FOCUS ON AG

Written by Kent Thiesse

Farm Management Analyst and Senior Vice President, MinnStar Bank
May 9, 2022
SORTING OUT THE FACTS REGARDING AVIAN INFLUENZA
Poultry producers in the Upper Midwest have been hit hard by the latest outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian
Influenza (HPAI), which was first detected in wild birds in the Southeast United States in January of 2022. By
late March, the HPAI virus had moved north through several States and was infecting commercial turkey and
egg laying flocks. This was the first major avian influenza outbreak in the U.S. since the serious H5N2 avian flu
outbreak in 2015. While there is pretty good science and research surrounding the occurrence, control, and
management of the HPAI outbreak, there continues to be some misinformation regarding how the virus spreads
and how to best manage poultry flocks that are impacted by the virus.

The State Departments of Agriculture and Boards of Animal Health in Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, South
Dakota, and other States work closely with officials from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to trace the causes of the HPAI virus and the rapid spread
of the disease. These State entities have also coordinated with USDA on ways to best manage and control the
disease, utilizing the research, data and experience gained from the 2015 avian flu outbreak for guidance.

Based on data and evidence gathered during the 2015 avian influenza outbreak, as well as during the current
HPAI outbreak, Federal and State officials believe that the disease is primarily being spread by migratory birds
as they move north in the Spring. The timing of the HPAI infections in the U.S. in 2022 would seem to
correspond to the assumption of the disease spreading through the movement of migratory birds. The spread of
the disease in the U.S. this year has been most prevalent in the northern portions of the Mississippi flyway,
which includes Minnesota, Iowa, as Wisconsin, as well as Eastern Nebraska, North and South Dakota. There
has also been a significant HPAI outbreak in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware, which are in the Atlantic
flyway.

As of May 4, USDA APHIS reported 284 confirmed cases of HPAI disease in the U.S., including 171
confirmed cases in commercial poultry flocks and 114 confirmed cases in smaller backyard flocks. Minnesota
had 57 commercial flocks that had been confirmed with the HPAI virus as of May 4, which lead all other States
for the number of commercial flocks infected with the disease. The disease has been confirmed in wide area
across the State; however, the greatest total number of commercial flocks impacted by the disease has been in 5
or 6 counties in Central Minnesota that have a high concentration of market turkey production A total of
approximately 2.9 million birds in Minnesota had been lost due the HPAI virus as of May 4, which were
primarily from commercial turkey farms. Minnesota leads the nation in turkey production, raising over 40
million birds on 666 turkey farms in 2021, which accounted for approximately 18 percent of the turkeys
produced in the U.S.

According to USDA data, Iowa had lost 14.4 million birds in 15 large commercial flocks and a few backyard
poultry flocks due to the HPAI virus, based on confirmed cases of the disease as of May 4. Iowa is the top egg
producing State in the U.S. and ranks high in turkey production. Bird losses in other Upper Midwestern States
as of May 4 included Nebraska with 4.8 million birds lost, Wisconsin with 3 million birds lost, and South
Dakota with 1.7 million birds lost. Pennsylvania has also stood out with 3.9 million birds lost.

The actual spread of the disease in commercial or backyard poultry flocks can occur through direct bird-to-bird
contact with wild birds or other infected birds, as well as with other wild animals. The HPAI virus is highly
contagious to domestic poultry flocks and can be easily spread at poultry production sites through contaminated
equipment and poultry bedding, as well as contaminated clothes and shoes of workers. Because of the highly
contagious nature of HPAI virus, a strong “biosecurity” program is one of the best ways to present the disease
from spreading from farm-to-farm. USDA and State officials are encouraging poultry operations of all sizes to
review, and if necessary, to step-up biosecurity efforts on their farms.
Once the HPAI virus is confirmed on a site, the MN BAH follows USDA APHIS guidelines, which includes
quarantining of the premises at that site and prohibiting the movement of poultry on or off the site until the
quarantine is lifted. This includes a requirement that all birds be destroyed that are on a farm that has been
identified with the HPAI virus. The MN BAH works with the poultry flock owner and manager of commercial
sites to develop a flock depopulation plan and to review potential indemnity payments for the lost birds.
Following the euthanasia process, the lost birds are typically composted on the infected site to reduce the spread
of the disease. After depopulation has been completed and the facilities have been properly cleaned and
disinfected, it takes approximately one month before the quarantine can be lifted and more birds can be placed
in the facilities.

Based on USDA guidelines, the MN BAH also sets up a control area that is just over 6 miles in radius around
an infected site. All poultry production sites within this control area are also placed under quarantine and must
undergo regular testing of birds for the HPAI virus and follow other USDA protocols for the virus. No birds
may be moved on or off premises without a negative test for the virus and a MN BAH permit.

USDA and State officials have been consistent in saying that there is very little risk to humans from the HPAI
virus. They also have re-enforced the fact that turkey, eggs, and other retail poultry products are completely safe
to eat, and that the virus poses no risk to the U.S. food supply. Thus far, there has been very little impact from
HPAI outbreak on the retail poultry and egg market in the U.S. If production losses continue to increase,
already tight supply chains in some areas of the U.S. may be affected in the future.

Most experts expect the HPAI virus to continue for a few more weeks, and then begin to subside once we have
more sunshine and warmer outside temperatures on a consistent basis. The spread of disease seems to be
reduced once the Spring wild bird migration slows down; however, there is still some uncertainty regarding the
spread of the disease. USDA and private companies have been working on potential vaccines to fight against
avian influenza viruses; however, as of now there is not a commercial vaccine that is currently available.

As was mentioned earlier, the avian influenza virus can also affect smaller, backyard type poultry flocks, as
well as the large commercial poultry farms. In fact, there have already been several confirmed cases of HPAI
virus on the smaller-type poultry farms in several States. State officials are monitoring potential spread of the
HPAI virus in smaller poultry flocks very closely, in order to determine if this could impact poultry exhibits at
State Fairs and County Fairs later this Summer. Some States already have some restrictions in place regarding
poultry exhibitions.

The best sources of information and data are through the USDA APHIS website and from the Department of
Agriculture or Board of Animal Health in the affected States. Here are website links to some of these resources:
 Minnesota Department of Agriculture website: www.mda.state.mn.us/hpai
 Minnesota Board of Animal Health website: www.bah.state.mn.us/hpai/
 Iowa Department of Agriculture & Land Stewardship website: https://iowaagriculture.gov/
 Nebraska Department of Agriculture website: https://nda.nebraska.gov/animal/avian/index.html
 USDA Animal and Plant Health Service (APHIS) website:
www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/avian/avian-influenza

The Minnesota Board of Animal health has established a hotline number to report potential avian influenza
cases and to answer other questions regarding the HPAI outbreak. The hotline number at: 833-454-0156.
Many times, dealing with the financial impacts and mental stress of an avian flu outbreak can be trying on farm
operators and their families. The Minnesota Department of agriculture has low interest disaster loans available
through the Rural Finance Authority and has set up a Rural Stress Hotline at: 833-600-2670.
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Note --- For additional information contact Kent Thiesse, Farm Management Analyst and Sr. Vice President,
MinnStar Bank, Lake Crystal, MN. (Phone --- (507) 381-7960)
E-mail --- kent.thiesse@minnstarbank.com) Web Site --- http://www.minnstarbank.com/