝑖 is given by
the equation is
𝑥 × 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄 ′ × 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
where, 𝐼𝐹 = Integrating Factor given
𝑃′ 𝑑𝑦
by 𝑒
Mind Map – Differential Equations ScorePlus.
❷ Order of a differential equation ❹ Solution of a Differential Equation
❸ Degree of a
The order of a differential equation is the order of
differential equation Any relation between the dependent &
the highest derivative occuring in the differential
𝑑2 𝑦
independent variables (not involving the
The highest exponent of the
equation. For example : 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 is a second derivatives) which, when substituted in the
highest order derivative is
order differential equation. differential equation reduces it to an identity
3
called the degree of the
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 is called a "solution of the differential
𝑑𝑥 3
+ 𝑥5 𝑑𝑥 2
= 0 is a third order differential differential equation
equation'.
equation. provided exponent of each
General Solution : The solution which
derivative appearing in the
contains a number of independent arbitrary
❼ Homogeneous Differential differential equation is a
constants equal to the order of the equation
Equations polynomial i.e. a
is called general solution.
non−negative integer.
An equation in 𝑥 & 𝑦 is said to be Particular Solution : Solutions obtained from
homogeneous if it can be put in the the general solution by giving particular
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥,𝑦
form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥,𝑦
where 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 & values to independent arbitrary constants
𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 are homogeneous functions of ❻ Differential Equations with are called particular solutions.
the same degree in 𝑥 & 𝑦. Variables Separable
To solve homogenous differential Suppose a differential equation is ❺ Formation of a differential
equation of the form 𝑑𝑦 equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 .
= 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 …… 𝑖 Formation of a differential
𝑑𝑥 Here we separate the variables and
We put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 then integrate both sides to get the equation from a given equation
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
general solution, i.e., above equation representing a family of curves
In Eq. 𝑖 to reduce it into variable 𝑑𝑦 means finding a differential
may be written as = ℎ 𝑥 .𝑘 𝑦 .
𝑑𝑥
separable form. Then solve it and in the equation whose solution is the
Then, by separating the variables, we
𝑦 given equation.
final result put 𝑣 = 𝑥 to get the required 𝑑𝑦
get 𝑘 = ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. The order of a differential
solution.
𝑦
Now, integrate above equation and equation representing a family of
Note : If the homogenous differential
get the general solution as 𝐾 𝑦 = curves is same as the number of
𝑑𝑥
equation is in the form 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝐻 𝑥 + 𝑐. arbitrary constants present in the
where 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 is homogenous function Here 𝐾 𝑦 and 𝐻 𝑥 are the anti- equation corresponding to the
of degree zero, then we make the 1
derivative of 𝑘 and ℎ 𝑥 family of curves.
substitution 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and we proceed
𝑦
respectively and 𝑐 is an arbitrary
further to find the general solution as
constant.
mentioned above.

❶ Vector
A directed line segment is called a vector. So,
vector has direction as well as magnitude. 𝐴𝐵 is
a vector whose direction is from A to B and
magnitude or length is AB and denoted by 𝐴𝐵 .
❷ Position vector
Let O be the origin & P be a point in space
having coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) with respect to the
origin O. Then the vector 𝑂𝑃 is called the
position vector of the point P with respect to O.
|𝑂𝑃| = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
❸ Types of Vectors
1. Zero vector :- A vector whose magnitude is
zero is known as zero vector. It is represented
as 𝐴𝐴 or 0.
2. Unit vector :- A vector whose magnitude is
unity is called a unit vector.
3. Coinitial vectors :- The vectors whose initial
points are same are called coinitial vectors.
4. Parallel or Collinear vectors :- Vectors which
are parallel to each other are called collinear
vectors.
5. Negative vectors :- A vector whose
magnitude is same as that of a vector 𝑎 but
whose direction is opposite to that of 𝑎 is
called negative vector of 𝑎 and is denoted by
−𝑎.
6. Equal vectors :- Two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 are said
to be equal if they have the same magnitude
and the same direction regardless of the
positions of their initial points.
Mind Map – Vector Algebra ScorePlus.
