PHYSICS DICTIONARY & FORMULA

PHYSICS DICTIONARY & FORMULA

CHAPTER 4 F4
HABA | HEAT
Keseimbangan Terma | Thermal Equilibrium
(i) kedua-dua objek mencapai suhu akhir yang sama
both reach the same final temperature
(ii) pemindahan bersih haba ialah sifar
the net heat transfer becomes zero

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Penentu Ukuran Termometer | Calibration of Thermometer

Muatan Haba | Specific Heat

Haba yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan suhu sesuatu objek sebanyak 1 °C.
It is the quantity of heat required to increase the temperature of an object by 1 °C.

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Muatan Haba Tentu | Specific Heat Capacity

Haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu sebanyak 1 0C bagi 1 kg bahan.
The heat required to raise the temperature by 1 0C for 1 kg of material.

Unit = J kg–1 °C–1

- Muatan haba tentu air ialah 4 200 J kg -1
0C-1
Specific heat capacity of water is 4 200 J kg -
1 0C-1.
- Ini bermakna untuk 1 kg air meningkatkan
suhu sebanyak 1 0C, air memerlukan 4 200
J haba.
This means that for 1 kg of water, to increase
its temperature by 1 ºC, the water needs 4
200 J of heat.
- Ini menjadikan air sebagai agen penyejuk
yang baik.
This makes water as a good cooling agent.
Penerangan menggunakan teori kinetik jirim:
Explanation using kinetic theory of matter:
(i) Apabila bahan menyerap haba, getaran
molekul sangat kuat. When a substance
absorbs heat, the vibrations of molecules are
strong.
(ii) Molekul bergerak dengan laju yang lebih
tinggi. Molecules move with a higher speed.
(iii) Tenaga kinetik molekul meningkat. The
kinetic energy of the molecules increases.
(iv) Suhu bahan tersebut meningkat. The
temperature of the substance increases.
(v) Keadaan fizikal bahan tidak berubah. The
physical state of matter is unchanged.

*Muatan Haba Tentu Tinggi – lambat panas / menyerap banyak tenaga

*High specific heat capacity = heat up slower / absorbed more energy
*Muatan haba tentu rendah – cepat panas / cepat sejuk
*Low specific heat capacity = heat up faster / cold down faster

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Aplikasi muatan haba tentu | Application of specific heat capacity

Sistem radiator kereta | Car radiator system

Peralatan memasak | Cooking utensils

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Bayu laut | Sea breeze

Bayu darat | Land breeze

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Haba Pendam Tentu | Specific Latent Heat

Haba pendam tentu pelakuran (lf) | Specific latent heat of fusion (lf)
Jumlah haba yang diperlukan untuk menukar 1 kg bahan dari pepejal ke cecair tanpa sebarang
perubahan suhu.
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from solid to liquid without any change in
temperature.

Haba pendam tentu pengewapan (lv) | Specific latent heat of vaporisation (lv)
Jumlah haba yang diperlukan untuk menukar 1 kg bahan dari cecair ke gas tanpa sebarang
perubahan suhu.
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from liquid to gas without any change in
temperature.

Penerangan menggunakan Teori Kinetik jirim: | Explanation using Kinetic

Theory of matter:
(i) Apabila bahan menyerap haba, getaran molekul adalah kuat. When
a substance absorbs heat, the vibrations of molecules are strong.
(ii) Ikatan antara molekul menjadi lemah. | The bonds between
atoms/molecules become weak.
(iii) Molekul dengan tenaga yang tinggi boleh memecahkan ikatan dan
mengubah kepada keadaan fizikal yang baru. | Molecules with very
high energy can break the bonds and change to a new physical state.
(iv) Keadaan fizikal bahan berubah. | The physical state of matter
changes.
(v) Tenaga kinetik molekul tidak berubah. | The kinetic energy of the
molecules is unchanged.
(vi) Suhu tetap/tidak berubah. | The temperature is constant.

