Non-isothermal

CSTR
A) Perfectly mixed cooling jacket TUTORIAL
B) Plug flow cooling jacket
WEEK 11

Prepared : Suffiyana Akhbar

TUTORIAL WEEK 11
4.0 Examples of Applications in Chemical Engineering

CLO 4 Identify the equipment, the requirement and

the working principle of the system. Eg 2:
Non-isothermal CSTR

CLO 5 Develop necessary equations, by

considering the process conditions of the
system and assumptions used:

A) Perfectly mixed cooling jacket

B) Plug flow cooling jacket

CLO 6 Justify the choice of equations used

CLO 7 Evaluate the number of equations needed

to solve the equations: DOF
 EXAMPLE 1
A: Perfectly mixed cooling jacket
 EXAMPLE 1

a) Develop the total mass balance for the CSTR and

cooling jacket

𝑑𝐶𝐴
b) Develop the dynamic equation for reactant A, ( ).
𝑑𝑡

c) Develop the energy balance that apply to the CSTR

and cooling jacket
 SOLUTION 1(a):
1(a) Develop the total mass balance for the CSTR and cooling jacket

Step 1: Write general equation of TCE

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
 SOLUTION 1(a):
Step 2: For CSTR, 1 inlet flow, 1 outlet flow, volume and ρ are constant,
perfectly mixed CSTR

𝑑𝑉𝜌
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌 − 𝐹𝜌 ; 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ρ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒; 𝐹𝑜 = 𝐹

Step 3: For Cooling Jacket, 1 inlet flow, 1 outlet flow, volume and ρ are
constant, perfectly mixed cooling jacket

𝑑𝑉𝑗 𝜌𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗
𝑑𝑡

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒; 𝐹𝑗𝑜 = 𝐹𝑗
 SOLUTION 1(b):
𝒅𝑪𝑨
1 (b) Develop the dynamic equation for reactant A, ( ).
𝒅𝒕

Step 1: Write general equation of CCE

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

= 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
− 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
+ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Step 2: 1 inlet flow, 1 outlet flow, volume of reactor is constant, comp. A

involved as reactant, the reaction is first order in reactant A.

𝑑𝐶𝐴 CA outlet = CA inside CSTR because

𝑉 = 𝐹𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐹𝐶𝐴 − 𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡 the solution in the CSTR is perfectly
mixed
𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝐹 𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐶𝐴
= − 𝑘𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
 SOLUTION 1 (c):
1(c) Develop energy balance that apply to CSTR and cooling jacket

(i) Energy balance for CSTR

Step 1: Write general equation of energy balance

Step 2: State all the assumptions

1. KE and PE are negligible

2. Both CSTR and cooling jacket are perfectly mixed
3. Heat losses to surrounding is negligible
4. u=h; h= CpT.
5. Ws=0
 SOLUTION 1(c):
Step 3: Develop energy balance equation for CSTR and simplified

𝑑 𝑈 + 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸 𝜌𝑉
𝑑𝑡 Outlet temp.
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑈𝑜 +𝐾𝐸𝑜 +𝑃𝐸𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌 𝑈 + 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸 + 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑆 + 𝐹𝑃 − 𝐹𝑜 𝑃𝑜 of cooling
jacket =Inside
temp. of
𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈 𝜌 𝜌𝑜 cooling
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑈𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌𝑈 − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗 − 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐹𝑜 𝑃𝑜
𝑑𝑡 𝜌 𝜌0 jacket
because the
𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈 ^ cooling
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑈𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌𝑈 − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗 − 𝐹𝑃𝑉 + 𝐹𝑜 𝑃𝑜 𝑉෠𝑜 jacket is
𝑑𝑡 perfectly
mixed
𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈 ^
෠
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑈𝑜 + 𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉 − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗
𝑑𝑡
 SOLUTION 1(c):
෡ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 PV
ℎ = U + PV ෡ ≪ 𝑈, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ℎ = 𝑈
𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 ℎ𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌ℎ − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈
= 𝐹𝜌 ℎ𝑜 − ℎ − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗 𝐹𝑜 = 𝐹
𝑑𝑡

Step 4: Substitute h= CpT (for liquid phase)

𝑑𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑃 𝑇
= 𝐹𝜌 𝐶𝑃 𝑇𝑜 − 𝐶𝑃 𝑇 − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗
𝑑𝑡

Step 5: ρ, 𝐶𝑝 and V are constant; simplified

𝑑𝑇 𝐹 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇 𝜆𝑘𝐶𝐴 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗
= − − Final answer
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝑉𝜌𝐶𝑃
 SOLUTION 1 (c):
(ii) Energy balance for cooling jacket