⓬ Cross / Vector product
❹ Magnitude of a vector ❾ Section Formulae
The position vector of a point 𝑅 The vector product of two non-parallel
Let 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑗 + 𝑐𝑘 be any vector
dividing a line segment joining the vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 is denoted by 𝑎 × 𝑏
then its magnitude is directed by |𝑎 |
points P&Q whose position vectors are
or 𝑎 where |𝑎| = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 . given by 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎| 𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑛,
𝑎 & 𝑏 respectively, in the ratio 𝑚: 𝑛
where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏
❺ Components of a vector 𝑚𝑏+𝑛𝑎
(i) internally, is given by and 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 and 𝑛 is a unit vector
𝑚+𝑛
Let 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑖 + 𝑏 𝑗 + 𝑐 𝑘 be a vector. Then (ii) externally, is given by
𝑚𝑏−𝑛𝑎 perpendicular to both 𝑎 and 𝑏 such
𝑚−𝑛
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are known as scalar components that 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑛 form a right handed
The position vector of the middle point
and 𝑎 𝑖, 𝑏 𝑗, 𝑐 𝑘 are known as vector 1 system.
of PQ is given by 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
components. 1. 𝑎 × 𝑏 is a vector quantity.
❿ Dot / Scalar Product 2. If 𝜃 = 0 then 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 0
❻ Vector Joining Two Points
3. Two non-zero vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
Let A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) & B(x2 , y2 , z2 ) be any two The scalar product of two non-zero
parallel if and only if 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 0.
points in the space, then 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑥1 𝑖 + vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 is denoted by 𝑎. 𝑏
4. If 𝜃 = 90° then 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎| 𝑏 𝑛
𝑦1 𝑗 + 𝑧1 𝑘 & 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑥2 𝑖 + 𝑦2 𝑗 + 𝑧2 𝑘 given by 𝑎. 𝑏 = |𝑎| 𝑏 cos 𝜃, where 𝜃
5. 𝑎 × 𝑏 ≠ 𝑏 × 𝑎 but 𝑎 × 𝑏 = −𝑏 × 𝑎
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖 + is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏 and
𝑎 ×𝑏
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋. 6. sin 𝜃 = |𝑎 | 𝑏
Observations 7. Unit vector perpendicular to both
❼ Multiplication of a vector 𝒂 by 1. 𝑎. 𝑏 is a scalar quantity. 𝑎 ×𝑏
vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 is
scalar 2. If 𝜃 = 0 then 𝑎. 𝑏 = |𝑎| 𝑏 𝑎 ×𝑏
 𝑎. 𝑎 = |𝑎|2 ⓭ Area of a triangle
The multiplication of a given vector by a
 𝑖. 𝑖 = 𝑗. 𝑗 = 𝑘 . 𝑘 = 1
scalar 𝜆, changes the magnitude of the If two adjacent sides of a triangle are
vector by the multiple |𝜆|, and keeps the 3. If 𝜃 = 𝜋 then 𝑎. 𝑏 = −|𝑎| 𝑏
given by the vector 𝑎 and 𝑏 then the
direction same (or makes it opposite) 4. If 𝜃 = 90° then 𝑎. 𝑏 = 0
area of the triangle is given by
according as the value of 𝜆 is positive (or  𝑖. 𝑗 = 𝑗. 𝑘 = 𝑖. 𝑘 = 0 1
2
𝑎×𝑏
negative). 5. 𝑎. 𝑏 = 𝑏. 𝑎 (commutative property)
𝑎 .𝑏
6. cos 𝜃 = |𝑎| ⓮ Area of a parallelogram
𝑏
❽ Unit vector along a given vector
If two adjacent sides(or diagonals) of a
Unit vector in the direction of the given ⓫Projection of a vector
∥gm are given by the vector 𝑎 and 𝑏
vector 𝑎 is obtained by dividing the
Projection of a vector 𝑎 on other vector then the area of the parallelogram is
𝑎
vector by its magnitude, i.e., 𝑎 = |𝑎| 𝑏 (𝑎 ⋅𝑏) 1
𝑏, is given by 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 = 𝑎 ⋅ = . given by 𝑎 × 𝑏 (or 2 𝑎 × 𝑏
|𝑏| |𝑏|
 ❶ Direction cosines of a line Mind Map – Three Dimensional Geometry ScorePlus.