Lengkung Pemanasan | Heating Curve

Takat Lebur | Melting point - Suhu pepejal menjadi cecair | Temperature solid becomes to liquid
Takat Didih | Boiling point - Suhu cecair menjadi gas | The temperature liquid to gas

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Aplikasi haba pendam tentu | Application of specific latent heat

Sistem penyejukan dalam peti sejuk | Cooling system in refrigerator

Penyejatan peluh | Evaporation of sweat

Mengukus makanan menggunakan pengukus | Steam food using a steamer

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Hukum Boyle | Boyle’s Law

Tekanan gas (P) berkadar songsang dengan isi padu gas ( V)
Gas pressure (P) is inversely proportional to the gas volume (V)
Apabila kadar perlanggaran antara molekul
gas dengan dinding bekas bertambah,
tekanan gas juga bertambah.
When the rate of collisions between gas
molecules and the walls of the container
increases, the gas pressure also increases.

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P
𝑣
(Requirement: Temperature in constant)
P berkadar P berkadar terus dengan
songsang dengan V 1/V
P is inversely P is directly proportional
proportional to V 1/V

Hukum Charles | Charles’ Law

Isi padu gas ( V) adalah berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak gas ( T)
Volume of gas (V) is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of gas (T)

VT
(Requirement: Pressure is constant)
T = Temperature MUST be in K (Kelvin)
V berkadar terus V berubah secara
dengan T linear dengan 
V is directly V varies linearly with 
proportional to T

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Gay-Lussac’s Law
Tekanan gas (P) berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak gas (T).
Pressure of gas (P) is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of gas (T).

PT
(Requirement: Volume is constant)
T = Temperature MUST be in K (Kelvin)
P berkadar terus P berubah secara
dengan T linear dengan 
P is directly P varies linearly with 
proportional to T

Absolute zero
Suhu terendah di mana tekanan dan tenaga kinetik molekul gas adalah sifar.
The lowest temperature in which the pressure and the kinetic energy of gas molecules are zero.

Universal Gas Law

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CHAPTER 5 F4
GELOMBANG | WAVES
Gelombang | Wave
Dihasilkan oleh sumber yang bergetar atau berayun dan membawa tenaga.
A traveling disturbance from a vibrating or oscillating source which carries energy along with it in the
direction of the propagation
Gelombang Melintang | Transverse Wave
Zarah-zarah medium bergetar secara serenjang dengan arah perambatan gelombang. (contohnya:
air, cahaya, semua gelombang EM)
The particles of the medium oscillate in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave
moves (eg: water, light, all EM waves)

Gelombang Membujur | Longitudinal Wave

Zarah-zarah medium bergetar secara selari dengan arah perambatan gelombang. (contohnya:
bunyi)
The particles of the medium oscillate in the direction parallel to the direction in which the wave moves
(eg: sound)

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Muka gelombang | Wave front

Garisan yang menyambungkan titik-titik yang bergerak pada fasa yang sama.
A line that connects all the points that move on the same phase.
Frekuensi, f | Frequency
Bilangan ayunan lengkap dalam masa 1 saat.
The number of complete oscillation in 1 second.
Panjang gelombang, λ | Wave length
Jarak 2 titik yang sefasa atau jarak dua puncak atau jarak dua lembangan.
The distance of 2 points that infase or distance two crest or distance two trough.

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v=fλ
Pelembapan | Damping
Kehilangan tenaga dari sistem berayun ke persekitaran dalam bentuk tenaga haba.
Energy loss from an oscillating system to the surrounding in the form of heat energy.

Frekuensi Asli | Natural frequency

Frekuensi di mana sistem berayun bergetar apabila tiada daya luaran digunakan.
The frequency in which an oscillating system vibrates when no external force is applied.

Resonans | Resonance
Sistem dipaksa bergetar pada frekuensi yang sama dengan frekuensi aslinya yang disebabkan
oleh daya luar.
System is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency by an external force.
Berayun pada amplitud yang maksimum.
Oscillate at its maximum amplitude.

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Pantulan Gelombang | Reflection Of Waves

Panjang gelombang, frekuensi dan laju gelombang tidak berubah selepas pantulan.
Wavelength, frequency and wave speed do not change after reflection.

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Pembiasan Gelombang | Refraction of Waves

Perubahan arah penyebaran kerana perubahan kelajuan apabila gelombang air bergerak satu
kawasan ke kawasan lain yang berbeza kedalaman.
Change of direction of propagation due to a change of speed when water waves travel one area to
another of different depths.

