QUESTION 1

1. Determine 𝐾2
Trickling filter depth = 6.1 m

𝐷1 0.5 𝑆1 0.5
𝐾2 = 𝐾1 ( ) ( )
𝐷2 𝑆2
6.1 0.5 150 0.5
𝐾2 = 0.210 ( ) ( )
6.1 140
𝐾2 = 0.217 (𝐿/𝑠)0.5 /𝑚2

2. Correct 𝐾2 for temperature effect using Eq. (9-16)

𝐾𝑇 = 𝐾20 (1.035)𝑇−20
𝐾12 = 0.217(1.035)12−20
𝐾12 = 0.165(𝐿/𝑠)0.5 /𝑚2

Rearrange Eq. (9-19) to solve for q.

1/𝑛
𝐾𝑇 𝐷
[𝑞(𝑅 + 1)] = { }
𝑆𝑜 + 𝑅𝑆
ln [ ]
𝑆𝑒 (𝑅 + 1)
2
𝐿 0.5
(0.165 ( 𝑠 ) /𝑚2 )(6.1 𝑚)
[𝑞(1 + 0.5)] = { }
(140 𝑔/𝑚3 + (0.5)(25 𝑔/𝑚3 )
ln [ ]
(25 𝑔/𝑚3 )(1 + 0.5)
𝑞 = 0.343 𝐿/𝑚2 . 𝑠

3. Determine the tower area

𝑄 = 22700 𝑚3 /𝑑 = 262.7 𝐿/𝑠

𝑄 262.7 𝐿/𝑠
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = =
𝑞 0.343 𝐿 . 𝑠
𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 765.9 𝑚2

4. Determine the packing volume

𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (765.9 𝑚2 )(6.1 𝑚) = 4672 𝑚3

 5. Determine the tower diameter
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 765.9 𝑚2
= = 383 𝑚3
𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 2
𝜋 𝐷2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
4
𝜋𝐷 2
383 𝑚3 =
4
Diameter = 22 m each

6. Determine the pumping rate and pumping energy needed.

𝑄𝑃 = (1 + 𝑅)𝑄
𝑚3
𝑄𝑃 = (1 + 0.5) (22700 ) = 34050 𝑚3 /𝑑
𝑑

Pumping energy =
1.58 𝑘𝑊
(34050 𝑚3 /𝑑) = 53.8 𝑘𝑊
𝑚3
(1000 )
𝑑
𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑑 = (24ℎ/𝑑)(53.8𝑘𝑊) = 1291.2 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑑
𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑘𝑊ℎ 30𝑑
= (1,291.2 )( ) = 38736 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚𝑜
𝑚𝑜 𝑑 𝑚𝑜

7. Determine the trickling filter clarifier area.

From information above, 4m side water depth clarifier with an overflow rate at average
flow of 1.1 m/h (𝑚3 /𝑚2 .h)
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴 = 𝑄/𝑂𝑅 = (22700 𝑚3 /𝑑) (1 𝑑/24 ℎ) / 1.1 𝑚3 /𝑚2 . ℎ
𝐴 = 860 𝑚2

Use two clarifiers, A = 860 𝑚2 /2 = 430 𝑚2 each

4𝐴 4(430)
𝐷 = √ =√ = 23.4 𝑚
𝜋 𝜋

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 765.9 𝑚2 + 860 𝑚2

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1625.9 𝑚2
 Table 1: Summary of parameter design
Parameter unit CMAS Trickling filter
Aeration volume m3 4446 -
Aeration depth m 5.0 -
Media volume m3 - 4672
Media depth m - 6.1
Aerobic tank area m2 889 -
Trickling filter area m2 - 766
Trickling filter depth m - 6.1
Secondary clarifier area m2 946 860
Total area m2 - 1625.9
Pumping rate m3/d - 34 050
Pumping energy kW - 53.8
3
Air supply rate m /min 60.5 -
Aeration energy kW/m3.min 1.8 -
Monthly energy kWh/month (30days) 78 4080 kWh 38 736 kWh
QUESTION 2

Assumption

1. Recycle MLSS concentration (mg/L) = 3000 mg/L (DOE Perak, 2021)

2. Waste sludge flowrate (m3/d) = 3 m3/day

Using the given formation:

a) Synthesize the system SRT (in d)

Thus:

𝑄 = 5𝑚3 /𝑑

3000𝑚𝑔 3000𝑔
𝑋𝑅 = =
𝐿 𝑚3

3𝑚3
𝑄𝑊 =
𝑑
𝑚𝑔
𝑋𝑒 = 36 = 36𝑔/𝑚3
𝐿

𝑃𝑋,𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 𝑄𝑒 (𝑋𝑒 ) + 𝑄𝑤 𝑋𝑅

𝑄𝑒 = 𝑄 − 𝑄𝑤

(5 − 3)𝑚3 36𝑔 𝑚3 3000𝑔 𝑔

𝑃𝑋,𝑇𝑆𝑆 = [ × 3 ] + [3 × 3
] = 9072
𝑑 𝑚 𝑑 𝑚 𝑑

𝑚3
𝑉=5 × 1 𝑑 = 5 𝑚3
𝑑
𝑔
(1600 ) × 5𝑚3
𝑆𝑅𝑇 = ( 𝑚3 ) = 0.9 𝑑
9072 𝑔/𝑑

b) Determine the F/M ratio (in g BOD/g MLVSS. d)

𝐹 𝑄𝑆0
=
𝑀 𝑋𝑉

𝑚3 𝑔
𝐹 (5 )(720 3 ) 0.56𝑔 𝐵𝑂𝐷
𝑑 𝑚
= =
𝑀 (1600 𝑔 ) (0.8)(5 𝑚3 ) 𝑔 𝑀𝐿𝑉𝑆𝑆. 𝑑
𝑚3
 c) Determine the volumetric loading rate (in kg BOD/ m3.d)
𝑄𝑆0
𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑔 =
103 𝑔
𝑉( )
𝑘𝑔

𝑚3 𝑔
(5 )(720 3 ) 𝑘𝑔𝐵𝑂𝐷
𝑑 𝑚
𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑔 = 3 = 0.72 3
10 𝑔 𝑚 .𝑑
(5𝑚3 )( )
𝑘𝑔

d) Evaluate the synthesize yield, Y in g VSS/g BOD

BOD basis:
𝑚3 𝑔
𝑔 (5
) 𝑌(720 3 )
𝑑 𝑚
(0.8) (9072 ) =
𝑑 1 + [0.1 × 0.9]

𝑌 = 2.19 𝑔 𝑉𝑆𝑆/𝑔𝐵𝑂𝐷
 e) Determine the sludge age (in d)

𝑚𝑔 𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆 ( 𝐿 ) 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑀𝐺) 𝑥 8.34
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 =
𝑚𝑔 𝑙𝑏
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑓 (𝑀𝐺𝐷) 𝑥 𝑇𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑓 ( 𝐿 ) 𝑥 8.34
𝑔𝑎𝑙

5 𝑚3 1 𝑀𝐺
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 𝑄 = 𝑥 = 1.321𝑥103 𝑀𝐺𝐷
𝑑𝑎𝑦 3.785 𝑥 103 𝑚3

1 𝑀𝐺
𝑉 = 5 𝑚3 𝑥 = 1.321𝑥103 𝑀𝐺
3.785 𝑥 103 𝑚3

𝑚𝑔 𝑙𝑏
(1600 ) 𝑥 (1.321𝑥103 𝑀𝐺) 𝑥 8.34
𝐿 𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 =
𝑚𝑔 𝑙𝑏
(1.321𝑥103 𝑀𝐺𝐷) 𝑥 (168
𝐿 ) 𝑥 8.34 𝑔𝑎𝑙

17.627 𝑀𝐺
𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 =
1.851 𝑀𝐺𝐷

𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 = 9.5 𝑑𝑎𝑦

f) Aeration tank volume (in m3)

𝑄𝑆𝑂
𝐹 ⁄𝑀 =
𝑋𝑉

𝑔
𝑔. 𝐵𝑂𝐷 5 𝑚3 ⁄𝑑 𝑥 720 3
0.56 = 𝑚
𝑔 𝑀𝐿𝑉𝑆𝑆. 𝑑 (1600 𝑔 ) (0.8) 𝑉
𝑚3

𝑉 = 5 𝑚3

g) Dimension of aeration tank (in m)

Assuming average overflow rate based on textbook Wastewater Engineering Treatment and
Resource Recovery, Fifth Edition (T.L) Table 5-19;
Overflow rate, Vo = 28 m3/m2.d
Detention time = 2.0 hours
(Source:(Ong, 2007))

Area of the aeration tank, A:

5 𝑚3
𝑄 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐴= = = 0.1786 𝑚2
𝑉𝑜 𝑚3
28 2 . 𝑑
𝑚

Diameter of aeration tank, D:

4 4
𝐷=√ 𝐴=√ (0.1786 𝑚2 ) = 0.4769 𝑚
𝜋 3.1416

Side water depth, Dd:

𝑉 𝐴𝐷𝑑
𝑡𝑅 = =
𝑄 𝑄

𝑡𝑅 𝑄
𝐷𝑑 =
𝐴

1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 5𝑚3
2 ℎ𝑟 𝑥 ( )𝑥
24 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐷𝑑 =
0.1786 𝑚2

𝐷𝑑 = 2.333 𝑚

Weir length:

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝜋𝐷 = 3.1416 𝑥 0.4769 𝑚

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 1.4982 𝑚
Based on the calculated value, the wastewater is suitable to be treated using chemical process
only.
QUESTION 3

Assume the aeration tank is conventional activated sludge (CAS) since the value of MLVSS
given is in the range of 1200 to 2400 mg/L based on DOE.

a) SVI, mg/L
𝑚𝐿 3 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑔 (𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒, 𝐿 )(10 𝑙 𝑔)
𝑆𝑉𝐼, = 𝑚𝑔
𝐿 (𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠, )
𝐿
𝑚𝑔 97 × 1000
𝑆𝑉𝐼, =
𝐿 1600
𝑚𝑔
𝑆𝑉𝐼, = 60.625 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝐿

b) Sludge age, days

𝑉𝑟 (𝑋)
𝜃𝐶 =
𝑄𝑊𝐴𝑆 (𝑋𝑊𝐴𝑆 )
1600(5)
𝜃𝐶 =
168(8)
𝜃𝐶 = 5.952 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

c) F/M ratio
Where;
Q = 5 m3/d
So = influent BOD, 720 mg/L
V = aeration tank volume
Xv = MLVSS

𝐹 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑖𝑛 (𝑄)/1,000
=
𝑀 𝑉𝑟 (𝑋𝑉 )
𝐹 5 × 720
=
𝑀 8.016 × 1280
𝐹
= 0.35
𝑀
d) Aeration tank volume (m3)

𝑌𝜃𝐶 𝑄(𝑆𝑂 − 𝑆)
𝑉=
𝑋𝑉 (1 + 𝑘𝑑 𝑓𝑏 𝜃𝐶 )

V = Aeration tank volume, m3

Y = Yield coefficient, kg VSS produced/kg BOD5 removed
sludge age, d
Q = Influent flowrate, m3/d
So = Total BOD5 of aeration tank influent, mg/L
S = Soluble BOD5 of aeration tank effluent, mg/L
Xv = MLVSS concentration, mg/L
Kd = Decay coefficient, d-1
Fb = Biodegradable fraction of VSS immediately after generation in the system

𝑓𝑏′
𝑓𝑏 =
[1 + (1 − 𝑓𝑏′ )𝑘𝑑 𝜃𝐶 ]
0.8
𝑓𝑏 =
[1 + (1 − 0.8)(0.15)(5.95)]
𝑓𝑏 = 0.68

𝑌𝜃𝐶 𝑄(𝑆𝑂 − 𝑆)
𝑉=
𝑋𝑉 (1 + 𝑘𝑑 𝑓𝑏 𝜃𝐶 )
(0.4)(5.95)(10)(720 − 27.92)
𝑉=
(1280)(1 + (0.15 × 0.68 × 5.95)
𝑉 = 8.016

e) Aeration tank design capacity (m3)

Assume 2 as peaking factor

𝑚3
𝑄 = 5 × 2 = 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
f) Size
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 1.25 𝑚 × 3 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 3.75 𝑚

g) Freeboard area, m
= 0.46 m

h) HRT, hours and mins

𝜋𝐷 2
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = × 𝐻𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
4
𝜋(1.25)2
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = × (3 − 0.46)
4
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 3.117 𝑚3

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

𝐻𝑅𝑇 =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
3.117
𝐻𝑅𝑇 =
10
𝐻𝑅𝑇 = 0.312 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐻𝑅𝑇 = 7.48 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝐻𝑅𝑇 = 448.86 𝑚𝑖𝑛