Design Principles and Considerations of Port Elements 93

two-way traffic is faced with decreased con-
trollability during meeting situations, com-
bined with bank suction. When two ships
meet in a channel, asymmetric pressure is
developed on both sides of both ships with a
tendency of diverting these ships from the
path they followed before meeting. Kray
(1970, 1973) described this situation as fol-
lows (Fig. 2-7).
1. When the bows of two ships come abreast
of one another in a two-way channel, they
tend to spread apart because of pressure
buildup between them. During this phase,
bank suction plays a positive role by op-
posing this tendency.
2. When the bow of one ship is near the
stern of the other, lower water at the
stern draws the bow toward the stern of
this ship. During this phase, bank suction
will reinforce the yaw of the bows toward
low water to the port of each ship.
3. When the sterns of both ships approach

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