VASTU KALA ACADEMY- COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

RESEARCH PAPER, 2016-2017

RELEVANCE OF COURTYARD IN EDUCATIONAL

CAMPUSES

ADITI GUPTA
O4917601613
2013-2018

GUIDE
MS RASHMI BALUJA TANDON
 PREFACE

Courtyards are a series of distinct landscaped spaces that provide a visual

focus from the interior of the buildings. It traditionally served as a place for
family gathering and living, a comfortable and cool place for sleeping during
the hot summers, a safe area for the children to play, a source of day light and
natural ventilation for the surrounding rooms and a circulation core of the
house linking all the spaces in a controlled manner. Despite all these
advantages, the courtyard typology has faded away in most of our
country’s metropolitan/developing cities and only gives a vague notion of its
origin. Change in social, climatic and cultural patterns have all contributed to
the above mentioned statement.

The research paper aims to understand the ‘courtyard typology’ in

educational campuses, its conception, perception and execution; briefly
discussing its social, cultural, and climatic implications; and its significant
change as a function in contemporary times. It takes one through the
evolution of courtyards and ends with explaining contemporary courtyards,
how they have evolved, changed and perceived today. The paper tries to
achieve this possible conclusion by understanding the evolution and
supporting it with case studies

The paper establishes the relevance of the courtyard typology in

contemporary times and ends with the conclusion that the courtyard remains
an appropriate built form, not only for the climatic conditions of hot-arid
regions but also for Indian Culture. It could still fulfil the requirements of
contemporary lifestyles, if redefined and considered in the light of
technological and socio-economic changes. Architects could usefully redefine
aspects of the courtyard, such as the degree of enclosure, spatial
configuration, façade proportions, architectural details, materials and so on, in
order to modernize the typology. Instead of being a simple symmetry and the
closed form, the traditional courtyard could become a dynamic, asymmetrical
balance of interacting walls and spaces suited for a more contemporary living.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my guide Ms. Rashmi Baluja Tandon for
her continuous support and generous help in carrying out this study. Her
valuable suggestions and aspiring guidance encouraged me constantly
through out the preparation of this dissertation work.

I would also like to thank Mr R.K. Safaya and Mr A.K. Maitra for sharing their
insightful views and encouragement which gave me enough confidence to
widen my research from various perspectives.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents and all my friends for
discussions and suggestions in different stages of the work, which led to
substantial improvement in the work

Thank you
Aditi Gupta
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1- Introduction
Chapter 2- Understanding the ‘Courtyard Typology’
Chapter 3- Courtyards in Educational Campuses
Chapter 4- Human Responses to Courtyards
Chapter 5- Introduction to Case Studies
Chapter 6- Analysis
 Chapter – 1
Introduction

A courtyard can be defined as an open

space partly or fully enclosed by
buildings or walls. The ‘Courtyard’
typology has existed for thousands of
years in our country and can be traced
back to the Indus valley civilization.
Traditionally used as a central space
between houses/rooms owned by
Fig 1.1- Sketch of HARRIS courtyard
individual families , , courtyards served as Source
http://jessicachang.net/index.php?/sketche
the focal point of a settlement and s/local/
strengthened interior relationships. It served as a protective barrier against the
climate, enemies, animals and so encouraged social interactions and became
an important interface for all communal activities.

As one of the most primeval typology in architecture, courtyards have been

seen in all types of buildings, be it commercial, residential, institutional,
recreational or industrial. The courtyards are a series of distinct landscaped
spaces that provide a visual focus from the interior of the buildings. The
problem of controlling environment and creating conditions favourable to its
aims and objectives is as old as man himself. Through the ages, man has
sought to fulfil two basic needs – protection from the elements and an
atmosphere favourable to spiritual endeavour. Many socio-cultural factors
have resulted in a variety of architectural expression to fulfil these needs , one
of these is the courtyard.

THE COURTYARD
Throughout history the court has served in a number of buildings in a number of
ways . Conceptually speaking, it has served as a connector (Stuttgart museum
– architect James sterling and the Sanskar Kendra – architect Corbusier

1
 Fig 1.2- Conceptual plan
showing movement pattern in
court
Source- Author

in both cases an upper level was joined o a lower level by a ramp in the court )
, as separator ( Buddhist monasteries , Roman Fora and Shanker Market – in
each case court separates two or more spaces from each other and gives
them privacy or segregation as he case may be )or as a definer of space ( the
south Indian temples in which many shrines are dotted in a larger court or
where the court is the building itself ( a mosque) . Another way it connects is
when a number of buildings are built around it as in case of NIFT .

A series of court speak of hierarchy of spaces in increasing order of

importance – in the acropolis ( or privacy – in Fatehpur Sikri or sanctity –
Egyptian temples ). The court can also ac as a central space to the building as
at the SPA HOSTEL and NII hostel or at Rockefeller centre , new York.

1.2 DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA

The courtyard house has been the oldest type of typology. Earlier the function
of a court was to act as a central space to the household. Apart from lighting
and ventilating the surrounding rooms , it served as an outdoor family room.
The rooms were built around it with a veranda to connect them .

In order to access another room , one had to walk out into the veranda and
around it . So one was forced to walk past this space all the time . There was
always some human activity around. Two people coming out of their rooms
would definitely meet in the court.
2
Its presence can be traced far back into Indian history . A typical residential
unit in Mohenjo-Daro was built around a court. No windows opened onto the
street (ref fig 1.3). This ensured total privacy in the house. The court was the
focus and centre- point of the traditional Indian household. Socially , it acted
as an activity space, a spill over of those in spaces around and a focus for
passage .

Fig 1.3 Plan of typical residential unit in Mohenjo-Daro

Source: S. Grover, Architecture of India – Hindu & Buddhist

It made the houses inward looking and secure , and also provided light and
ventilation to the rooms around it . In the warm weather of the Indian plains , it
served to make the surrounding rooms cool and comfortable (ref fig 1.4 on
next page).

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Fig 1.4 The thermal system of a courtyard house
Source : Koengsberger’s manual on tropical housing

The presence of plants and water bodies enhanced the effects of

evaporation- cooling, while connecting current drove cool air into adjoining
spaces . All household activities such as cooking , washing , chatting and
sleeping were done in the court . The rooms were used only in bad weather . It
made good sense to concentrate open space in the heart of the building
rather than squander it in pieces. Acoustically , it was a quiet place, cut off
from the noise on the street.

Between the tenth and the sixteenth century , the theory of ‘vastupurusha
mandala’ was compiled . According to this , the central space in a building
should not be built over . This concept has been used by Correa in his Jawahar
Kala Kendra in Jaipur on the nine square yantra in which one square is
displaced and two central squares combined. (ref fig 1.5 on next page).

4
The great centres of learning that followed , consisted of a series of rooms
around a central space open to sky (ref fig 1.6) . The Buddhist monasteries such
as one at Nalanda , were all built on the same principle. The court separated
the classes to provide privacy and concentration. The cities of Jaipur and
Jaisalmer are excellent examples of climate oriented cities . They have utilized
the concept of the courtyard house to its fullest extent.

Fig 1.5 Conceptual sketch of plan of Jawahar Kala Kendra at Jaipur

Source : https://www.pinterest.com/pin/562246334706690436/

Fig 1.6 Excavations at Nalanda

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda

With increase in population , lot of open spaces have been lost to multi-storey
buildings. This change is due to high-tech buildings and change in scale of
operations due to the need to handle complex functions following a large
number of uses under the same roof.
However , in the last three decades, the shape of the courts is no longer a
simple square or a rectangle , the shape now offers a great many possibilities
out of which some have been explored .

5
The housing for the Bhopal gas tragedy victims, designed around courts,( by
M.N. Joglekar) is a low-rise , high density project done in the late eighties. The
cluster concept of planning – a group of dwelling units surrounding an open
space i.e. a cluster court of manageable size has revolutionised the spatial
patterns of low income housing . Another example is that of school of spatial
children where an oval shape courtyard have been provided with ramps and
play area for students.
the court (especially in public buildings) serve as a transition space or a small
green area or conceptually as a connector or a definer of spaces. The
function of a court in a modern building is definitely more complex than
before.

1.3 DEVELOPMENTS ABROAD

Courtyards were utilised, as far back as the Egyptian civilisation , in the

mortuary temples and the pyramid complexes . Occasionally , even two courts
were used such as the Luxor temple Thebes in Egypt , (ref fig 1.7) one leading
into the other through a doorway . These were based on hierarchy of spaces .
The movement was from a less important space to a more important space .
Only the Pharaoh could go right inside. They were used for religious ceremonies
and mass congregations.

Fig 1.7 Conceptual sketch of plan of Luxor temple of Thebes in Egypt

Source :http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/luxortemple3.htm

6
There have been instances of closely packed houses accessed through narrow
streets and courts . In he Mesopotamian civilisation , there was an abundance
of courtyards in their cities and their ziggurats (ref fig 1.8) . On arrival one was
received in a court that was flanked by two bastion – like wings and was
drawn towards the interior . He court would be enclosed by a screen-like row
of columns which accentuated the welcoming and linking functions of the
entrance court . From here the visitor could proceed to the sacred precinct.
Whereas the use of arcaded verandahs running all round the ground floor.
Courtyards can be found in buildings even in colonial Africa in the late
nineteenth century.

Fig 1.8 Isometric view of Mesopotamian Palace Complex

Source : http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-art/mesopotamian/

1.3 NEED FOR STUDY

Many modern buildings have been built around courts, where the court is an
integral part of their design. How well do these courts actually function? Do
they serve the purpose(s) they were designed for? To date, the general
tendency has been to study the built spaces, facade treatments, orientations,
styles, internal efficiencies and structure of most buildings.

There is lack of literature on how a court work on psyche of the user. How is a
court in a residential area different from one in an institutional area? It is
different because it serves a different purpose(s).In an institutional buildings, it
would be used for light and ventilation, as a transition space, as a focus or
maybe even a parking lot. The way such a court has to be treated is entirely
different from others because the functions are completely different.
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So, it would not be incorrect to suggest that more work needs to be done in
this field. These enclosures (open to sky courts) do much more than serve
performance of line, form, texture and colour. They bring psychological
influence to bear upon the confined person. This influence can either help to
inhibit the user or to make him relaxed and comfortable, it can also help the
user to proceed in a particular direction

1.4 AIM

To study the relevance of courtyards in the educational campuses in

contemporary times.

1.5 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study are:-

1. To understand the adaptability of the courtyard form in the present day’s
context.
2. To find out its effects on social interactions and activity pattern in the
courtyard.
3. To focus on the human responses to courtyard, its utilization pattern, its
various typologies, its conception, perception and execution and its
significant change as a function in contemporary times.
4. To find out the reason for change in the functionality of courtyards and
how they act differently in different institutes.
5. To understand the evolution with time timeline in mind with respect to all
the objectives I have mentioned.

1.6 HYPOTHESIS
Does the design of educational campuses revolves around the courtyard and
act as an essence in campus planning.

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1.7 SCOPE
Courtyards in the educational campuses play a very vital role in studying the
social interaction and activity pattern within the campus along with the
building designs, formal landscape and other utilities. The evolution of
courtyards will be studied from examples from the various books, journals,
periodicals and information on net with emphasis on structures existed/existing
in all over India.The scope of courtyard in future will be find out through various
case studies on educational campuses in India and outside as well.