Direction cosines of a line are the cosines of
the angles made by the line with the positive ❷ Direction Ratios of a Line ❸ Equation of a line ❹ Angle between two lines ❺ Distance between
direction of the coordinate axes. (DR's) two parallel lines
Any three numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 1. When a point and a parallel In vector form, the angle 𝜃 between
Here, 𝑙 = cos 𝛼, proportional to the direction vector is given two lines 𝑟1 = 𝑎1 + 𝜆 𝑏1 and The distance between
𝑚 = cos 𝛽, cosines 𝑙, 𝑚 and 𝑛, respectively are Vector equation of a line through a
𝑛 = cos 𝛾 𝑟2 = 𝑎2 + 𝜇 𝑏2 is given by 𝜃 = two parallel lines
called direction ratios of the line. given point A having position vector
Note that 𝑎 𝑏
cos −1
b1 .b2
. 𝑟1 = 𝑎1 + 𝜆 𝑏 and
𝑙=± ,𝑚 = ± , 𝑎 and parallel to a given vector is 𝑏
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 b1 b2
𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1 𝑐 𝑟2 = 𝑎2 + 𝜇 𝑏 is given by
𝑛=± is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏. In Cartesian form, the angle 𝜃
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑏 × a2 −a1
The direction ratios of a line passing Cartesian equation of a straight line between two lines
x−x1
=
𝑦−𝑦1
=
𝑧−𝑧1 𝑑= .
𝑏
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
❻ Shortest distance between two through two points P x1 , y1 , z1 through the point x1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 with x−x2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
and Q x2 , y2 , z2 are x2 −
and = = is given by
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
skew lines direction ratios a, b and c is ❿ Intercept form of
x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 x−x1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 cos 𝜃 =
a1 b1 +a2 𝑏2 +𝑎3 𝑏3
.
In vector form, the distance between two = = . 𝑎12 +𝑎22 +𝑎32 𝑏12 +𝑏22 +𝑏32 equation of a plane
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

skew lines r = a1 + 𝜆b1 & r = a 2 + 𝜇b2 is ❼ Equation of a plane in 2. Two point form If two lines are perpendicular, then Intercept form of the
𝑏1 ×𝑏2 ⋅ 𝑎2 −𝑎1 Vector equation of a line through equation of a plane is
given as 𝑑 = normal form 𝑏1 ⋅ 𝑏2 = 0 or 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 = 0
𝑏1 ×𝑏2 two given points having position x y z
If two lines are parallel, then 𝑏1 = 𝜆𝑏2 given by + + = 1
In cartesian form, the distance between two Vector equation of a plane at a vector 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆 𝑏 − 𝑎 .
a b c
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
skew lines : distance d from the origin and or = = where a, b and c are the
Cartesian equation of a straight line 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
normal to unit vector 𝑛 is given intercepts on x, y, and z
= = and = = is through the points x1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 axes respectively.
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1 by 𝑟 . 𝑛 = d. x−x1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 ❾ Equation of a plane when a
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 x2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 is = = .
Cartesian equation of a plane is x2 −𝑥1 y2 −𝑦1 z2 −𝑧1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 plane passing through three given ⓭Distance of a point
𝑑=
b1 c2 −b2 c1 2 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1 2 + 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 2 𝑙x + 𝑚y + 𝑛z = 𝑑 where 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
Vector equation of apoints
plane passing from a plane
are direction cosines of the ❽ Equation of a plane when
through three given points with position
normal to the plane and 𝑑 is the the plane is passing through The distance of a point
⓫ Equation of a plane passing length of the perpendicular vectors 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 is given by 𝑟 − P x1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 from a given
a given point and
through the intersection of two from the origin to the plane. 𝑎 . 𝑏−𝑎 × 𝑐−𝑎 =0 plane 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 +
perpendicular to a given
given planes Cartesian equation of a plane passing 𝐷 = 0 is given by
⓬ Coplanarity of two lines vector
through three given points 𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶𝑧1
Vector equation of a plane passing Vector equation of a plane 𝐴2 +𝐵 2 +𝐶 2
x1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , x2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 and x3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 is
through the intersection of the two Vector form : Two lines 𝑟1 = 𝑎1 + 𝜆 𝑏1 x − x1 y − 𝑦1 z − 𝑧1
passing through a point with
given planes 𝑟. 𝑛1 = 𝑑1 and & 𝑟2 = 𝑎2 + 𝜇 𝑏2 are coplanar if position vector 𝑎 and given by x2 − x1 y2 − 𝑦1 z2 − 𝑧1 = 0.
