FOUNDATION

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Foundation
 A Foundation is that part of the structure which
is in direct contact with the ground.
 It transfers the load of the structure to the soil
below.

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Function/ Purpose of Foundation
• To distribute the load of the structure over a large
area so as to bring the intensity of load within the
safe bearing capacity of soil.
• Foundation distribute the uneven load of the
structure to the subsoil evenly.
• Foundation supports the structure.
• Foundation gives lateral stability to the structure
against various horizontal forces such as wind, rain
, earthquake.

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 Essential requirement of a good
foundation
 The good foundation should able to wear dead and live
load.
 The good foundation should be taken sufficiently deep so
as to reach for hard strata.
 The base of the foundation should be rigid so that
differential settlements are minimized.
 The foundation should transfer the load of the structure in
such a way so that pressure on subsoil will not cause
settlement.
 The area of the footing should be such larger so as the
intensity of the load at its base does not exceed the safe
bearing capacity of the subsoil
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Types of foundation
• There are two basic types of foundations
1. Shallow foundation
2. Deep foundation

• Shallow foundation
• The foundation provided immediately below the lowest part
of the structure near the ground level, transferring load
directly to the supporting soil, is known as shallow
foundation.

• Shallow foundation is provided when stable soil with

adequate bearing capacity occur near to the ground level.
• They are also known as Open Foundation
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
 A shallow foundation is sometimes
defined as one whose depth is smaller
than its width.
 This is normally convenient above the
water table and is practicable upto a
depth of about 3 metre to 5 metre.
 Shallow foundation transfers the load to
the ground by bearing at the bottom of
the foundation.
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Types of Shallow foundation
a)Isolated footing or Column footing
b)Combined Footing
c)Strap footing or cantilever footing
d)Raft or Mat foundation
e)Grillage foundation
f)mat foundation
g)Rubble trench foundation
SPREAD FOUNDATION
 It is an enlargement at the bottom of a
column that spreads the applied structural
loads over a sufficiently large soil area.
 It is also known as footing
 Each column has its own spread footing.

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SPREAD FOOTING

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Combined Footing
 A combined footing supports two or
more column in a row.
 The combined footing can be rectangular
in shape if both the column carry equal
loads or can be trapezoidal if there are
space limitations and they carry unequal
loads.

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Combined Footing

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Strap or Cantilever Footing
 It is a type of combined footing
consisting of two or more individual
column footings connected by a beam
called a strap.

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Continuous Footing
 In this single continuous RCC slab is
provided as foundation for more than two
column loads.

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Mat or Raft Foundation
 Raft foundation (sometimes known as Mat Foundation)
are a large concrete slab which can support a number
of columns.
 The slab is spread out under the entire structure or at
least a large part of it which lowers the contact
pressure compared to the traditionally used single
footings.
 When the allowable soil pressure is low or the bridge
loads are heavy, the use of spread footings would cover
more than 50% of the area and it may prove economical
to use raft foundation.

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RAFT FOUNDATION

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RAFT FOUNDATION

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Grillage Foundation
 This type of footing is used to transmit
heavy loads from steel columns to the
soil.

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Deep Foundation
 Deep foundation are foundations which
transmit the load of a structure of strong
soil beds or rock beds available at great
depth.
 Deep foundation are of following types
1. Pile Foundation
2. Cassion or well Foundation

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 PILE FOUNDATION
 It is the type of the
foundation in which
load is transferred to a
low level by means of
vertical members
known as piles.
 A Pile is a slender
structural member
made of steel, concrete
or wood.

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Machine inserting pile

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Classification of Piles
 Piles are broadly classified into two
categories
1. Classification based on the function
2. Classification based on materials and
composition

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Classification based on the function

Bearing pile

Friction Pile
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(i) Bearing piles:
 The piles which transfer its load to a hard
and relatively incompressible stratum like
rock or dense sand are called end bearing
piles. These piles derive its bearing
capacity from end bearing at the pile tip.
(ii) Friction piles:
 The piles which do not rest on hard
stratum but derives its carrying capacity
from skin friction or adhesion between
the pile surface and surrounding soil are
called friction piles.
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Classification based on material and
composition
 Concrete piles
 Timber Piles
 Steel Piles
 Composite Piles

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Cassion or Well foundation
 A cassion is a type of foundation of the
shape of a hollow prismatic box, which is
built above the ground level and then
sunk to the required depth as a single
unit.
 It is a watertight chamber used for laying
foundation under water.

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 Cassion or Well foundation
 A cassion is a type of
foundation of the shape
of a hollow prismatic
box, which is built above
the ground level and then
sunk to the required
depth as a single unit.
 It is a watertight
chamber used for laying
foundation under water.

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Walls
 Walls are combination of bricks, stone,
cement and sand which inclosed or divide
the space.
Mainly there are two types of walls
1. Partition wall
2. Load bearing wall

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Partition wall
 They are constructed as thin walls
enclosing areas for rooms within a
building.
 They divide the whole area into a number
of rooms
 They are light in weight
 They can be easily constructed in any
position

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Requirements of a good partition
wall
 It should be thin in cross section so that
maximum floor area can be utilized.
 It should be constructed from light and
sound insulating material.
 It should be economical in construction.
 It should offer sufficient resistance against
fire, heat and dampness.
 It should be rigid enough to take
vibrations caused due to loads
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Load Bearing Walls
 These are thick walls and act as main
walls of a building.
 They are designed to carry the loads
coming on them.

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Masonry
 Masonry may be defined as the
construction of building units such as
stones , bricks bonded together with
suitable mortar.
 Masonry may be classified as
1. Stone masonry
2. Brick masonry
3. Composite masonry

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Stone Masonry

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Brick Masonry

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