1.8 LIMITATIONS
• The study has been restricted to educational campuses in India.
• Field case studies have been restricted to Delhi and NCR region for
convenience of numerous visit.
• For information regarding the architecture of the campuses, articles in
books, journals, periodicals and information on net will be referred.

1.9 SELECTION OF CASE STUDIES

LITERATURE STUDY
• National Institute Of Immunology (1990) - The primary function of the institute
is scientific research. It is designed as a series of clusters with courtyards
reminiscent of traditional havelis to counter heat.

• Nalanda International School , Baroda (2004) – The core concept of the

plan is a central courtyard with four smaller internal courtyards, each of
these courtyards containing a cluster of four classrooms

• DPS Kindergarten , Bangalore (2013) -The central linear open-to-sky court is

the soul of the school and facilitates learning outside the classroom. A lot of
outdoor learning happens in the courtyard, either on the steps of the
corridors or around the frangipane trees. It's all integrated into this central
courtyard.

9
LIVE STUDY

• Anglo Arabic School (1696) - The double-storeyed building is constructed

around a large courtyard framed with verdant gardens, flowering frangipani
trees and swings which provides a safe environment for children to play.

• Central Institute Of Educational Technology ( 1984) - It is designed around

two interlinking courtyards, one near the entrance and the second around
an existing tree. The larger courtyard has an open-air stage and
amphitheatre seating, open passageways link the library and teaching
rooms.

• American institute of Indian studies (1998) – The building has two sunken
courtyards with vegetation and water. The sunken courtyards provide an
element of surprise to visitors and bring adequate daylight and ventilation
into all areas of the building.

• School For Spastic Children (1995) - the design reflect the special world of
the spastic child. The central courtyard with ramps and the internal decks
provide a safe environment for children to play. The building is more inward
looking than outwardly designed.

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1.10 METHODOLOGY

The research will be done in following stages:-

Formulating the research problem

Formulating hypothesis

Extensive data collection

Literature Study Live Study Library Research

By analysing the By visiting the different Printed material in the

courtyard typology with
different examples of
institutions in India
through books and
information on net.
educational campuses form of articles, blogs and
and analysing the features published in
utilization pattern of magazines and books
courtyards on a day to related to the core of the
day basis. dissertation will be
analysed.

Segregation and analysis

of collected data

Organizing and evaluating sorted

data

Making decisions and

suggesting solution

Reaching conclusion

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 Chapter – 2
Understanding the ‘Courtyard Typology’

2.1 PARAMETERS OF COURTYARD DESIGN

The population of world had increased manifold in past few decades and
there is need of all types of infrastructure to sustain need of this population. The
housing is essential need for this population and in past few decades high rise,
high density housing were built to fulfil the need of increasing population and
to save agriculture land. This high density and high rise solution has created so
many problems at level of social, culture and psychological.
After industrial revolution all culture of world especially Asian countries have lost
their own sustainable principles of design and started copying the western
architecture without understanding its advantages and disadvantage in long
run. The courtyard planning could be best solution to address this
environmental, social, cultural, psychological issue in Asian Countries and it
can also address the high density issue to large extent due to compact
planning through courtyard.

2.1.1 BASED ON LEVELS

There are different types of courtyard

on the basis of their location on
vertical plane i.e. ground level,
sunken courtyard and elevated
courtyard. It will depend on the site,
climate and other factors to
determine the type of courtyard to
be chosen and accordingly their size
Fig:-2.1 Sunken courtyard in American
and proportion should be worked Institute of Indian studies at Gurgaon.
out. Source :- Author

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2.1.2 REGIONAL VARIATIONS

In India the courtyard could be found from Himalaya to south, there is so much
regional variation in these courtyard forms due to variation in climate, culture,
social system etc. The important type of courtyard on regional basis are the
Havelli of Gujarat, Havelli of Rajasthan, Wada of Maharashtra, Nalukettu of
Kerala, Chettinad of Tamil Naidu and Rajbari of Bengal. Few of these regional
variations are discussed below:

Fig:-2.2 Inner courtyard of Rajasthan Haveli Fig:-2.3 view of national institute of immunology
Source:-http://www.prismma.in/rajasthani- clusters
architecture-features-and-elements/ Source:-
http://www.rajrewal.in/projects/research-
nim.htm

Haveli: The concept of haveli was prevalent in north as well North West of
India and the most popular are haveli of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Punjab. The
Gujarat haveli used to have one courtyard or series of courtyards .The outer
courtyard is used to park trolley, tractors and keep buffaloes or cows.
The inner courtyard is used for cooking, food preparation and water storage.
The rain water is storage underneath courtyard. The Rajasthan havelli have
used sandstone and Gujarat Haveli made up of wood.
In Rajasthan haveli as one enter inside the courtyard, the noise of street get
cut completely due to height of walls. The concept of haveli can also be
seen in the planning of National Institute of Immunology by Raj Rewal .
It is designed as a series of clusters with courtyards reminiscent of traditional
havelis to counter heat. Each of the clusters retains its identity as the
architectural forms and internal spaces of all of them are different.
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2.1.3 BASED ON FUNCTIONS OF BUILDINGS
The courtyard form was initially used in
residential buildings but later on the realizing
its merit the different civilization used this
concept in public buildings like offices,
cultural centres , educational institutes and
commercial buildings too. The courtyards of
public buildings are always monumental
scale while the residential buildings are
Fig:- 2.4 IHC Courtyard
always human scale. Source :- http://trulab.org/past-
practices/
The residential courtyards are very functional
in respect of climate while the courtyard of
public buildings aims to have other utilities
like public gathering spaces etc. an
example of this would be Indian Habitat
Centre where the courtyard serve as
passages between buildings, thus creating
opportunities for social interaction among
the public, private and non-profit Fig:- 2.5 Central courtyard of CIET
Source :-
organizations. Another example is the http://archnet.org/authorities/19/sites/
832
central institute of educational technology
where the central courtyard which functions
as an open-air multipurpose television studio.

2.1.4 BASED ON SHAPES OF COURTYARD

The circular, polygons, rectangular, square
as well organic forms have been used
through historical evolution of courtyards.
The most popular among masses were
Fig:- 2.6 oval shaped courtyard of
rectangular or square form due to school of spastic children
Source :-
functionality of the building, limitation of http://www.rkds.com/pdf/RKDS-
A+D_JAN1997.pdf
structure innovation and less plasticity of
material, due to economical in nature.
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2.2 CLIMATIC ASPECTS OF COURTYARD

A space should be physically comfortable to the occupants . This involves

careful manipulation of elements such as the sun , the wind and others.
Climate is an essential determinant of quality of open spaces . Seasonal
changes determine the extent of use of open spaces . The treatment of the
space , the type of landscaping incorporated and the materials used for the
finishing.

2.2.1 SUNLIGHT
There is no established rule for deciding size and the proportions of courtyards.
However these may be worked out on the basis of geographical, cultural,
regional and climatic differences. The climate plays important role in
determine the size, proportion and orientation of courtyard so as to allow the
desired sunlight for creating comfort condition within house.
The size of courtyard for natural daylight will depend on latitude place .The
nearer one gets to the equator the smaller The width requirement due to sun
attains higher orbit. Conversely the width of courtyard is more required towards
the poles of earth to enter the natural day light due to low orbit of sun. The
height of courtyard is required more for equator and height may be
progressively reduced towards poles. The concept of multi-storeyed housing is
suitable to equator to get shading in courtyard and low rise housing is required
towards poles.

Fig:-2.7 Courtyard as a moderator of internal climate

Source :- http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/Jsk02ce/3.3.html

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2.2.2 VENTILATION
In hot arid regions where the temperature difference between day and night is
large, the courtyards are very effective solution to create comfort conditions.
In day time, due to high temperature of outside ,the air gets warm and
become lighter but the temperature inside the courtyard remain less, so air
become denser and cool as compared to outside air. This cooler air get inside
rooms through courtyard and warm air get outside through rooms. In night
time, the outside air become cool due to less temperature and dense, the
building is still warm so courtyard air becomes lighter.
The outside air gets inside through rooms and get exhausted from the
courtyard, so this movement of air creates comfort condition. In hot humid
conditions the heavy air outside enter from rooms and get out from the
courtyard in day as well night. The movement of air in hot humid conditions is
very effective for human comfort conditions because it reduces moisture
content of the air.

2.3 SOCIO–CULTURAL ASPECTS OF COURTYARD

2.3.1 SOCIAL INTERACTIVE SPACE

Courtyard serve as functional space for students while they are on the way to
classrooms or studios. A space for interaction for all students and faculty
members, and encourage them to act as a group. It provide a diversity of
open spaces, and provide a variety of active and passive recreational
opportunities throughout the campus for spontaneous or programmed activity,
as places to linger, as art settings, and to provide year-round visual interest.

2.3.2 SIZE AND PROPORTION

The Psychological factors also are also determinant for size and proportion of
courtyards, different socio cultural have different feeling of enclosures thus
having different the degree of introvertness. The Arab culture are having lesser
width D/H=1/2 or less sometimes due to introventness in nature while the
Canadian courtyards are sometimes having D/H=3.

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2.3.2 CULTURAL SPACE
Use of more than one courtyard are found in many cases. This is usually to
segregate the public and private spaces within the building . The public
sphere is mainly for visitors and guests. The inner court is more restricted to the
users of the building which acts as an informal gathering and interactive
sphere and functions as more of a casual and relaxed space. For e.g. in
American Institute of Indian Studies , the first court acts an enliven space
ornamented with a fountain , the second court functions as a space for small
meetings and discussions ornamented with vegetation.

2.3.3 RELIGIOUS, MYTHOLOGICAL BELIEFS:

Courtyard concept has also related to many religious beliefs or mythological
beliefs for different part of world. In Chinese the courtyard are used to work
out of the principles
of Feng -Shui, it is believed that application of these principles will bring
harmonization with their environment as well bring prosperity to the people.
Feng-shui principles describe all design elements such as yards, rooms, walls,
doors, steps, orientation, positions, plants etc.

Fig:- 2.8 Courtyard concept as per Vastu Purush Mandala.

Source:-
https://apnagharhousedesign.wordpress.com/2011/05/

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The Indian courtyard system is based on Vastupurush Mandala; it is considered
the house should be divided into grid of 9 square and the centre square
should be left open. The centre portion is given a place of Brahma and it is
lungs and heart of house. This place should be free from obstructing elements
such pillars, walls or mechanical services. The courtyard should be almost
cooled and shaded, so it can act various activities of household.

2.3.4 FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY TO DIFFERENT LIFE STYLE

The courtyard retains the freedom of individual expression as opposed by
suburban detached house. The detached houses are having many norms to
follow such as maintaining the green, washing of front lawns, hedges, fences
etc. as per neighbourhood style and taste while the courtyard house are free
from these norms being introvert and individual can express own identity .
There is major change in life style of people in past few decades all over world.
There are more possibility of different groups such as nuclear family, single
parent families, old age couples, and young couple of same sex or different
sex .
There is concept of home office happening in most part of world, the
courtyard can be very effectively act as private space of house and the office
can be situated outside without disturbing the house activities or U shape
courtyard may be planned to have private activity in one wing and semi
public activities in another wing.

Fig:- 2.9 Home office concept through U Shape courtyard

Source- Towards Sustainable Future: Typologies and Parameters of Courtyard Design

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 2.4 FUNCTIONAL AND AESTHETIC ASPECTS OF COURTYARD

2.4.1 ACCESSIBILITY AND CIRCULATION

The courtyard minimizes the circulation area of building and make it more
compact. The unnecessary corridors may be avoided by the use of courtyard.

2.4.2 FEATURES IN A LANDSCAPED COURTYARD

Use of Water in Courtyard

Water is the element used in courtyard of hot arid climates especially the
Middle East countries and this influence could also be seen in India .In hot arid
regions the moisture content in the air is less, so use of water adds more
moisture to create comfort condition within house. Water is used in stagnated
as well dynamic flowing water bodies, used in the form of fountains, cascade
etc.

Fig:- 2.10 Use of water in courtyard of Islamic Fig:- 2.11 Fountain in courtyard of American
architecture. Institute of Indian Studies .
Source- Source-
http://ummah.co.ke/blog/2014/06/islamic- http://www.imgrum.net/user/vandana.vand
architecture /2296523788/1215300945827280222_22965237
88

A fountain is one of the most common features found in a courtyard. A fountain

is not only soothing, it is also an easy way to help block out unwanted noise from
the surrounding area.

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For those who want to expand the water feature, a small fishpond with a
waterfall or centre fountain is a pleasant addition to a courtyard. For very small
spaces, a half-barrel works well as a miniature pond, and installing a centre
spray nozzle turns it into a simple, enjoyable fountain that can be topped with
a few water lilies if desired.

Plants
Plants are common in courtyards and may be either informal plantings such as
flowers, vines and greenery, or elegant designs with carefully trimmed topiary,
hedges and formally arranged plantings.
Trees provide shade and are often the focal point within a courtyard. One or
two carefully chosen trees can add a lot of character, but it is important to
consider how much mess they produce since a courtyard that requires
constant upkeep may lose some of its charm and appeal. Be sure to take into
account the mature size of the tree before making your selection.

Fig:- 2.12 courtyard of IIT Roorkee dotted with
palm trees and variety of shrubs.
Source-
http://defence.pk/threads/30-more-
spectacular-college-campuses-in-india-that-
must-be-tourist-attractions.383238/
Fig:- 2.13 Courtyard of Anglo Arabic
School adorned with variety of trees like
champa, palm and golden shower shrub
Source-
http://defence.pk/threads/30-more-
spectacular-college-campuses-in-india-that-
must-be-tourist-attractions.383238/

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Seating
In most cases, a courtyard contains some type of seating, often accompanied
by a table suitable for outdoor dining. The seating style should fit in with the
overall design of the courtyard and with the design of the home. Common
choices for seating include wood, wicker and wrought iron. Large,
weatherproof cushions can add comfort to the seating and enhance the
overall appearance of the courtyard when the colors and patterns fit in with
the rest of the design. Even a very small courtyard usually has room for a chair
or two, or perhaps a small swinging bench.

Fig:-2.14 DPS Kindergarten courtyard Fig:-2.15 View of informal stepped

ornamented with colourful square seating. seats in courtyard of National Centre
Source :- ://www.archdaily.com/384790/dps- for Biological Sciences, Bangalore
kindergarden-school-khosla-associates Source :- ://www.archdaily.com/384790/dps-
kindergarden-school-khosla-associates

Lighting
Many courtyards include lighting so that they are enjoyable after dark as well
as in the daytime. Low-voltage outdoor lights can supply spotlighting for
specific plants as well as ambient lighting that can create an overall mood in
the courtyard. In many areas, solar-powered lights can provide hours of light
without using any of the home’s electricity, making them both an economical
and a green lighting solution.

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2.4.3 PROPORTION FOR THE FEELING OF ENCLOSURE

Feeling of enclosure is determined by relationship of viewing distance to height

as seen by frontal view. When D/H=1 the angle formed is 45 degree, it is
termed as full enclosure. If D/H =2 the angle formed is 30 degree, it is termed as
threshold enclosure and if D/H =3 the angle formed is 18 degree, it is termed as
minimum enclosure and if D/H=4, the angle formed is 14 degree, it is termed as
loss of enclosure. Different locations. Cultures and Situations require different
D/H ratios and the above mentioned proportions should be considered as
mere guidelines.

The enclosures are weakened by gap between walls, abrupt changes in the
cornices height and drastic variation in façade levels. In Arab courtyard
D/H=1/2 or less is appropriate while Canadian courtyard D/H=3 or 4 is suitable.

Fig:- 2.16 D/H combination of courtyards.

Source- http://ummah.co.ke/blog/2014/06/islamic-architecture

22
 Chapter -3
Relevance of Courtyard in Educational Campuses

A few decades back the concept of courtyards in institutional buildings had

been rejected totally. Here the concept was to have a building block of the
plot and have greenery around it which created a lack of interaction and
recreational spaces within the campus. Yet there has been a revival of
courtyards, careful reinterpretation is now done architecturally without
upsetting the traditional as well as the regional aspects. In fact, now many
colleges, institutes, hostels, universities and schools are carefully recreating
courtyards. More and more architects are now looking at ways to introduce
courtyards which can play a crucial role in the development of today’s
educational institutes in rural as well as urban areas.

For example, The Indian Statistical Institute at New Delhi (by Anant Raje) has a
series of courtyard in the residential area to promote interaction between
students and faculty. Another example is the new modern school designed by
Sachdev Eggleston and Associates, the school is designed around courtyards
to help in phased development of the complex. The interior court within the
hostel of the National Institute of Immunology is one very active example. It is
based on the idea of enclosing an amphitheatre for discussions and various
cultural activities . With the court in the actual route of movement there is a
constant movement across an around.

Fig:- 3.1 view of amphitheatre with the courtyard of the National Institute of Immunology
Source - Oxford Talking Architecture , RAJ Rewal in conversation with Ramin Jhanbegloo

23
3.2 ANALYZING THE PAST COURTYARDS

A courtyard can be defined as an open to sky space usually enclosed by

buildings on all four sides. This typology has existed for over thousands of years
now and the earliest courtyards discovered can be traced back to 6500 BC in
India and China. Before courtyards, open fires were kept burning in a central
place within a home, with only a small hole in the ceiling above to allow
smoke to escape. Over time, these small openings were enlarged and
ultimately led to the development of the centralized open courtyard we
understand today.

Traditionally, this typology was designed in an attempt to protect oneself

against the harsh changing climate, enemies and animals; and to successfully
bridge the gap between indoor and outdoor spaces by creating outdoor
enclosures that offer environmental advantages and privacy, spaces that
both – protect and expose at the same time. The Quads and Courtyards
provide a diversity of open spaces, and provide a variety of active and
passive recreational opportunities throughout the campus for spontaneous or
programmed activity, as places to linger, as art settings, and to provide year-
round visual interest. These spaces are generally framed by buildings on all
sides and function as beautiful outdoor rooms of either open lawns framed by
trees and shrubs, or intimate spaces with garden landscaping.

3.3 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF COURTYARDS IN EDUCATIONAL CAMPUSES

Courtyards occupy important locations and are seen as the means of

education in the modern campuses. Courtyards majorly offers these benefits:-

• They can be used as interactions spaces for formal and informal meetings.
They act as an important place for intellectual exchange and informal
interaction amongst students and faculty, as well as quiet contemplation in
a collegial setting.

24
• They help the climate within the building which is the micro climate by providing
a thermally comfortable area for living.
• They help to organize spaces by helping to enliven the space with various
activities. for e.g.. Courtyard at Nalanda International School, Baroda (ref fig
1.26) is used for various activities like assembly area , learning space and also as
recreational space.
• They can be used as solutions in green architecture to reduce environmental
pollution by providing a central courtyard.
• The courtyard works as a gathering and destination place along the boulevard
and offers an opportunity for a substantial art feature to identify and
accentuate the space.
• They provide a diversity of open spaces, and provide a variety of active and
passive recreational opportunities throughout the campus for spontaneous or
programmed activity, as places to linger, as art settings, and to provide year-
round visual interest. For e.g. inner courtyard of NIFT Chennai (ref fig 1.27) is
utilised as space for exhibitions and panel discussions.
• These places, which are an indispensable element of architecture, constitute the
core of these buildings, and on the other hand, provide the users with many
different functional usages, as relaxation, working and living places.

Fig:-3.2 Nalanda International School courtyard Fig:-3.3 inner courtyard of NIFT,

Source Source:-
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/64308793 http://www.panoramio.com/photo/64308793

25
3.4 EVOLUTION OF COURTYARD IN INSTITUTIONS WITH TIME (5TH CENTURY BC-2016)

Nalanda University, Bihar (5th Century BC)

• The presence of courtyard can be

traced back to the great centre of
learning NALANDA UNIVERSITY
which was founded in 5th century
BC.

• The plan involves a rectangular

Quadrangular Court bounded by an outer row of cells
for the monks used as a learning and teaching space.
form with a central quadrangular
Court which is surrounded by a
veranda which, in turn, is bounded
by an outer row of cells for the
monks.

Pushpagiri University, Orissa (3rd Century BC)

• The entire university is distributed

across three campuses.

• Excavations have revealed a

beautifully planned veranda with
60 pillars built around an open
courtyard entered through a
carved gateway that had the
monk’s cells facing it
Open courtyard surrounded by monk’s cell same as at
Nalanda University.

Anglo Arabic School, New Delhi (1696)

• The courtyard is designed to

welcome the visitor and is based
on the principle of char bagh (
quadrate garden) with flowering
plants and ablution fountain.

• It provide as a learning space for

students which helps them relate
to the outside environment.

IIT Roorkee, Uttrakhand (1847)

• The building's quadrangle

housed the teaching facilities
along with the administration for
about a century.

• The lush green lawns in front

provide perfect ambience for an
evening walk and the building
Quadrangle of IIT Roorkee provide perfect ambience leaves an indelible impression on
for interaction and various activities. everyone who sees it.

26
 IIM Ahemdabad, Ahemdabad (1963)

• Instead of small courtyard one

large court has been planned in
the centre to relate the movement
around.

•The central brick and grass

courtyard in the academic
Louis Kahn plaza play host to major interactions complex at IIMA is named Louis
and celebrations Kahn Plaza, in honour of the chief
architect.
Centre for Developmental Studies and Activities, Pune (1976)

• A system of outdoor courtyards

and terraces cluster around a
central podium.
• The open patterns of parallel walls
draw in exterior spaces,
integrating the structures with the
landscape.

Central courtyard of CDSA

Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal (1982)

• Here the courtyard acts as a vibrant

space by adding a verdant
landscape feature.

• The courtyard planning is done

keeping in mind the macro and
micro climate of the site.

Courtyard of IIFM acting as vibrant space by adding

verdant landscape.
Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Ahmedabad (1983)

• A series of geometrically structured

courtyards and loggias are the
primary organizing framework.

• The variation of open, closed and

transitional spaces provides light
and shade, and creates an inviting
Façade with covered galleries from landscaped environment for work, interaction
courtyard. and repose.

Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (1988)

Serpenski’s • It has three main courtyards flanked

gasket by the various functions. The central
courtyard opens up to 4 major
Black elements of the institute
hole
• As a person enters in this courtyard
the aesthetics of the garden
Roche increases the level of curiosity for
lobes
the other spaces.
27
National Centre for Biological Sciences (2000)

• The concept is based on a series of inter-

linked courtyards surrounded by
programmatic elements that facilitated the
phasing of the project.

• The research laboratories function around

serene surroundings and provide ample
View of a landscaped courtyard space for interaction.

Nalanada International School, Baroda (2004)

• The courtyard provides shade and a semi-

private open space for relaxation, play and
study.

• The streets define the sectors for the

location of The building and the buildings
define the courtyards and the open
spaces.

Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (2008)

• Here the courtyard acts as a vibrant

space by adding a verdant
landscape feature.

• The courtyard planning is done

keeping in mind the macro and
micro climate of the site.

Brick School of Architecture, Pune (2013)

• The design draws its concepts from

the vernacular architecture of old
Pune city, in making a
contemporary interpretation of the
courtyard Wada typology.
• The series of courtyards connecting
the studios communicates the
outside environment with the inside
Courtyard connecting the studio environment.

DPS Kindergarten School, Bangalore (2016)

• The courtyard is the soul of the

school, the central courtyard is also
an important space for learning at
the school.

• There are 25 classrooms in total and

they are arranged around a pair of
courtyards that can be used as
either playgrounds or outdoor
learning spaces.
28
 HUMAN RESPONSES TO COURTYARDS

4 .1 ENCLOSURE AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Traditionally a court was a place enclosed on all sides. This arrangement

afforded a high degree of control in the inner space. Four vertical planes
completely enclosing a field of space is the strongest type of spatial definition
and is introvert in nature. The building engineering management court at the
department of architecture at the school of planning and architecture is an
excellent example. Enclosure plays upon the psyche of the user in two ways:
first by the extent of volume or amount of emptiness experienced by the user
.the second is the form of the space it contains the activity inside it. When an
enclosure is created, an environment specific to the enclosed space comes
into play influencing the living or working conditions of people.

This environment constitutes of the scale, form, geometry, the enclosure, the
landscaping and other such factors which are part and parcel of the space.
There are mainly two kinds of people’s activities in the courtyard space:
psychological and behavioural activity. Psychological activity refers to
people’s cognition and understanding about environment, and behaviour
activity refers to people’s motion and behaviour in the environmental space.
The interaction of psychology and behaviour will affect the way people use
the space, and further influence the value expression of space.

Courtyards are the connection points between the buildings constituting the
focal point of the design centre, and the users . For this reason, they can
contain within itself many functions and activities. Like the other places,
courtyards are the places, which are perceived by combining their geometric,
volumetric and topographic structures with their unchangeable visual and
environmental characteristics. Its geometric texture and the planting designs
in the courtyards surrounded by intricate walls soften the intricate structure of
the area and causes it to be perceived more flexibly.

29
The use of courtyards in school buildings as circulation areas leads to the
formation of main social areas. In the courtyard usage in many school
buildings, the approach of courtyard design connecting the corridors to
classrooms are preferred. The use of courtyards in school buildings for
educational activities plays an increasingly important role in the awareness of
environmental education.

4.2 INTERACTION AND FUNCTION

Man is a social animal. His need to interact with people is constant and
omnipresent. Very rarely can he live without company. Moreover, meeting
new people and exposure to different ideas is essential for a well-rounded
personality.

Interaction is the process of mutual communication between two or more

individuals and is the means by which they become interdependent. Human
interactions are many in number and complex in origin . Interaction between
different individuals is very important for progressive thoughts , increased
sharing of knowledge and broadening of human potential . Physical
environment , simply by increasing the opportunities of contact, increases the
chance to become acquainted in a congenial atmosphere. It can increase
the duration of social interaction resulting in a deeper mutual understanding
and friendship.

Fig:- 4.1 Internal courtyard of IIT, Jodhpur

Source- http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/ngzm/iit-jodhpur-campus-building-
page.html

30
Social interaction is more or less a goal for most people – a goal to be
achieved through various activities. It should be realised that physical
environment, as an entity and as an ambience, does influence social
interaction extensively.

Usually, human activities are not produced by the physical environment , they
have an existence in their own right . However , the environment does
influence to the existence of providing either a congenital atmosphere or a
deterrent one. Influences can occur with the help of two reasons namely ,
function and configuration.

FUNCTION
For a space to attract people , the presence of activity all around the day is
important . It is necessary to have such functions around the space which will
encourage people to come in and go out all day long. Even if this space is not
on a major movement spine of the building, it should be adjacent to it and
should have visual or spatial linkage to it.

The function, a courtyard is serving , is very important while considering the kind
of interaction being generated . The position of the court in the overall
placement in the design is also very important. If the court serves as a spill- out
of a canteen as in Visual Arts
Complex , Rohtak, (ref fig : 1.29)
then the density and the frequency
with which people use it will be
higher than the other adjoining
areas . Again if the number of
approaches to a court are very few
, then also number of people
experiencing the space will be less.
Fig:- 4.2 The sunken courtyard links the school of
fine arts and architecture around the cafeteria at
Visual Arts Complex , Rohtak
Source- http://www.pressreader.com/

31
Interconnected courtyard creates an
atmosphere of their own , hey create a
focus and an axis . They give us a sense of
direction and a goal to look forward to.
While designing one has to visualize the
ultimate function of each courtyard , the
number of persons it can accommodate ,
its public or private use . The transition
passages which form the interlinks between
outdoor enclosures are an important
feature of design. The design of the Central
institute of Technology is based on two
interconnecting courtyards that diffuse light
and provide and outdoor activity area.

Another example is that of National Institute

of Immunology (ref fig 1.30) where Fig:-4.3 Interlinking courtyards in the
structures built around interlocking National Institute of Immunology.
courtyards of different scales and functions Source-
Oxford Talking Architecture , Raj Rewal
are linked to each other through gateways in conversation with Ramin Jhanbegloo
and shaded paths across enclosures with
different vistas and shifting axes. The design for the institute expresses the spirit
of a scientific community which is pursuing research in a sustainable
environment.

CONFIGURATION

To configure is to shape and configuration is the relative positioning of subjects .

Here these subjects are humans

While arranging people together , a lot of concepts become relevant namely,

all of those which are related to temporary occupancy in a space . At micro
level configuration influences social interaction in many ways.

32
4.2 PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS

The use of courtyards in school buildings and campuses as circulation areas

leads to the formation of main social areas In the courtyard usage in many
school buildings, the approach of courtyard design connecting the corridors
to classrooms are preferred. The use of courtyards in school buildings
for educational activities plays an increasingly important role in the awareness
of environmental education which enhance the quality of education in
schools, and bring them different visions and missions.

The thoughtful hierarchy in the design and organization of spaces, is what

allows for the transition courtyards to create an informality and openness
which gives this space its character, as a platform for interaction and sharing
ideas. Numerous quads and courtyards provide a beautiful visual experience
from the interior spaces, as well as a visual connection to the outdoors. The
open areas designed by considering
the young people’s psychological and social needs, and the related activities
facilitate their adaptation to such Environments . When the young people are
considered in terms of psychological and social aspects, it is seen that the
young people who feel themselves happy and in comfort are able to establish
social communication and get motivated to their business lives more easily in
the future.

Therefore, the psychosocial needs of adolescents must be determined, and

activities in the open green areas, which are intended for their needs, must be
provided more often. The spatial design of private courtyard is in close relation
with people’s psychological feeling. People that live in the environment will
store, understand, organize and reconstruct the incentive from “physical
environment” so as to form different feelings and affect their behaviours, or
even form an “environmental pressure so the courtyard design shall be people
oriented, respect people’s behaviour psychological demand and create a
pleasant design of private courtyard suitable for people’s use.

33
4.3 MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS

Some factors motivate people to meet. They govern how people will meet
when they meet.

4.4.1 FRIENDSHIPS AND GROUP FORMATIONS

People may interact because they are friends and form a group . A group is a
collection of individuals who have relations to one and another that make
them interdependent to some significant degree. A group is generally ‘hangs
around’ together. Studies show that most groups in public spaces are made of
two or three people . Very few groups are formed of five or more individuals. In
informal self generating groups , smaller numbers are preferred. This is so
because small groups offer easy communication and better opportunities to
participate in the conversation. An understanding of the kind and size of
groups in a space can help the designer to design spaces more appropriately.
Incorrect design will lead to uncomfortable situations which will either reduce
the frequencies of usage of the space or lessen the time for which people will
use the space.

In other words , the layout of a space can arrange people together or

separately . It can dictate the pattern of encounters and their spacing in an
area . The objective should be to meet the multifarious requirements of the
space.

Conversely , the size of the groups in a setting can be controlled by physical

environment to an extent by providing ideal spaces for a certain size. When
this is not so , interaction proceeds in an uncomfortable manner and is
inevitable of a short duration. Therefore , one important characteristic of a
space cab be its potential to accommodate particular group sizes.

34
4.4.2 INTERPERSONAL DISTANCES AND PERSONAL SPACE

When a number of individuals sit down informally, they automatically sit at a

certain distance from each other. This distance comes unconsciously to
people and they are at their most comfortable at it. If one is forced to sit very
close to another person , one violates the personal space of the other person
causing discomfort and insecurity.

This violation can occur also when the distance is more than required . Robert
Sommer feels that personal space refers to an area with invisible boundaries
surrounding a person’s body into which intruders may not come. The region of
personal space , around an individual , is different in relation to different kind
of people who surround him/her. It is directly proportional to the level of
intimacy and informality between people. The closer the relationship , the
smaller is the personal space . Edward.T.Hall has given a set of such distances

• Intimate distance for embracing, touching or

whispering
Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm)
Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)
• Personal distance for interactions among
good friends or family
Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm)
Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 122 cm)
• Social distance for interactions among
acquaintances
Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) Fig:- 4.4 Personal space
Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m) Source:-
https://knowlejuice.wordpress.co
• Public distance used for public speaking m/tag/proxemics/

Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)

Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more

35
4.4.3 TERRITORIALITY

Territoriality can be defined as behaviour by which an organism

characteristically lays claim to an area and defends it against members of its
own species. All humans have a tendency to mark , define or defend their
space. This tendency is called territoriality . It is a space which spreads beyond
personal space. A bear would scratch off the bark of a tree to mark his
territory . This is the space one thinks of as an extension of his immediate living
or working space . The tendency to mark of a territory is visible even in
temporary use of a space.

The tendency to mark of a territory is visible even in temporary use of a space .

A reader in a library will choose the centre chair at an empty table and will
place his jacket on the adjoining chair . Thus , he will mark off his territory and
successfully dissuade others from occupying that chair (unless the library gets
crowded) . This can be an important concept in design of spaces for
interaction , both at individual level and at group level.

4.4.4 SHAPE

Shape refers to the contour of a plane or a silhouette of a form . It is the

primary means by which a form is identified . Ease of perception of the shape
depends on the general profile of the form . For example , when observing a
complex shape the human mind will simplify it into easily discernible ones.

This way geometric forms sit better with the observer than organic forms. Porter
Gatto feels that geometric shapes are precise and sharply defined and are
more easily perceived than organic shapes which reflect free flowing aspects
of growth . When perceiving vertically , a strong contrast between the form
and the background (say in light intensity ) enhances the visual perception
greatly.

36
4.4.5 ENCLOSURE

Built form partially or fully surrounding an open space creates an enclosure .

This is one of the first things that make an impact on the user.

‘Defined open spaces are exterior spaces , enclosed in full or part by a

structure or structural elements. The size, shape and character of the enclosure
determine the quality of the space.

Occasionally , the vertical elements can be overpowering . Also , too many

surrounding corridors and walkways lend openness to the space and can
destroy the feeling of enclosure . Configuration of a space helps in reinforcing
the spatial organization and serves as a visual counterpoint to it . It helps to
orient the user. Different configurations of the surrounding vertical planes can
create different atmospheres.

Fig:- 4.5 Different types of courtyard enclosures

Source-
http://ultralocal.blogspot.in/2011/03/typology-of-courtyard-apartments-in.html

L-SHAPED VERTICAL PLANE - this configuration defines a field of space along a

diagonal from its corner outward . This field is strongly defined and enclosed at
the corner .it dissipates as one moves away from the corner. It is introverted
near the corner and extroverted along the edges says F.Ching

37
PARALLEL VERTICAL PLANES- A set of parallel vertical planes define a field of
space between them with a strong directional quality and extrovert nature
along the parallel planes . Since the volume of the space inside moves in a
particular direction , the eye also follows the same . Our eyes cannot perceive
the elements in a visual field in single glance . So the field needs a focus and
dynamism for the eye to travel along and grasp the whole scenario smoothly
and completely. If one of these planes is differentiated by a change in form ,
colour or texture with an opening , a secondary axis is establish within the
field.(refer fig 4.6).

U SHAPED PLANE – The defined space has an outward focus (ref fig 4.6) .

Fig:- 4.6 Directional quality in a space enclosed by parallel planes and u-shaped planes
Source- Author

4.4.6 SCALE AND DIMENSION

The basic dimension of a built form i.e. the length width and height which
define the open space have a direct effect on it . Amongst these the height
and the width are the two characteristics which are perceived best by the
human mind . The depth is not visible and so is not perceived . The eye moves
up and down and sideways and registers each face of the built form
surrounding the open space .

However, research shows that the verticality of a form is perceived first and
the lateral dimension later. Therefore if the height of the built form is more than
the width of the defined open space , the space feels claustrophobic.

38
Whereas , if the height is the same as that of the open space , there is
balance and harmony so an atmosphere for interaction. Also , if the height
reduces to a quarter or less than a quarter of the width of the open space, the
space lacks an enclosing force and tends to become vague and loose. (refer
fig 4.7)

Fig:- 4.7 Enclosing force of a space

Source- Dissertation - Social and visual aspects of open spaces- Chetan Garg , S-798 , SPA ,
New Delhi

Enclosures are defined by dimensions which establish properties and scale .

Scale is very important in creating a desired environment for humans . It is the
relationship between the average height of humans to the size of the open
space and the height of the built form. Rob Krier states that as long as man
needs two arms and two legs the scale of his body must be the measure of
size for all buildings and open spaces . Where ‘x’ is sufficiently less than ‘h’ , a
man will feel overpowered and insecure . The dimension of an open space ,
the width , also has its own implications. This horizontal dimension of the
enclosing built form makes the space static or dynamic. If the space is a
square having four equal faces , it is static in nature.

If the length expands and dominates the width , the space becomes
dynamic . As F.Ching has said that while square and oblong spaces define
places for activities , linear spaces encourage movement and are susceptible
to sub – division .

39
4.4.7 LEVELS

The horizontal plane defines a zone of space. A change of level can

segregate a space . When a portion of the horizontal plane ) base plane) is
elevated or depressed , it creates a field of space within a larger area. Theses
changes can define boundaries or interrupt the flow of space across them .
The visual and spatial continuity may or may not get interrupted .

These depend on the scale of level change and continuity or discontinuity of

the base plane . Besides this it is human nature to be a part of the activity and
to be distanced from it as well. One likes to have a good view of what is going
on and also not be very close to it . People like steps to fulfil both these needs.

4.4.8 LINE AND TEXTURE

Straight lines are bold and domineering – they assist the eye to move forcefully
. On the other hand , horizontal lines are peaceful , calm and at rest . They lie
comfortably on the ground , at harmony with gravity . Vertical lines possess a
dynamic quality as they move the eye upwards. The more attenuated the
form , the more forceful the movement. They give the feeling of height , and
so signify power. Diagonal and zigzagging lines are active and spirited . They
emphasize stability and motion. Constant changes in direction signify
movement in them. Where symmetric is static ; asymmetric is dynamic.

Texture of a surface may be smooth or rough , fine or rugged . The eye moves
easily over the smooth surfaces , but travels slowly over textured ones . Rough
textures become an experience of sorts and the eye tends to linger on . They
slow down the pace of movement and create a calm atmosphere. A coarse
visual texture with a distinct and irregular light and shade pattern is usually
tense.

40
Smooth textures assist fast scanning while rough ones impede the eye speed
and slow down observation. Also , smooth textures lighten the visual volume
whereas coarse ones seem to increase the weight of the building . Besides this
, rough textures are bold and domineering (like vertical lines) . By contrast ,
fine textures are inclined to be sprightly. Fine is more subtle than rough so it
produces a more casual effect.

Texture is mostly a surface quality . It is dependent on the intensity of light

falling on it . When the light intensity Is high , all the forms , colours and lines
stand out . However , when it is low , the texture fails to make itself feel and
loses its character and identity. Another fact is that each raised part of the
textured surface casts a shadow which , in its small way , increases he contrast
between the lit and the shaded areas . Sunlight when reflected , both in
summers and winters , from light coloured and smooth surfaces can become
irritant. The materials and textures of the surfaces and orientation of seating
need to be organized to prevent discomfort due to high intensity or glare.

4.4.9 COLOUR

Colour in architecture is perceived in two ways. First is the natural colour of the
material. Second is the colour imparted to it. White light is composed of seven
colours and when it falls on any surface , it imparts to it the colour which has
not been absorbed by the surface. There are three primary colours – red ,
yellow and blue . Secondary colours are produced by mixing these primary
colours. Depending on the intensity of light , the same colour can appear dull
or bright . Some colours go well with each other and some do not . These
colours which go well with each other are called colour harmonies.

Red relates to anger and excitement, while white is associated with purity and
peace. Colours can be warm or cool. Warm colours seem to advance while
cool colours seem to recede.

41
In addition to this , warm hues stimulate activity whereas cold hues response .
High intensities are considered more cheering and exciting while low values
are inert , depressing, cold and impersonal. Preferences for certain colours are
directly linked with human relations. An extrovert person will have attachment
to strong exuberant colours while the quiet person will opt for subdued shades.

Colour tones affect the quality of space in an enclosure. Against the

background of a pale colour, dark colours exhibit greater weight and
definition whereas lighter ones appear even lighter . The effect gets reversed
when the background is dark. By use of different colours , it is possible to make
the building appear heavier or lighter , smaller or larger or near or distant.
Colour can also be used to camouflage or modify form and space . E.
Rasmussen states that by placing a bold colour on a large delicately coloured
background, the bolder area seems to move foreword . In a dark area , a light
coloured shape becomes highlighted. So , in an area where there are many
forms to be perceived , an area of greater contrast can be used to highlight
or emphasize on particular form . A small space can be made to look smaller
by giving it a bright colour. Conversely, a space can be larger if it is of a pale
colour.

42
 CHAPTER – 5
INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES

5.1 LITERATURE CASE STUDY

5.1.1 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY, NEW DELHI

Address - Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067

Site Area - 21 Acres
Accessibility - 4.5Km from Hauz Khas Metro Station
600m from Fai House Bus Stop
Building Type - Educational and Research
Year - 1990
Architect - Raj Rewal

INTRODUCTION -
• The primary function of the institute is
scientific research. The programme
contains laboratories, study rooms, a
library, auditorium, a director's house and
lodgings for professors with families,
married assistants and unmarried
researchers.
• Each of these dwellings is in its own cluster
close to the entrance of the site. The
central building also acts as a gateway
and its axis corresponds with the main
spine of the scheme.
• Rewal conceived the ensemble as an Fig:- 5.1 Preliminary model showing the
concept of courtyards.
analogue of a traditional town with
Source- The complete architecture of
courts, galleries, level changes and a Balkrishna Doshi , rethinking modernism
for the development world- James
uniform use of materials and colours. Steele

43
ABOUT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY, NEW DELHI
• National Institute of Immunology (N.I.I) is an autonomous institution
supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India.
• The institute is committed to advanced research addressing the basic
mechanisms involved in body defence, host-pathogen interaction and
related areas with a view to contribute to the creation of an internationally
competitive intellectual knowledge based as a sustainable source of
innovative futuristic modalities of potential use in health care.

Fig:- 5.2 Different views of NII , New Delhi

Source- The complete architecture of Balkrishna Doshi , rethinking modernism for the
development world- James Steele

CONCEPT
• The basic concept was to endow a distinctive, almost urban identity to what
is otherwise a relatively open terrain. The building blocks are compact units
within themselves with various activities organized around single courtyards
to a multiple of interlinked courtyards, which provide both a change and
continuity in a huge scheme.
44
CONTEXT RELATIONSHIP
• Any context that emerges from the campus is through the finish of the
building structures on the campus.
• The structure on the outside have a grit finish consisting of red and beige
sandstone reminiscent of the colours of Fatehpur Sikri Complex and
provides a strong regional context.
• The chattris of Rajputs and Mughal palaces and thus the buildings attempt
to bring a notion of vernacular architecture.

Fig:- 5.3 View of clusters of National Institute Fig:- 5.4 View of National Institute of
of Immunology with central enclosure Immunology housing cluster with sandstone
grit finish
Source- Oxford Talking Architecture , Raj
Rewal in conversation with Ramin Source-Oxford Talking Architecture , Raj
Jhanbegloo
Rewal in conversation with Ramin
Jhanbegloo

ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP
• The design strategy which is based on designing of the rooms around a
central courtyard is climatically viable as Delhi is very hot in summers and
the intimate scale of landscaped shaded courtyard brings relief and
provides cool breeze for ventilation of the rooms around it.
• The natural vegetation has been cleared with a strong statement of man
landscape imposing an order over nature and it is also expressed by the
mass and scale of the built up and ordered landscape.

45
 CLUSTERS
Fig:- 5.5 Whole site is converted into seven
clusters with their own functions and
identities.
Source:- Oxford Talking Architecture , Raj
Rewal in conversation with Ramin
Jhanbegloo
GATEWAYS
Fig:- 5.7 The central building acts as a
gateway and its axis corresponds with the
main spine of the scheme
Source:
http://www.infinitecourses.com/InstituteD
etails.aspx?Institute=National-Institute-of-
Immunology&InstituteID=4568
46
COURTYARDS
Fig:- 5.6 Central courtyard in the staff
housing , where private terraces afford
views downwards into the space.
Source:- Oxford Talking Architecture , Raj
Rewal in conversation with Ramin
Jhanbegloo
STREETS
Fig:- 5.8 The streets are broken up into
small units, so there are pauses, points of
rest and changing vistas.
Source:-
http://ebuild.in/national-institute-of-
immunology-new-delhi
5.1.2 NALANDA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, BARODA

Address - Sevasi- Mahapura Road, Sevasi, Vadodara, Gujarat

Site Area - 20 Acres
Building Type - Educational
Year - 2004
Architect - Somaya & Kalappa Cons. Pvt. Ltd.

INTRODUCTION –

• The brief was to design a school building that would do more than just reflect
the strong Indian ethos and heritage.
• The aim was to also offer a space of peace and tranquillity suitable for
learning.
• The original Nalanda – India's first university founded in the 5th century – was
used as an example to build upon.

Fig:- 5.9 Nalanda International

School, Baroda

Source-
http://www.coroflot.com/archstudi
oindia/Nalanda-International-
School

• Wide-open courtyards, corridor spaces, shaded classrooms, jalis and

pergolas offer a seamless harmony between the building, its environment
and the learning facility within”

ABOUT NALANDA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

• The Nalanda International School is a twenty acre complex that includes a

pre-primary school, a junior school, a middle school, a senior school, and
recreational fields.
47
• The particular portion being looked at here is the Junior School. The Junior
School is a 48,200 SF two story building with a footprint of 24,500SF.86
• The project successfully integrates interior and exterior spaces while creating
a modern structure that still responds to the Indian vernacular.

CONCEPT

• The core concept of the plan is a

central courtyard with four smaller
internal courtyards, each of these
courtyards containing a cluster of four
classrooms.
• This ensures that children have a
sense of their own indoor and outdoor
Fig :- 5.10 Internal courtyard surrounded by
classrooms on four sides
Source -
http://www.educationworld.in/institute/na
landa-international-school.html

space where they can be close to

nature growing vegetables and
nurturing their plants.
• They also learn to take care of their
courtyard and keep their own
immediate environment clean, which
fosters a sense of responsibility.
Fig :- 5.11 Central courtyard serves as a
• These courtyard spaces have gathering space for both parents and
children
minimized the use of artificial lighting Source :-
http://www.nerolacarchedge.com/us_p
and ventilation, substantially ortfolio/nalanda-international-school/
conserving energy. The natural stone
floors are cool in both feel and colour,
and in some areas patterned cement
flooring has been used.

Fig :- 5.12 Architectural feature like vaulted

ceilings facilitates air circulation
Source:-
http://archnet.org/sites/6298/media_cont
48 ents/58089
 • In the dry hot climate of Baroda the red brick building with its terracotta tiled
roof has been designed to stay as cool as possible. This is managed without
any air-conditioning or expensive materials such as glass and aluminium.
• Brick piers and vaults are constructed using local bricks by local craftsmen
who bring back traditional methods of construction. Brick works as a
structural material and not just as a decorative cladding. Cavity walls in the
classrooms keep out the summer heat and the winter cold.

Fig :- 5.13 Brick is used not just decoratively but Fig :- 5.14 landscaped courtyard used for
structurally growing vegetables by students
Source - Source –
http://archnet.org/sites/6298/media_contents http://www.nerolacarchedge.com/us_portfoli
/58096 o/nalanda-international-school/

Fig :- 5.15 courtyard spaces minimizes the use of artificial lighting and ventilation in corridors
substantially conserving energy.
Source –
http://www.indian-architects.com/en/projects/30621_Nalanda_International_School

47
ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP
• The relationship between architecture and the environment continues to be
a complex interaction of site, technology, climate and other natural forces,
building materials and the human presence.
• The building form has been carefully designed, both in plan, section and
elevation. Materials that are relevant to the site have been used and the
aim is to have created a school that has purpose beyond the boundaries of
the brick and stone”.

COURTYARDS
All school buildings are designed with courtyards embellished with fragrant
flowering trees that serve as space to provide a fresh and healthy space for
the students.
Be it for learning, competing, being an audience, getting oriented or to play
and be with peers during the break.

47
• They are huge and can accommodate over 500 to 1000 students and
parents. From pious prayers to intense inter-house clashes, from news
headlines and presentations to dance performances and plays, the
courtyard is an onlooker to it all.
• The spaces within the school are arranged in clusters around central
courtyards. These outdoor spaces become extremely important to the life
of the school; offering spaces for communal gathering, informal meetings,
and chance happenings.

48
5.1.3 DPS KINDEGARTEN , BANGALORE

Address - Survey No. 43/1B & 45, Sulikunte Village, Dommasandra POST,
Bengaluru, Karnataka 562125
Site Area - 43967 sq. ft
Building Type - Kindergarten
Year - 2013
Architect - Khosla Associates

Fig:- 5.16 DPS Kindergarten , Bangalore

Source- http://www.khoslaassociates.com/project/dps-kindergarten-school/

INTRODUCTION –

• The brief called to design a franchise for one of the largest north Indian
school chains, Delhi Public School. Since the high volume model was to be
potentially replicated across several schools in South India, a simple and
cost effective language that could be adapted easily to different site
conditions and slightly varying programs was created.

49
• Primary challenge was to formulate and construct a 35,000 sq. ft.
kindergarten block ( part of an overall school master plan) catering to 1,000
children, within six months and at an efficient cost of `1,200 per sq. ft., a
basic 35×20 ft. classroom module, stacked horizontally and vertically like
building blocks, with a repetitive exposed concrete structure to which layers
of intervention were added.
• Classrooms flank an eight ft. wide, single loaded corridor that holds durable,
brightly painted corrugated sheets.

Fig :- 5.17 Terracotta jaalis Fig :- 5.18 Passageway linking to courtyard

Source - Source -
http://www.khoslaassociates.com/project/dps- http://www.khoslaassociates.com/project/
kindergarten-school/ dps-kindergarten-school/

KEY FEATURE
• The building’s key features include a rich colour palette (ref fig 1.56) inspired
by regional architecture and textiles; terracotta jaalis (ref fig 1.51) as a
perforated external building skin that facilitate adequate cross ventilation
and cut down the harsh western sun; and the passageway (ref fig 1.52) that
draws to a central, linear open-to-sky courtyard (ref fig 1.53), which is the soul
of the space and takes education “out of the box”.

50
Fig :- 5.19 Open to sky courtyard
Source - http://www.khoslaassociates.com/project/dps-kindergarten-school/

50
• In an age of air- conditioned schools becoming increasingly popular in India,
a climate sensitive, energy efficient and cost effective approach that utilizes
minimal electrical load during the day due to effective harnessing of breezes
and adequate natural light have been adopted.
• Rather than adding air-conditioning systems, Khosla and Anand wanted to
make use of natural light and ventilation throughout the building, so they
installed a series of perforated screens.

Fig :- 5.20 The light through Fig :- 5.21 Bright red concrete Fig :- 5.22 Rich colour
jail creates lovely patterns on staircase forms a visual pallet inspired by regional
the floor symbol architecture
Source - Source - Source -
http://www.dezeen.com/201 http://www.dezeen.com/201 http://www.dezeen.com/2
3/11/04/movie-dps- 3/11/04/movie-dps- 013/11/04/movie-dps-
kindergarten-school-by- kindergarten-school-by- kindergarten-school-by-
khosla-associates/ khosla-associates/ khosla-associates/

CONCEPT

• The concept was to incorporate the traditional Indian vernacular

architecture by building around the bhogadam or “lungs” of the building.
• The architects have also played with the ram yam or harmony of the
building, challenging the viewers to differentiate between functional
elements and ornamentation.

51
• They have taken the traditional building styles of incorporating courtyards, a
grid system and entrances which act as transitional elements between the
different building elements.
• Indian vernacular buildings also see climate as an essential aspect of
organization and highlight it’s integration by use of terraces, pavilions and
courtyards. The jaalis cut down the sun especially on the western face of the
building where we have effectively used them in breakout areas.

COURTYARD

• The central courtyard forms an important space for learning at the school. It
is the soul of the school.
• A lot of outdoor learning happens in the courtyard, either on the steps of
the corridors or around the frangipane trees. It's all integrated into this
central courtyard.

52
• Classrooms are arranged around a pair of courtyards that are used as either
playgrounds or outdoor learning spaces.
• The temperate climate of Bangalore allows for open to sky discussion on
benches surrounding the courtyard trees or on the steps of the corridors.

Fig :- 5.33 Different views of the open to sky court of DPS Kindergarten
Source :- http://www.khoslaassociates.com/project/dps-kindergarten-school/

53
5.2 LIVE CASE STUDY

5.2.1 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INDIAN STUDIES

Address - 22, Sector-32, Institutional Area, Gurgaon
Site Area - 2250 Sq mtr
Accessibility - 11Km from Huda City Centre Metro Station
Building Type - Educational Research
Year - 1998
Architect - Vinod Gupta

INTRODUCTION -
• The American Institute of Indian
Studies (AIIS) is a consortium of
American universities that provides
international scholars with research
facilities.
• It provides scholars with facilities for
research in Indian art, architecture
and music.
• The building houses the Fig:- 5.24 American institute of Indian studies

administrative offices, research Source-

http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/2/prwe
facilities, archives and libraries. b10413475.htm

• Since AIIS was set up to conserve Indian art, architecture and music.
• The building has only two floors, of which one is a basement. From the
outside the low-height exposed brick structure projects a low-key, almost
domestic image, adhering to the architect's intent of "keeping in mind the
fact that the AIIS is set up to conserve Indian architecture, art and music,
the building design should refer to traditional Indian buildings without trying
to be monumental.
• It is one of the best examples of providing spaces with different thermal
characteristics through verandas and courtyard.

54
 DESIGN CONCEPT

• The client’s main business is the preservation of Indian music and

architecture and the building required archives for keeping photographic
negatives and sound recordings.
• These archives were to be cooled at 18 degree Celsius continuously (24X7).
• It was but natural that the building should be modern structure that
reflected the Indian tradition of building.
• The building of American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) has a very
traditional look and yet it has adopted innovative and simple energy
conserving and passive cooling measures. The walls of the building are
insulated. A simple strategy of orienting the windows in most favourable
directions has been used.
• The roof has a terrace garden to keep the building naturally cool. Two
courtyards (and that too sunken ones) bring natural light and ventilation. To
create a peaceful ambience the courtyards are created with vegetation
and water bodies.

Fig:- 5.25 Terracotta jali overlooking the Fig:- 5.26 Sunken courtyard provide light and
sunken courtyard providing diffused light. ventilation to the surrounding corridor.

Source:- Author Source:- Author

55
SITE PLANNING PRINCIPLES ADOPTED IN THE PROJECT

• The site is bound by public streets on the north-west and north-east (ref fig
1.61). To limit the height of the building to two or three floors, it was
necessary to build with as large a footprint as possible.
• The site orientation required a special response so that the windows could
be shaded externally.

Fig :- 5.27 Site planning of American Institute of Indian Studies

Source :- AIIS Library

DESIGN OF MASS AND VOLUME

The building was first designed as a standard building of basement plus floor
floors. the client’s budget did not allow for such a building and it was then
decided to reduce the cost by squeezing the building programme by
reducing the power requirements-doing away with the electric substation,

56
 by finally eliminating the basement for services.by designing a passively
cooled structure ,the air- conditioning plant was taken out and replaced by
an evaporative cooling system.
• The electrical demand was reduced to a level that would not require a high
voltage connection and an electric substation.

USE OF THE BUILDING

• During the first few months , it was felt that the building worked well as a
passively cooling structure but the evaporative cooling systems was adding
excessive humidity during humid part of the year.
• This was not welcome in areas with proper storage such as the library. Air
conditioning was introduced for the library some time later.
• The courtyards were true courtyards and not covered atrium. They work well
as naturally cooled circulation spaces .constant exposure to the non-air-
conditioned corridors make people comfortable at relatively higher
temperatures in the air-conditioned areas.

USE OF APPROPRIATE MATERIALS AND FINISHES

The building is finished with exposed brick and exposed concrete and with
Kota stone, terrazzo flooring (ref fig 1.62) .The last two are low embodied
energy materials.

Fig :- 5.28 Use of appropriate materials like bricks and kota stone and finishes
Source :- Author

57
USE OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING, ARTISANS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

• The use of hand crafted materials was encouraged throughout the building
.tribal artefacts from Bastar were used to make the wrought iron work.
• Folk artists provided much of art work used in the building – terracotta reliefs
(ref fig 1.63) from Rajasthan and terracotta figures from West Bengal (ref fig
1.65) and fabrics from Kashmir (ref fig 1.64).

Fig:- 5.29 Terracotta reliefs from Fig:- 5.30 Fabrics from Kashmir
Rajasthan
Source:- Author
Source:- Author

COURTYARD PLANNING AND TERRACE

GARDEN

• As the AIIS was set up to conserve Indian

art, architecture and music, the building
design refers to traditional Indian way of
building without trying to be
monumental.

Fig:- 5.31 Terracotta figures from West

Bengal

Source:- Author
58
• From outside, the building appears to be a small single-storeyed structure.
As one moves in from the lobby, the building opens up to reveal two sunken
courtyards with vegetation and water.
• The architect has attempted to restore to the courtyard its original function
of being an internal climate modifier rather than being simply a light well.
• The sunken courtyards provide an element of surprise to the visitor and bring
adequate daylight into all areas of the building including the basement and
are designed for holding small meetings in summer.
• The building form emulates the peaceful internal environment of a
traditional courtyard building while maintaining the modern standard for
natural lighting and ventilation.

FIG :- 5.32 Terrace garden suitable for large gatherings

Source :- Author

Fig:- 5.33 Section of building showing partial sinking of the building into the ground to take
advantage of the thermal storage capacity of the earth.

Source- Vernacular Traditions, Aishwarya Tipnis

59
The seating in both The
the courtyards passage
provide space for between
holding small the two
discussions and courtyards
meetings and forms a
hence act as an thermal transition
interactive space. zone between the
uncontrolled
The work spaces
outdoors and the
and library are
controlled indoors.
arranged around
both the courtyards
The two sunken
which helps in linking
courtyards provide
the inside and
an element of
outside
surprise to the visitor
environment.
and bring adequate
daylight into all the
The diagonal areas of the building
placement of the including the
two courts creates basement.
interesting views
and increases air
circulation between
them.

The first court is

ornamented with a
water pool and
fountain. There is
always a light
breeze here and
The second court is ornamented with plants the water remains
and vegetation. The intense vegetation in cool during hot
the courtyard decreases temperature and summer days.
glare.
60
5.1.2 ANGLO ARABIC SCHOOL
Address - DB Gupta Road, New Delhi, Delhi 110006
Site Area - 40,000 Sq mtr
Accessibility - 2Km from New Delhi Metro Station
Building Type - Senior Secondary School
Founded - 1696
Founder - Ghazi ud-din Khan Feroze Jung I

INTRODUCTION –

• The Anglo Arabic Senior

Secondary School, often
known as the Anglo Arabic
School, is a co-educational
government aided minority
school situated at an
intersection in Old Delhi.
• It was established as a
Madrasa in 1696 by
Ghaziuddin Khan Feroze Jung. Fig:- 5.34 The Courtyard of the Madrasa Ghazi ud‐Din,
1814
The majestic building stands
Source- http://aamsdelhi.org/bhos.html
just outside the walled city of
Old Delhi near the Ajmeri gate made of kota sandstone.

• On its west, lies the wholesale market for machine tools. New Delhi Railway
Station is nearby too and lies to the east of the school. The minutely carved
arches ad beams, delicate jaali work on its windows, and two cloisters are
all reminiscent of Mughal-era architecture.
• It opened as a madrasa and took the name of its founder. It was known as
Madrasa Ghazi Uddin Khan for a long time until it was christened as Anglo
Arabic College by the East India Company in 1829.

61
ABOUT ANGLO ARABIC SCHOOL

• This was one of the first institutions in India where English language and
literature was introduced
• The school was founded by Ghazi-Uddin and is still used as an educational
institution now known as the Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School/Zakir
Hussain Delhi College at Ajmeri Gate, Delhi.
• The double-storeyed building is constructed around a large courtyard and
was entered through an imposing red sandstone gateway (ref fig 1.69).
• The building remained unscathed and the imposing Kota sandstone
structure successfully evolved into a centre of secular as well as theological
learning
• The elegant building consists of a large enclosure of arched apartments with
a gate on the east and a three-domed mosque (ref fig 1.70) on the west
with an enclosure of perforated stone screens both on the latter’s north as
well as south.
• Domes with octagonal towers against a backdrop of beautiful jharokhas
(parlours) and engravings give a majestic view to the entire surroundings.
• Inside, there are two hujras (corridors) meant to be used as dormitories for
the madrasa students of yore. In the centre of the entire complex, there is a
park with plush green grass.

Fig:- 5.35 Anglo Arabic School red Fig:- 5.36 three-domed mosqueon the west
sandstone entrance gateway
Source:-Author
Source:-Author

62
SITE PLANNING

• The main building arranged in a quadrangle has a mosque and mausoleum of

Ghazi Uddin Khan at one end and is an example of Mughal architecture
replete with Dome, octagonal towers and a charbagh garden with water
channels and tanks.
• The madrasa forms the other three sides of quadrangle and was declared a
heritage monument by the ASI in 2002

Fig:5.37 view of the historic

quadrangle

Source:-
https://www.flickr.com/photos/g_
c/236845259/in/album-
72157594273441529/
• This building is one of the few remaining specimens of the traditional Mughal
School (ref fig 1.72). It has been used in many different ways but the cardinal
use has always been educational.
• This building is a fine example of a religious-educational endowment.
Architecturally well designed this building reflects the glory of an
educational institution of eminence

Fig:- 5.38 Traditional Mughal architecture of the school

Source- Author
63
Courtyard framed by flowering The hard paved area in View of the madrasa
frangipani trees during Mughal era with courtyard provide a movement quadrangle from the
an ablution fountain in the centre. space along with some seating jharokha of the
space. school building.

Masjid Nawab Ghazi Uddin Khan masjid The quadrangle of the complex is
which is also used for prayer by the school landscaped inspired by the concept of
students. charbagh.

64
5.1.3 CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Address - Sri Aurobindo Marg, Adchini, New Delhi, 110016
Site Area - 6,517.66 Sq mtr
Accessibility - 4 Km from Hauz Khas Metro Station
Building Type - Education & Research
Year - 1984
Architect - Raj Rewal

INTRODUCTION –

• The Central Institute of

Educational
Technology (acronym CIET) is
an autonomous organization,
formed as a nodal agency
under the National Council of
Educational Research and
Training (NCERT) for promoting
the use of mass media Fig:- 5.39 View of the central institute of educational
technology
technology for expanding
Source:- The complete architecture of Balkrishna
and improving the quality of Doshi , rethinking modernism for the development
world- James Steele
education at the school level.

• The Institute is funded by the Ministry of Human Resources

Development, Government of India.
• It has the mandate to promote the use of educational technology, mass
media in particular, to improve and promulgate education in the country
linked to INSAT, the Indian Satellite programme. Instigated in 1985, C.I.E.T.
operated from a converted building prior to the construction of the current
facilities.
• The new Institute was conceived as a school for communications fully-
equipped to contemporary professional standards.

65
ABOUT CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY

• Raj Rewal was given the challenge of designing for a new and relatively
unique institutional programme at once again.
• The CIET building is located on a campus which is devoted entirely to
institutions which formulate infrastructure facilities for child development and
education in India.
• It forms part of a network of educational institutes located together in south
Delhi near the National Park which surrounds the historic Qutub Minar.
• The CIET is specifically concerned with modes of instructions, developing
multimedia programs for use as educational tools.

CONCEPT

• The concept knits interlinked courts with a succession of indoor , semi

covered and outdoor spaces, like corridors , open passages, verandahs,sit-
outs and roof terraces and wraps them in a well crafted vocabulary of
sandstone.
• A small courtyard near the entrance(ref fig 1.74) partly diverges from its axis
to emerge into a large focal court built around an existing tree.
• Red sandstone crafts the building (ref fig 1.75) as an exemplary exhibit ; it is
used in myriad ways –as plain , perforated , tonalities and richness

Fig:- 5.40 small courtyard near the Fig:- 5.41 Red sandstone finish on the
entrance building
Source:- Author Source:- Author

66
COURTYARDS

• The design consists of two interlinked courtyards, one small near the
entrance and the second built around the existing tree to function as an
open-air multipurpose television studio.
• The main court comprises an open air stage and amphitheatre, enclosed at
the ground floor by the entrance hall, artists’ rooms and canteen with
existing tree as the focal point of the activities.
• The main courtyard (ref fig 1.76) replicates the experience of a madrasa , a
traditional school, with three storeyed bocks housing the library , audio –
visual and administrative facilities flanking its other sides.
• Passageways (ref fig 1.77) linking the courtyards connect these spaces
• The architect wanted to provide places that could function as open air,
multi-purpose television studios.
• The floor areas decrease as one moves upwards, and roof terraces
overlooking the central courtyard and surrounding parks have been
created.
• Overlooking the large courtyard and surrounding greens, these outdoor
spaces on the upper levels are ideal for extending activities from rooms and
also double up as filming areas for educational programmes.

Fig:- 5.42 Main courtyard with an Fig:- 5.43 Passageways linking spaces
amphitheatre around the courtyard
Source:- Author Source:- Author

67
Central courtyard built around an existing Passageways inking spaces around the
tree to function as a television studio. courtyard .

The amphitheatre is an Seating in the form of steps

integral part of the central in the central courtyard
courtyard. which leads to the first floor.

Entrance courtyard with the

landscaping element in the
centre.

68
5.1.4 SCHOOL FOR SPASTIC CHILDREN
Address - Plot Number 2, Balbir Saxena Marg, Hauz Khas, Delhi –
110016
Site Area - 40,000 Sq mtr
Accessibility - 4Km from Green Park Metro Station
Building Type - Educational
Completed - 1995
Architect - Romi Khosla

INTRODUCTION –

• School for Spastic Children is

the first custom-design school
for physically challenged
children initiated by funds
made available from the
British government which
supported a local NGO.
• The school is designed for 500
handicapped children and
provides not only specialized Fig:- 5.44 School for spastic children
facilities and training, but also Source- http://ebuild.in/gallery/school-for-spastic-
children-new-delhi?id=26240
courses for the parents of
handicapped children.

• The school also acts as a centre for field work to be carried out in rural areas
in North India.
• Romi Khosla’s design of the School for Spastic Children with its use of
abstract forms (see photograph) is regarded as a classic example of post-
modern architecture in India.
• The architect’s concern was to create a secure world for children with
special needs.