x3 − 𝑥1 y3 − 𝑦1 z3 − 𝑧1 ⓮Distance between
𝑟. 𝑛2 = 𝑑2 is given by 𝑟 . 𝑛1 + a 2 − a1 . b1 × b2 = 0. perpendicular to the vector 𝑁 is two parallel planes
𝜆 𝑛2 = 𝑑1 + 𝜆 𝑑2 . Cartesian form : Two lines
𝑥−𝑥1
=
𝑎1 given by 𝑟 − 𝑎 . 𝑁 = 0. ⓯Angle b/w two planes & Angle
Cartesian equation of a plane 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
Distance between two
= and = = are Cartesian equation of a plane
passing through the intersection of 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 between a line & a plane parallel planes
passing through a point
two given planes a1 x + b1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = coplanar, if 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 + 𝑑1 = 0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 x1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 is x − x1 𝑎 + The angle between two planes 𝑟 . 𝑛1 = 𝑑1
𝑑1 and a 2 x + b2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = d2 is 𝑛1 .𝑛2
and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 +
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 =0 y − y1 𝑏 + z − z1 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑟 . 𝑛2 = 𝑑2 is given by cos 𝜃 =
given by a1 x + b1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 − 𝑑1 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑑2 = 0 is given by
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are the direction
𝜆 a 2 x + b2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 − d2 . The angle between a line 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏 and 𝑑2 −𝑑1
ratios of normal to the plane. 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
𝑏 .𝑛
a plane 𝑟. 𝑛 = 𝑑 given by sin 𝜃 =
𝑏 𝑛
 ❶ Mutually exclusive events Mind Map – Probability ScorePlus.
Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive ❹ Algebra of events
❷ Exhaustive events
events if their simultaneously occurrence never happen. ❸ Complement of an event
1. At least one of the events will occur 𝐴 or
In other words, events whose intersection is 𝜙 (empty) If 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 , … , 𝐸𝑛 are 𝑛 events of a
The complement of an event 𝐸 with 𝐵 ∶ P A∪B =𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐵 −𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵
are known as mutually exclusive events, i.e., 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ sample space 𝑆 and if 𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸2 ∪ 𝐸3 ∪
respect to the sample space 𝑆 is the  If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are mutually exclusive events, then :
𝐵 =0 … ∪ 𝐸𝑛 = 𝑛𝑖=1 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑆 then the events
set of all elements of 𝑆, which are P A∪B = 𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐵
Note : In this case, A and B are disjoint sets. 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 , … , 𝐸𝑛 are called exhaustive
not in 𝐸. It is denoted by 𝐸 ′ or 𝐸 .  If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are independent events, then :
events.
❺ Conditional probability 𝑃 𝐸′ = 1 − 𝑃 𝐸 P A∪B = 𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐵 −𝑃 𝐴 ×𝑃 𝐵
❻ Properties of conditional probability 2. Both A and B will occur 𝐴 and 𝐵 : P A ∩ B =
If 𝐸 and 𝐹 are two events associated with the 𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐵 −𝑃 𝐴∪𝐵
sample space of a random experiment, the If 𝐸 and 𝐹 are two events of sample space 𝑆 and
❼ Multiplication Theorem on
3. Only A will occur A but not 𝐵 Exactly A will
conditional probability of the event E given 𝐺 is an event of 𝑆 which has already occurred Probability
occur : P A ∩ B ′ = 𝑃 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 − 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
that F has occured is given as 𝑃 𝐸/𝐹 = such that 𝑃 𝐺 ≠ 0, then 4. Only B will occur B but not 𝐴 Exactly B will
If 𝐸 and 𝐹 are two events of sample
𝑃 𝐸∩𝐹 1. 𝑃 𝐸 ∪ 𝐹 /𝐺 = 𝑃 𝐸/𝐺 + 𝑃 𝐹/𝐺 −
𝑃 𝐹
,𝑃 𝐹 ≠ 0 space 𝑆 then the probability of occur : P B ∩ A′ = 𝑃 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝑃 𝐵 − 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝑃 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 /𝐺 . 5. Exactly one of the two events will occur :
𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵 𝑃 𝐴′∩𝐵 simultaneously occurrence of the
1. 𝑃 𝐵/𝐴 = 2. 𝑃 𝐴′ /𝐵 = 2. 𝑃 𝐸 ∪ 𝐹 /𝐺 = 𝑃 𝐸/𝐺 + 𝑃 𝐹/𝐺 if 𝐸 and
𝑃 𝐴 𝑃 𝐵
vents 𝐸 and 𝐹 is 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ ∪ 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 = P A ∪ B − P A ∩ B Or
𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵′ ′ ′ 𝑃 𝐴′ ∩𝐵′ 𝐹 are mutually exclusive events.
