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Coeficient cf volurme Compressibty

(O.0697
1-e 1-2
19 02)256
10 10 m
3.4 1012
Coetficent of consoidation C, 1 0 m/s
m 25610981
Drainage path d H=5m

= .12575
Time oi settlement.
135x10
=
2.33x 10 seconds =
2694.19 days

o11 Aclay deposit is 12m thick and draining on both faces. The coefficient of consolidation of clay was
found to be 8.64x 10 lday. The uitimate settlement of clay was estimated to be 1.2 m. How long
would it take for settlements of 400 mm and 800 mm to occur? How much settlement would occur in
10 years and 50 years.

Solution:
For clay.

Drainage path, =-=6m

Coefficient ofconsolidation, C, = 8.64 x 104 mP/day
Utimate settlement = 1200 mm

For400 mm settlement
400
Degree of consolidation. U= 1200
12

Time factor,
--G-0 = 0.0873 (for Us 60%)

Timetor settlement,
0.0873 x6 -
3637.5 days
8.64x 10

For &00 mm settlement

U 800
1200
Degree of consolidaticrn,

T,-0.9332log (1-U)-0.0851 (for U> 60%)

Time factor

= -0.9332log 1--0.0851-0.36

0.36x6 =15000 days

Time of settlement 8.64 x 10

(n) For t= 10 years, or t = 3650 days

8.64x 10 X3650 =0.0876
6

(for U< 60%)

Uing
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Degree of consolidation U- , 40076334 <0D

T

(i)
Settlement,
For, = 50 years or t = 18250 days
AH =
1200 0.334 =
40 m

T, C.8.64 10 18250 043

Time tactor,
6
Using. T, = 1.781-0.933 log (100-U)
0.438 1.781 -0.933 log (100-U
0.438-0.9332 log., (1-U)-0.0851
U 72.5% >60%
Settlement AH = 1200x 0.725 =
870 mmn
Q12 A homogeneous clay layer 12 m thick is expected to have a ultimate settlement of 332 rmm. Ater a tne
span of 3 years the average settlement was measured to be 152 mm. How much longer wil t take t r

the average settlement to attain 237 mm?

Solution:
Given: H= 12 m; AH= 332 mm; at, t= 3 year, Ah = 152 mm

U= Ah
100
AH
1 0 0 =45.78% < 60%

x(0.4578 O.1646
Assuming two-way drainage
d= H 6m

C,x3=
6
0.1646
G = 1.9752 m'lyear
If Ah =

237 rmn,

237
Ah100
AH 332
100 713 60%

1, =

1.781-09332logio(100% - U) =0 4218
C 0,421
d

I 0,4218xD
1.9752 7.69 years
. It will take another, (7.69 3) 4.69 years
 84 Civil Engineering
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Putlicatire
Degree of consolidation A0.0876 =0.334 0 6 0
(OK)
Settierment AH= 1200 0.334 =
400 8 mm
(o) For, f=
50 years or 18250 days
I=

Turmefactor C e.64 10 18250 -0438

Using. T=1.781-0.933log (100-U) (for U> 60%)

0.438 1.781-0.933log (100-U)
=

0.438 =-0.9332 log(1-U)-0.0851

U = 72.5% > 60%
(OK)
Settlement AH =
1200 0.725 870 mm
Q12 A homogeneous clay layer 12 m thick is expected to have a ultimate settlement of 332 mm. After a time
span of 3 years the average settlement was measured to be 152 mm. How much
the average settlement to attain 237 mm?
longer will it take for

Solution:
Given: H= 12 m; AH= 332 mm; at, f= 3 year, Ah = 152 mm

A100
AH
152
100 =45.78% < 60%
332

-
=
(0.4578) =0.1646
Aseurning two-way drainage,

d- = 6m

C,x3
0.1646
6
C, = 1.9752 mlyear
f Ah 237 mo,

Ah 100 237
100 =71.39% >60%
AH 332

=1.781-0.9332log10 (100% - U) = 0.4218

C
0.4218
d

04218x6 7.69 years

1.9752
', I1 vill 1ak another, (7 619 3) 4.69 yoars
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The
fficient of solidation (C,) of a clay was found to be 0.955 mm/min. The final consolidation
Q13 ettlement for a 5 m thick layer of this clay was calculated as 280 mm. Assuming a uniform initial
sett
oxCess pore-water pressure distribution and permeable layer to be present both above and below the

clay layer, compute the settlement time for:

consolidation (take 7, = 0.848 for U =
90%);
() 90% primary
of 100 mm.
(i) Settlement
Solution:
AH= 280 mm; H=5m
Given: C, =0.955 mm /min;
permeable layer is present both above and below clay layer, it is a case of Two-way discharge
As
H
d= = 2.5 m
Length of drainage path,

-G

T90 0.848

G, = 0.848

t0.848xd
t
0.848x(2.5x103)2 min
Time for 90% settlement, 0.955
C
t = 5549738.22 min
= 3853.985 days
36
10 yr 6 months 21 days 4 hour and 34 min
sec.
=

(i) Ah 100 mm

Degree of consolidation, %U =
100x100 = 35.71% < 0.6
280

Time factor,

Or, x (0.3571?

Or (0.955)xt =x(0.3571
4
(2.5x 10s)2
t = 655460.0511 min
= 455.1806 days
= 1 year 2 months 28 days and 22 hrs 41 min. 10 sec.

in 15 minutes
14 In a consolidation test done in laboratory a sample of 20 mm thick consolidated 50%
m thick layer of same soil will
consolidate 50% and 30%?
How much time a 5.0
With double drainage. will take to consolidate 50% and 30%?
t the soil layer has a rock below, how much time it

Solution:
As per Taylor's formula, time factor is given by

C
where C, is coefficient of consolidation, is time to complele any stage of consolidation and d is length of

drainage path.
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When degree of consolidation i.e.,. Us60%; Publia
-
F o r U=50%,
T, =x (0.5)? =0.1963

=
=10 mm (double drainage)
t= 15 minutes for 50% consolidation

C 0.1963x (10)
= 1.31 mm/min
15
For U 30%
T, = x (0.3) = 0.0707

i) For U = 50%,
d== 2.5 m 2500 mm

t = 0.1963 x (2500)2 1
1.31 60 x 24 650.38 days =1.78 yea
For U= 30%,
0.0707 x(2500) 1
60 x 24 = 234.24 days
1.31
(ii) For U = 50%,
d = 5 m =5000 mm

t = 0.1963 x (5000)
1.31 x24 6 E = 7.13 years
For U= 30%
D 5 m
5000 mm
t = Id O.0707 x (5000? 1
K
1.31 60x 24* R2.57 years
Q15 A clay soil specimen 25 mm thick was tested
in the
specimen showed a decrease in void ratio from 0.92 tolaboratory allowing drainage both sides. The
60 kN/m2 to 120 kN/m2. 0.78 when the
Calculate coefficient of pressure was increased from
coefficient of consolidation. If time for 50% compressibility, coefficient of volume change ano
consolidation was 5 minutes
in cm/sec, and calculate final determine the soil
thickness of the specimen at the end of
the test. permeability
Solution:
(i) Coeficient of conpressibility (a,):
Change in void ratio Ae = e o e

=
0.92- 0.78 = 0. 14
Change in pressure,
120-60 =
60 kN/m
Ae 0. 14
Ao 60
2.333 x 10 m*/kN
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(u) Coefficient of volume charge (m,): Conventional PracticeEngg.
Sets 87

|my ay 2333x10
1+ Co 1+0.92
=
1.215x 10 mkN
(i) Coefficient of consolidation (c.)
Degree of consolidation, U =
50%

Ty(0.50) =0.196
We know, Cyi

Here, H= 12.5 mm =
0.0125 m (Double drainage)
C=
Cy TyH_0.196 x(0.0125 1.021
5x60
=
x 10-7 m2/sec
(iv) Soil permeability (k):

k CmY
=
1.021 x 10-7x 1.215x 103 x 9.81
(v) Final thickness of specimen, H, 1.217x 103 m/sec

=
| 1 Ho x25 =
1.823 mm

=H-A
=
25 1.823 23.18 mm
Q.16 A normally consolidated clay stratum with liquid limit of
42% and 6.4m thickness is located at a depth
of 9.5 m below the present existing ground surface. The
clay has natural moisture content of 35% and
specific gravity of 2.65. The subsoil consists of very fine sand between
water table is located at 3.5 m below the
ground surface and clay. The
ground surface.
Unit weight of sand above the water table is 18
kN/m3. Average submerged unit weight of sand is
11 kN/m3. A new
building is to be constructed at ground level and it exerts an effective increased
overburden pressure on clay by 40 kN/m?. Estimate the settlement of
building.
Solution:
For given data:

Unit weight of clay, Yclay

(G+Gw)Yw
1+Gw
(2.68+2.68x0.33)x
1+2.68x 0.35
9.81 =
18.31 kN/ms

3.5 m Sand

E
1--J-. GWT

Ysand 18 kN/m'
Sand
Youb11KN/m'

G2.668 E
Clay W35%
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Void ratio e= GW =2.68 x 0.35 = 0.938 Publications
Height of clay layer H = 6.4m

Overburden pressure at centre to clay layer,

o=18 x 3.5+ 11 x (9.5-3.5) + (18.31 -9.81) x 3.2
= 156.2 kN/m?

Extra overburden pressure Ao = 40 kN/m?

Compression index, Ce0.009(w - 10)= 0.009 (42- 10) =0.288

AH = logaSo+ Ao 0.288x6.4
1+0.938 (156.2+
156240
Settlement of building.
CHeog1o
1+eo
= 0.094 m = 94 mm

Q17 A footing is to be constructed 1.8 m below the ground surface as shown in fig. The base of the footin
is 2.7 mx 2.7 m and it carries a total load of 1800 kN which includes the column load and weight of the
footing. Compute the total expected settlement of the footing (consider only consolidation settlement)

AXX\

1.8 m

2.7 m

2.7 m
Sand and Gravel
WT Y 20.2 kN/m

Normally Consolidated Clay

e 1.2
2.7 m C = 0.7

Sand and Gravel

Solution:
1800 kN

1.8 m

Sand and Gravel

Y= 20.2 kN/m
2.7 m

2.7m
1 Nomally Consolidatod Clay
1 . 2 , C, 0.7

27
2.025 2.025 m

Sand and Gravel

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load distribution is not given, lot us consider loacd distribution to be 2 verticai to 1 horizontal
As
at the Centre of clay layer,
Stress area
A =(2.7+2x 2.025) 45.5625 rn =

ASsuming specific gravity of solids of clay layer,

G= 2.7

Yruatclay (G+e1 (2.7+ 1.29.81 1739t

1+ 1.2 981 =
17.39 kt /m
overburden pressure at centre of clay layer,
Ioitial effective
2.7
(1.8+2.7) xy+(7sat 7w) 2
2.7
=

(1.8+2.7) x20.2 +(17.39-9.81)x

0 101.133 kN/m
Increase in effective Overburden pressure at centre of clay layer

1800 -39.51 kN/m2

45.5625
A 45.5625
Assuming consolidation settlement of sand and gravel layer to be negligible,

AH oelod.otAdo
1+ep

2.7x0.7o (101.133+ 39.51-0.123 m

1+1.2o101.133
AH = 12.3 cm

018 The coordinates of two points on the virgin compression line are as below:
o = 400 kPa, e = 0.8;

o2 800 kPa, e 0.75

In the field, a 3 m thick normally consolidated layer of this soil subjected to construction load and the
average effective vertical stress increased from 250 kPa to 450 kPa. Determine
() the compression index and initial void ratio of the clay layer,
) the consolidation settlement of the layer, and
(i) the load increment to cause 25 mm final consolidation settlerment to occur and the corresponding
void ratio.
Solution:
Given: e = 0.8
e = 0.75

= 400KPa
2 = 800 kPa
In fieid,

Ae_0.8-0.75
(0 Compression index,
800
1o9 A00
Initial void ratio of clay layer,
Ae
0.166 =
400
og 250
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Or, 0.03388 =
e e, =0.03388 =
en-0.8 Puolictr
= 0.83388
(i) Settlement of layer,

AH=o on +Ao
1+eo
3x0.166 250+200y
(i) Load to cause 25 mm final
1+0.8338825069.32 mm
setlement,
AH= Hom,õ,
.
1+ep
e 0.83388

Ae 0.83388-0.80
400 250 2.259 x10
AH 25x 10 m
H 3
25 103=
x
3x2259x 104
1+0.83388 X Ad
A 67.651 N/mmR
Corresponding void ratio.
2.259 x1O x67.651 AG

Q19 A stratum of e e-e

= 0.8186
11.2 clay with an
m
below the average
gravity present ground liquid limit of 46% is 7.8 m
of soil
The grains is 2.75. Between
water-table is
surface.
the
The natural water thick. Its surface is
located content of the
8and is 10.6
below ground located at a
at 4.4 m surface and
kN/m3 and the unit the clay, clay is 38
%and the depth o
geological evidence, weight ground surtace. the
sub-soil consists of finespecific
of
will be it is known sand located The
the clayconstructed on sand above above the average
that the
clay is
by 42 kN/m?.
Estimate the
the clay, Is normaly
consolidated. The submerged
water-table is unit
sanc
weight o
Solution:
settlement likey to
of the increase the
17.2
weight of kN/m3, from the
We ill first
estirnate the effective building effective the
building tha
We will
consider the centre of pressure (s or over-burden pressure on
Po)
layer depth coming on theoclay
the clay
(A-A); to estima layer
mate these before the
T 17.2 GL conditions.building
as
is
shown constructec
44 m
in
Tuut 10.6 WT fig
figure
Fino sand11.2 G8
10.7 m
Clay
m Dm
AW 0 3
3.0 m
LL4b%
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The effective vertical pressure caused at A-A is due to sand and clay both. It is equal to

Po Ysub for clay

X 3.9 M+
Ysub tor sand X 6.8 m+ Yor sand 4.4 m (0
10.6 kN/m3 (given)
Now Ysub for sand

Yior sand17.2 kN/m2 (given)

IS given a s :
Ysub or Clay

Yus14
G 2.75
where
W 0.38
e Gw S = 1, for saturated soils
But
= 0.38x 2.75 1.045

(2.75-1
Ysub tor clay1+1.045 9.81 2045
1.75
8.39 kN/ms

Substituting the values in (i), we get

8.39 x 3.9 + 10.6 x 6.8 + 17.2 x 4.4 180.48 kN/m2
Po =

Using settlement, we have

AH-T logho Po+AP

1+ eo Po
where Po 180.48 kN/m2
Ap 42 kN/m2(given)
P clay depth 7.8 m =

condition
e= Void ratio of clay in natural
= w.S, = 1.045 (calculated already)
Also C. is given by

C 0.009(LL -10)=0.009 [46-10]=0.324

0.324 x 7.8m,log1o 180.48 +42 1.123m 11.23 cm

Hence AH=
1+1.045 180.48
Hence, settlement expected =11.23 cm
is drained on one side only. It has a hydraulic
A 8trata of normally consolidated of thickness 3 m

cm/s and coefficient of volume compressibility m,

125 x cm/N. = 10
conductivity of K 5 x =
10 distributed load of
the ultimate value of compression of the stratum assuming uniformly
a
erermine
E0 kN/m* and also determine the time required for 20 percent consolidation.

Solution:
Given: K 5x 10 cm/s
125 = x
10 cm/kN In the question, unit is given wrongl
m,
H= 3 m
A = 250 kN/m
Given: One-way drainage
Length of drainage path, d=H 3 m
Utimate value of AH= H% m , Ao
compression,
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10x 10 ) x (250) Putblic.
AH = 3x (125 x

= 0.09375 m 9.375 cm or 93.75 mm

K C m, Yw
102)
(5x 105 x = 4x 10 m/sec
(125x 102 104)x
x 10

0.6
U 20% =0.2 <

C x(0.2
4x 10 xt

3
-x (0.2)
t= 706858.3471 sec
t= 196.3495 hours
t 8.1812 days

layers of free-
Q21 A 6.0m thick layer of clay is located between two within Sand
draining sand. Also, there is a thin the
drainage layer clay
at a depth of 1.50 m from its top surface. The average value of C, 5m Clay
is found as 4.92 x 102 mm/sec. If a structure is constructed
Sand a
above the clay layer, how many days would be required for it to
attain half its ultimate settlement? Assume that the expression Ciay
4.5 m

T U i s applicable forthe entire range of consolidation.

Sand

Solution:
Let 'r' be the time in which half of ultimate settlement takes
place.
Given: H= 6 m; C, = 4.92 x 10 mm/sec.
Layer 1: H, = 1.5 m
Layer 2: H, = 4.5 m
Let , and U, be the degree of consolidation of layer 1 and 2 respectively.

Now,
Ah + Ah = Ah

H H
At time 't, U= 0.5

U,1.5,U,
6
x4.5 - 0.5
U,+3 U, = 2

Drainage path length of layer-1, H

d, 2
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Drainage path length of layer-2,
d-

T C1
d

16 Cy
Similarly t H
16 Cy
Equating above two equations,

16 Cy
U-a4-3
= 3U2 1)
From equation (i) and (i),
3 U+3 U = 2

(1/3) x (4.5 x 103)2P

A
t=x492x102
t
4.92 x 102 sec
103.928 days =104 days
i t would take approximately 104 days to attain halí its ultimate settlement.

022 An 8 m thick saturated clay layer lies above a permeable dense sand layer. The clay settles by 40 mm
In 2 years when subjected to a widespread load of 50 kN/m at its surface.
(i) What will be the ultimate settlement of the clay?
(0) Calculate the compression index, C of the clay.
AsSume that the water table is below the dense sand layer and will not influence the settlement.
Properties of clay: Average bulk unit weight, Ybuk = 18 kN/m3, Coefficient of consolidation, C, =1 m?yr
and Specific gravity, G = 2.65. Unit weight of water is equal to 9.81 kN/m3.
Solution:
()
AG 50 kN/m

E Clay

Dense Sand (Permeable)