69
CONCEPT

• The structure is well secured and almost fort like, a building which has often
been compared to a mother’s womb. While developing his design, Khosla
also visualised a ship with many decks (ref fig 1.80) the numerous balconies in
the building came out of this idea. He deliberately did not set aside any
spaces for a specific function and sought a building where movement was
easy and space expansive.
• As most of the children would have lived in small rooms all their lives, the
wide, generous spaces in the school were designed to set them free. There is
a large, centrally open to sky oval shaped courtyard (ref fig 1.79) .
• Attention was also paid to the students’ conveniences with every two
classrooms having an adjacent toilet With specially designed ramps and
natural light penetrating into the building, the architect not only provided for
a comfort zone for the children but also expressed his love of iconography in
a poetic manner.

Fig:- 5.45 Aerial view of model showing Fig:- 5.46 Decks created through various
internalised courtyard balconies
Source- The modern architecture of Source- The modern architecture of New Delhi
New Delhi

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ANALYSIS
Institutions Anglo Arabic School
- 1696
Form
A single large courtyard has
been provided in centre
which forms a focal point in
the complex.
The courtyard is designed
Functional to welcome the visitor
and is based on the
Aspects
principle of char bagh.
It provide as a learning
space for students which
helps them relate to the
outside environment.
Usage
The whole courtyard is a
playing and learning
environment, where
outdoors is as important
as the interior classrooms.
Access
Point Courtyard is accessible
from the entrance on one
side and by the corridor
on the other three sides.
Materials used- kota
stone, sandstone
Texture
Furniture –seating in the
form of steps and
benches.
Enclosure – the courtyard is
enclosed by all the fours
sides
Enclosure Configuration – the
courtyard is linked to the
corridors which leads to the
classrooms on two sides , a
mosque on third side and by
an entrance on fourth side.
Courtyard framed by
Landscape flowering frangipani
Elements trees during Mughal era
with an ablution
fountain in the centre
and is inspired by the
concept of charbagh.
Courtyard here provide
a safe environment for
children to play and
interact and contributes
to the innovative way of
Inferences
learning things and
strengthens the sense of
community.
Central Institute of Education National Institute of
and Technology- 1984 Immunology-1990
Two courtyards have been
provided , one near the
entrance and other around
an existing tree.
Courtyard here function as a
gathering space for events
and cultural fests.
Since it’s a mass
communication institute so the
space is sometimes used as
multipurpose television studio.
Courtyard here encourages
interaction at different levels
and create a great ambience
for cultural activities.
Courtyard is accessible from
staircase on one side and by
the studios on the other three
sides.
Materials used- Red sandstone
grit finish
Furniture –seating in the form
of steps and around an
existing tree.
Enclosure – entrance
courtyard is enclosed by three
sides , central court is
enclosed on all four sides.
Configuration – both the
courtyards are connected to
each other through an
entrance lobby.
The first court
is
ornamented
with a The central court
circular is ornamented
landscape with a tree and
feature shrubs and bushes
.
Courtyard play an important role
in carrying out various activities
like yoga, telecommunication
and other cultural activities like
dance, music and fests.
Overlooking the large courtyard,
these outdoor spaces on the
upper levels are ideal for
extending activities from rooms.
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The building provide a
Planning is done in the form
sheltered environment with a
of seven clusters each
courtyard for children with
having its own courtyard.
physical disabilities.
As the campus is divided
into seven clusters with
courtyard in centre , it
functions differently
depending on the type of
cluster.
Courtyard within the hostel
block of National Institute of
Immunology is based on the
idea of enclosing an
amphitheatre for discussions
Courtyard is accessible
from the corridors and the
rooms on all four sides
Materials used- grit finish
consisting of red and
beige sandstone
Furniture –Amphitheatre
seating
Enclosure –All the internal
courtyards enclosed on all
four sides
Configuration – courtyards
are linked to each other
which provide both a
change and continuity.
Rocks on the site are an
important feature of the
landscape . Landscaped
shaded courtyards brings
relief and provide cool
breeze.
The building blocks are
compact units within
themselves with various
activities organized
around single Presence of
amphitheatre in the hostel
courtyard provide space
for discussions and cultural
activities.
School for Spastic
Children- 1995
To ease movements for the
pupils courtyard ramps and
wide openings have been
provided Courtyard serves as
a protective and safe space
for children and provide a
carefree environment for
them to play and learn.
The central courtyard acts as
a point of interaction
between children and a play
area within the courtyard
enlivens the space .
Courtyard is accessible from
the ramp connecting the
upper level and the rooms at
lower level.
Materials used- exposed brick
and RCC composite
Furniture – benches are
provided at the upper level
overlooking the central
courtyard.
Enclosure –courtyard is
enclosed from all four sides
Configuration – large central
courtyard is provided framed
with corridor and ramps at
upper level and with
classrooms at ground floor .
No as such landscape
feature has been provided
except for few trees and
shrubs.
Courtyards acts like a
protective womb which
provide a safe environment for
students to play and learn
things. With specially designed
ramps and natural light
penetrating into the building,
the architect provided a
comfort zone for the children.
ANALYSIS
Institutions American Institute of
Indian Studies- 1998
Form
Two sunken square courtyards
have been provided which are
linked by a common passage.
Courtyard here function as a
Functional space for holding small
meetings/discussions.
Aspects It also act as an interaction point
where exchange of experiences
between students from different
countries take place.
Usage
Courtyard is present at the
basement which gives a feeling
of openness and provides a
space for small discussions at all
the levels from balconies and
corridor above.
Access
Point
The courtyard is accessed through
a staircase leading to a passage
connecting the two courtyards.
Materials used- kota stone, terrazzo
Texture flooring
Furniture – no such furniture has
been provided, seating in the form
of steps are provided.
Lighting- wall mounted down lights.
Enclosure – both the courtyards
are enclosed by work spaces on
Enclosure three sides and with a passage
on fourth side.
Configuration – the courtyards
are linked to each other through
a common passage .
Landscape
Elements The first court is ornamented with
a water pool and fountain.
The second court is ornamented
with plants and vegetation
The work spaces arranged around
the courtyard helps to relate the
outside environment with inside
environment.
Also the passage around the
Inferences courtyard form a thermal transition
zone between both the spaces.
The courtyard form emulates the
peaceful environment of a
traditional courtyard building.
Nalanda International School,
Baroda- 2004
The spaces within the school are arranged in
clusters around central courtyards.
Courtyards here are huge and can
accommodate over 500 to 1000 students. From
pious prayers to intense inter-house clashes, from
news headlines and presentations to dance all
activities take place here.
These courtyard spaces have minimized the use
of artificial lighting and ventilation, substantially
conserving energy.
Courtyards
serves as an
opportunity
that support
their learning
curriculum,
expose students to healthier living, and provide
an opportunity to connect to nature. It also
generates a sense of responsibility within
themselves.
The internal courtyards are accessed through
the classrooms on all four sides. Central
courtyard is accessed through the four internal
courtyards.
Materials used- kota stone, terrazzo flooring
Furniture – no such furniture has been provided
, seating in the form of steps are provided.
Lighting- wall mounted down lights which
illuminates the plantation below in courtyard.
Enclosure – enclosed by classrooms on all
four sides linking the internal court with central
one.
Configuration –central courtyard is
connected with four smaller internal
courtyards, each of these courtyards
containing a cluster of four classrooms.
The landscaping done in all the courtyards
add to the visual, thermal and psychological
comfort.
Wide-open courtyards, offer a seamless
harmony between the building, its
environment and the learning facility within.
This ensures that children have a sense of
their own indoor and outdoor space where
they can be close to nature growing
vegetables and nurturing their plants.
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DPS Kindergarten, Bangalore-
2013
The central courtyard forms an
important space for learning at the
school. It is the soul of the school.
The two central courtyard forms an
important space for learning at the
school.
A lot of outdoor learning happens in
these courtyards, either on the steps
of the corridors or around the
frangipane trees. It's all integrated
into these central courtyards.
Courtyard provide a carefree
environment for students to play and
is sometimes used as a space for
classes where they learn about
different colours and about
environment.
The courtyard is
accessed
through a
corridor
connecting the
classrooms.
Materials used-exposed concrete
walls and terracotta screens.
Furniture – courtyard is ornamented
with colourful square seating.
Lighting- wall mounted down lights
which illuminates the courtyard.
Enclosure – two open courtyards
enclosed by classrooms on all four
sides.
Configuration – these courtyards are
linked to each other with a corridor
which has a staircase connected to
the upper floor.
The court is adorned with a
number of frangipane trees in both
the courtyards with seating around
them.
Presence of courtyard creates a
warm, playful and welcoming
environment for these young
children filled with natural light and
ventilation.
Courtyards serves as the place
where school’s most important
group activities take place:
assemblies and games, in a paved
area with playground
CONCLUSION

• There are various types of classification of courtyard and it has been found
that there is so much variation of courtyards in different part of India, it is
concluded that these variation are possible only due to difference in
geographical location, climate, culture, social system, functional need etc.
• The parameters of courtyard design are analysed and it can be concluded
that courtyard design is very simple if we consider only few parameters but it
can also become very complicated if you consider more parameters or all
parameter. The climate aspects of courtyard were always very significant
throughout centuries and primary aim of courtyard design was to create
comfort condition in harsh climate. In present context also this factor should
be given top priority to achieve sustainability and the proportion as well sizes
may be worked out by using simulation tools for light, shadow and
ventilation.
• The socio cultural aspect has been given importance through centuries and
in present context this factor has been ignored so there is need to consider
this aspect in light of changed life style of people. The aesthetic aspect of
courtyard was also important in most of India because people were using
these courtyards on daily basis but this factor need to be addressed in
present context in light contemporary architecture of the India.
• It can be concluded that courtyard design is not easy process because it
has so many parameters to consider but study of traditional or vernacular
architecture might give insight for design process. There is need to consider
the wisdom of ancient courtyard system along with use technological
advancement and changing life style of people of present context.
• The most successful courtyards are those that have a sense of enclosure,
provide a variety of seating opportunities and have a high level of
refinement in materials. courtyards and plazas is an important contributor to
the pedestrian circulation system.

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• Shaded courtyards, generally protected and defined by buildings, provide
welcome relief from high summer temperatures. Such courtyards exhibit a
variety of landscape responses, from exclusively paved plazas to spaces that
are almost entirely vegetated. Courtyards and plazas are important places
for intellectual exchange and informal interaction amongst students and
faculty, as well as quiet contemplation in a collegial setting.
• Framed by campus buildings, these spaces offer opportunities to enhance
the beauty of the campus with inspiring art, landscape form and colour, and
they provide passive recreation and quiet repose for the campus and
community during the warmer seasons.
• One of the biggest advantages of courtyards is the privacy caused by
surrounding elements (buildings, rooms or walls). This characteristic provides
a safe place for rest, children to play (DPS Kindergarten) ,meditation and
exercise (CIET) and provide a diversity of other functional spaces.

74
REFERENCES
BOOKS REFERRED:-
• Architectural and building trade’s dictionary - R.E. Putnam and G.E. Carlson,
p. 127
• Vernacular traditions, contemporary architecture- Aishwarya Tipnis
• Presented by Ashok Lall, pp. 151-163
• Pro Architect 22: Charles Correa
• Charles Correa-Kenneth Frampton
• Oxford talking architecture , Raj Rewal in conversation with Ramin
Jahanbengloo
• The complete architecture of Balkrishna Doshi , rethinking modernism for the
development world- James Steele
• Magazine- IA&B July 2013
• Dissertation - Social and visual aspects of open spaces- Chetan Grag , S-798
, SPA , New Delhi

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