3. 𝑃 𝐴/𝐵′ = 4. 𝑃 𝐴 /𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = 𝑃 𝐸 . 𝑃 𝐹/𝐸 where 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 − 2𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝑃 𝐵′ 𝑃 𝐵′
3. 𝑃 𝐸 ′ /𝐺 = 1 − 𝑃 𝐸/𝐺 . 6. Both will not occur Neither A not B not A and
𝑃 𝐸 ≠0
4. 𝑃 𝑆/𝐺 = 𝑃 𝐺/𝐺 = 1. not B ∶ P A′ ∩ B ′ = 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ′ = 1 − 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
❽ Multiplication theorem of more than Or 𝑃 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = 𝑃 𝐹 . 𝑃 𝐸/𝐹 where
𝑃 𝐹 ≠0 7. At least one of the two events will not occur not
two outcomes ❿ Baye’s Theorem
This result is known as multiplication A or nor B : P A′ ∪ B ′ = 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ = 1 −
Let 𝐸, 𝐹 and 𝐺 be three events of sample A set of events 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 , … , 𝐸𝑛 is said to rule of probability. 𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵
space 𝑆, then 𝑃 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 ∩ 𝐺 = 𝑃 𝐸 . 𝑃 𝐹/ represent a partition of a sample space 𝑆, if it
𝐸 . 𝑃 𝐺/ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 satisfies the following conditions : ⓫ Random variable & its probability distribution
(i) 𝐸𝑖 ∩ 𝐸𝑗 = 𝜙 ; 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 ; 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛
Random Variable → A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample
❾ Independent events (ii) 𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸2 ∪ … ∪ 𝐸𝑛 = 𝑆
space of a random experiment. Generally, it is denoted by capital letter 𝑋.
(iii) 𝑃 𝐸𝑖 > 0 , ∀ 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛
Two or more events are said to be The probability distribution of a random variable X is the system of numbers.
Theorem of total probability : Let events
independent if occurrence(non-occurrence) of X : 𝑥1 𝑥2 … 𝑥𝑛
𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 , … , 𝐸𝑛 form a partition of the sample P X : p1 p2 … p𝑛
any of them does not affect the probability of
space 𝑆 of an experiment. If 𝐴 is any event where, 𝑝𝑖 > 0, 𝑛𝑖=1  𝑝𝑖 = 1, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
occurrence(non-occurrence) of other events.
associated with sample space 𝑆, then
(i) If E & F are independent, then P E ∩ F =
𝑃 𝐴 = 𝑃 𝐸1 . 𝑃 𝐴/𝐸1 + 𝑃 𝐸2 . 𝑃 𝐴/𝐸2 +
P E P F ⓬Mean of a random variable ⓭ Variance of a random variable
⋯ + 𝑃 𝐸𝑛 . 𝑃 𝐴/𝐸𝑛 = 𝑛𝑗=1 𝑃 𝐸𝑗 . 𝑃 𝐴/𝐸𝑗 .
(ii) Three events 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are said to be
Baye’s Theorem : If 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 , … , 𝐸𝑛 are 𝑛 non- The mean 𝜇 of a random variable 𝑋 is also Let 𝜇 = E X be the mean of X, then the
mutually independent, if
empty events which constitute a partition of a called the expectation of 𝑋, denoted by 𝐸 𝑋 variance of X is given as:
𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵 =𝑃 𝐴 ×𝑃 𝐵 ;𝑃 𝐴∩𝐶 =
sample space 𝑆. Also let 𝐴 be any non-zero 𝐸 𝑋 = 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑖=1  𝑥𝑖 𝑝𝑖 Var 𝑋 or 𝜎𝑋2 = 𝑛𝑖=1   𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 2 𝑝 𝑥𝑖 =
𝑃 𝐴 ×𝑃 𝐶 ;𝑃 𝐵∩𝐶 =𝑃 𝐵 ×𝑃 𝐶 ;
event, then probability Here 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 are possible values of 𝐸 𝑋 − 𝜇 2 = 𝐸 𝑋2 − 𝐸 𝑋 2
𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵∩𝐶 =𝑃 𝐴 ×𝑃 𝐵 ×𝑃 𝐶
𝐴 random variable 𝑋, occuring with
Note : If at least one of the above is not true, 𝐸𝑗
𝑃 𝐸𝑗 .𝑃
𝐸𝑗 The non-negative number, 𝜎𝑋 = 𝑉ar 𝑋
= probabilities 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , … , 𝑝𝑛 respectively.
we say that the events are not independent. 𝐴 𝑃 𝐸1 .𝑃
𝐴
+𝑃 𝐸2 .𝑃
𝐴
+⋯+𝑃 𝐸𝑛 .𝑃
𝐴 is called Standard Deviation of 𝑋
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸𝑛