Port Design and Construction 51

posed by Michel and Berenger (1975) and
Ashton (197 4).
Sandkvist (1981) states that average field
data observed at Lulea Harbor in the Gulf
of Bothnia corresponds reasonably well to
the results obtained by the Michel and
Berenger formulation.
According to Ashton's observations, sev-
eral passages of a vessel usually results in a
more or less uniform coverage of the chan-
nel area. The percentage of open water sur-
face area is in the order of 20-30%. As a
result of this open water area, the produc-
tion of ice tends to increase.
Computer programs developed for the
above methods were used to generate the
example accelerated ice buildup curves
based on an assumed number of freezing
degree-days and vessel frequency (Acres
Consulting Services, Ltd., 1983). The re-
sults are illustrated in Figure 1-15. The
normal undisturbed ice growth is also
shown for comparative purposes.
Ettema and Hung-Pin Huang (1990) and
Ettema (1991) produce the most recent
state-of-the-art review on ice formation in
frequently transited navigation channels
and also report results of extensive labora-
tory experiments conducted in ice tanks us-
ing model vessels. A conclusion based on
some field observations and ice tank experi-
ments tentatively drawn by the above in-
vestigators is that the ice formation in navi-
gation channels is significantly affected by
hull form and the length of transiting
vessels, the channel geometry, and the
presence of significant water currents. For
example, quite different patterns of ice for-
mation may occur in river channels that are
plied by bluff-bowed, flat-bottomed tows or
have significant water currents that occur
in harbor and coastal channels, which are

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