Step 1: Write general equation of energy balance

Step 2: State all the assumptions

1. KE and PE are negligible

2. Both CSTR and cooling jacket are perfectly mixed
3. Heat losses to surrounding is negligible
4. u=h; h= CpT.
5. Ws=0
 SOLUTION 1(c):
Step 3: Develop energy balance equation for cooling jacket and simplified

𝑑 𝑈𝑗 + 𝐾𝐸𝑗 + 𝑃𝐸𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 𝑈𝑗𝑜 +𝐾𝐸𝑗𝑜 +𝑃𝐸𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑈𝑗 + 𝐾𝐸𝑗 + 𝑃𝐸𝑗 + 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑆 + 𝐹𝑗 𝑃𝑗 − 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝑃𝑗𝑜

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝜌𝑗𝑜
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 𝑈𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑈𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗 − 𝐹𝑗 𝑃𝑗 + 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝑃𝑗𝑜
𝑑𝑡 𝜌𝑗 𝜌𝑗0

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 𝑈𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑈𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗 − 𝐹𝑗 𝑃𝑗 𝑉෠𝑗 + 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝑃𝑗𝑜 𝑉෠𝑗𝑜
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 𝑈𝑗𝑜 + 𝑃𝑗𝑜 𝑉෠𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑈𝑗 + 𝑃𝑗 𝑉෠𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗
𝑑𝑡
 SOLUTION 1(c):
෡ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 PV
ℎ = U + PV ෡ ≪ 𝑈, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ℎ = 𝑈

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 ℎ𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 ℎ𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 ℎ𝑗𝑜 − ℎ𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗 ; 𝐹𝑗𝑜 = 𝐹𝑗
𝑑𝑡
Step 4: Substitute h= CpT (for liquid phase)

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝐶𝑃𝑗 𝑇𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝐶𝑃𝑗 𝑇𝑗𝑜 − 𝐶𝑃𝑗 𝑇𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗
𝑑𝑡

Step 5: ρ, 𝐶𝑝 and V are constant; simplified

𝑑𝑇𝑗 𝐹𝑗 𝑇𝑗𝑜 − 𝑇𝑗 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑗
= + Final answer
𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝐶𝑃𝑗
 EXAMPLE 2
B: Plug flow cooling jacket
An irreversible exothermic reaction is carried out in a perfectly mixed continuous
stirred tank reactor (CSTR) as shown in Figure 2. k is the specific reaction rate
−𝐸
defined by the Arrhenius formula, k = 𝛼 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑅𝑇 . The reaction is second order in
reactant A and has a heat of reaction, λ, which is based on reactant A.
Negligible heat losses and constant densities can be assumed. Coolant is
added to the jacket at a rate of Fjo and the inlet temperature Tjo to absorb the
heat generated. The volume of the reactor, V and the volume Vj of coolant in the
jacket, Vj are both constant. The flow of coolant inside the jacket is a plug flow.

Figure 2: A non isothermal CSTR

 EXAMPLE 2
B: Plug flow cooling jacket

a) Develop the total mass balance for the CSTR and cooling jacket

𝑑𝐶𝐵
b) Develop the dynamic equation for product B, ( ).
𝑑𝑡

c) Develop the energy balance that apply to the CSTR and cooling jacket
 SOLUTION 2(a):
1(a) Develop the total mass balance for the CSTR and cooling jacket

Step 1: Write general equation of TCE

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
 SOLUTION 2(a):
Step 2: For CSTR, 1 inlet flow, 1 outlet flow, volume and ρ are constant,
perfectly mixed CSTR

𝑑𝑉𝜌
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌 − 𝐹𝜌 ; 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ρ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒; 𝐹𝑜 = 𝐹

Step 3: For Cooling Jacket, 1 inlet flow, 1 outlet flow, volume and ρ are
constant, plug flow cooling jacket

𝑑𝑉𝑗 𝜌𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗
𝑑𝑡

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒; 𝐹𝑗𝑜 = 𝐹𝑗
 SOLUTION 2(b):
𝒅𝑪𝑩
1 (b) Develop the dynamic equation for product B, ( ).
𝒅𝒕

Step 1: Write general equation of CCE

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

= 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
− 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
+ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Step 2: no inlet flow for comp B, 1 outlet flow, volume of reactor is constant,
comp. B involved as product, the reaction is second order in reactant A.

𝑑𝐶𝐵
𝑉 = −𝐹𝐶𝐵 + 𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 2 reaction is second order in
𝑑𝑡 reactant A.
𝑑𝐶𝐵 𝐹𝐶𝐵
=− + 𝑘𝐶𝐴 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
𝑑𝐶𝐵 𝐹𝐶𝐵 −𝐸 substitute the k
=− + 𝛼 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝐶𝐴 2 value
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑅𝑇
 SOLUTION 2 (c):
1(c) Develop energy balance that apply to CSTR and cooling jacket

(i) Energy balance for CSTR

Step 1: Write general equation of energy balance

Step 2: State all the assumptions

1. KE and PE are negligible

2. CSTR is perfectly mixed
3. Heat losses to surrounding is negligible
4. u=h; h= CpT.
5. Ws=0
 SOLUTION 2(c):
Step 3: Develop energy balance equation for CSTR and simplified

𝑑 𝑈 + 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸 𝜌𝑉
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑈𝑜 +𝐾𝐸𝑜 +𝑃𝐸𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌 𝑈 + 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸 + 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑆 + 𝐹𝑃 − 𝐹𝑜 𝑃𝑜 Inside temp.
of cooling
𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈 jacket is the
average
𝑑𝑡 temp. of inlet
2 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗 𝜌 𝜌𝑜 and outlet
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑈𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌𝑈 − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − − 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐹𝑜 𝑃𝑜 temp. of
2 𝜌 𝜌0
cooling
jacket
𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗 ^
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑈𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌𝑈 − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 2 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − − 𝐹𝑃𝑉 + 𝐹𝑜 𝑃𝑜 𝑉෠𝑜
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈 ^ 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑈𝑜 + 𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉 − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 2 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 −
෠
𝑑𝑡 2
 SOLUTION 2(c):
෡ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 PV
ℎ = U + PV ෡ ≪ 𝑈, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ℎ = 𝑈

𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈 2 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
= 𝐹𝑜 𝜌𝑜 ℎ𝑜 − 𝐹𝜌ℎ − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 −
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑈 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
= 𝐹𝜌 ℎ𝑜 − ℎ − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 2 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − 𝐹𝑜 = 𝐹
𝑑𝑡 2

Step 4: Substitute h= CpT (for liquid phase)

𝑑𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑃 𝑇 2 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
= 𝐹𝜌 𝐶𝑃 𝑇𝑜 − 𝐶𝑃 𝑇 − 𝜆𝑉𝑘𝐶𝐴 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 −
𝑑𝑡 2
 SOLUTION 2(c):
Step 5: ρ, 𝐶𝑝 and V are constant; simplified

𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
𝑈𝐴 𝑇 −
𝑑𝑇 𝐹 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇 𝜆𝑘𝐶𝐴 2 2
= − −
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝑉𝜌𝐶𝑃

Step 6: Substitute 𝑘 value

𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
−𝐸 2 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 −
𝑑𝑇 𝐹 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇 𝜆 𝛼 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑅𝑇 𝐶𝐴 2 Final answer
= − −
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝑉𝜌𝐶𝑃
 SOLUTION 2 (c):
(ii) Energy balance for cooling jacket

Step 1: Write general equation of energy balance

Step 2: State all the assumptions

1. KE and PE are negligible

2. Cooling jacket is plug flow
3. Heat losses to surrounding is negligible
4. u=h; h= CpT.
5. Ws=0
 SOLUTION 2(c):
Step 3: Develop energy balance equation for cooling jacket and simplified

𝑑 𝑈𝑗 + 𝐾𝐸𝑗 + 𝑃𝐸𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 𝑈𝑗𝑜 +𝐾𝐸𝑗𝑜 +𝑃𝐸𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑈𝑗 + 𝐾𝐸𝑗 + 𝑃𝐸𝑗 + 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑆 + 𝐹𝑗 𝑃𝑗 − 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝑃𝑗𝑜

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝜌𝑗𝑜

= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 𝑈𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑈𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − − 𝐹𝑗 𝑃𝑗 + 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝑃𝑗𝑜
𝑑𝑡 2 𝜌𝑗 𝜌𝑗0

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 𝑈𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑈𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − − 𝐹𝑗 𝑃𝑗 𝑉෠𝑗 + 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝑃𝑗𝑜 𝑉෠𝑗𝑜
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
෠ ෠
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 𝑈𝑗𝑜 + 𝑃𝑗𝑜 𝑉𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝑈𝑗 + 𝑃𝑗 𝑉𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 −
𝑑𝑡 2
 SOLUTION 2(c):
෡ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 PV
ℎ = U + PV ෡ ≪ 𝑈, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ℎ = 𝑈

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗𝑜 𝜌𝑗𝑜 ℎ𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 ℎ𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 −
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑈𝑗 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 ℎ𝑗𝑜 − ℎ𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − ; 𝐹𝑗𝑜 = 𝐹𝑗
𝑑𝑡 2

Step 4: Substitute h= CpT (for liquid phase)

𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
𝑑𝜌𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝐶𝑃𝑗
2 𝑇𝑗𝑜 + 𝑇𝑗
= 𝐹𝑗 𝜌𝑗 𝐶𝑃𝑗 𝑇𝑗𝑜 − 𝐶𝑃𝑗 𝑇𝑗 + 𝑈𝐴 𝑇 − Final
𝑑𝑡 2 answer