Pembiasan gelombang bunyi pada waktu malam yang sejuk

Refraction of sound wave at cold night time

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(i) Lapisan udara di lapisan bawah lebih sejuk berbanding lapisan atas. Air layer near the ground
is colder than the top layer.
(ii) Ketumpatan lapisan udara sejuk lebih tinggi daripada lapisan udara panas. The density of
colder air layer is greater than hotter air layer.
(iii) Gelombang bunyi terbias menjauhi normal. Sound waves refracted away from normal.
(iv) Panjang gelombang di lapisan udara sejuk lebih kecil daripada lapisan udara panas.
Wavelength of colder air layer is smaller than hotter air layer.
(v) Laju gelombang di lapisan udara sejuk lebih kecil daripada lapisan udara panas. Wave speed
of colder air layer is smaller than hotter air layer.

Pembelauan | Diffraction
Fenomena yang merujuk kepada penyebaran gelombang apabila mereka bergerak melalui
celahan atau halangan.
The phenomena that refers to the spreading out of waves when they move through a gap or round an
obstacle.

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Interferens Gelombang | Interference of Waves

Fenomena di mana dua set gelombang koheren bertemu / bergabung | The phenomena in which
two sets of coherent waves meet / combine
Koheren | Coherent wave
Sama frekuensi dan fasa yang sama | Same frequency and same phase.

Prinsip superposisi. The principle of superposition.

Apabila dua gelombang merambat serentak dan bertindih pada satu titik, sesaran paduan ialah
hasil tambah sesaran individu bagi kedua-dua gelombang.
When two waves move simultaneously and coincide at a point, the resultant displacement is the sum of
the individual displacements of the two waves.

Interferens membina | Constructive interference

Interferens memusnah | Destructive interference

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Gelombang Elektromagnet | Electromagnetic Waves

Gelombang elektromagnet ialah gelombang melintang, yang terdiri daripada ayunan medan
elektrik dan medan magnet yang berserenjang dengan satu sama lain.
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, consisting of oscillating electric fields and magnetic fields
which are perpendicular to each other.

Ciri-ciri Gelombang Elektromagnet | Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves

- Komponen medan magnet dan medan elektrik saling bergetar berserenjang antara satu sama
lain dan ke arah perambatan gelombang | The magnetic field and electric field components of
the wave oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation of the wave.
- Boleh dikutubkan | Can be polarised
- Boleh merambat pada kelajuan cahaya dalam vakum | Can travel through a vacuum at the
speed of light.
- Neutral elektrik | Electrically neutral
- Tidak memerlukan medium untuk perambatan | Do not require a medium for propagation.
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- Tenaga dipindahkan oleh gelombang | Energy is transferred by the waves.

- Gelombang melintang | Transverse waves.

Jenis gelombang | Types of waves Aplikasi | Application

Gelombang radio - Komunikasi radio jarak jauh Long distance radio
Radio wave communication
- Penyiaran (TV dan radio) Radio and TV broadcasting
- Komunikasi tanpa wayar Wireless communication
Gelombang mikro - Satelit komunikasi / Communication satellites
Microwave - Radar pesawat / Plane radar
- Memasak menggunakan ketuhar gelombang mikro
Cooking by using a microwave oven
- Pemerangkap laju / Speed trap
Sinaran inframerah - Memasak / Cooking
Infrared ray - Alat kawalan jauh / Remote control
- Kamera keselamatan / Security camera
Cahaya nampak - Penglihatan / For vision
Visible light - Fotografi / Photography
- Fotosintesis / Photosynthesis
Sinar ultraungu - Mengesan wang kertas palsu / Detecting authenticity
Ultraviolet ray of currency notes
- Penulenan air minuman / Purification of drinking water
- Pensterilan alat perubatan / Sterilising medical
instrument
Sinar-X - Mengesan keretakan tulang atau organ dalaman /
X-rays To detect fractures bones or internal organs
- Mengimbas barang di lapangan terbang / To scan
baggages at airport
Sinar gama - Rawatan kanser / Cancer treatment
Gamma ray - Pensterilan alat perubatan / Sterilising medical
instruments
- Mengesan kebocoran paip / To detect pipe leakage

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CHAPTER 6 F4
LIGHT & OPTICS
Pembiasan cahaya | Refraction of light
Pembengkokkan arah perambatan cahaya disebabkan oleh perubahan halaju cahaya apabila
merambat dari satu medium ke satu medium lain yang berlainan ketumpatan.
The bending of propagation of light because of change in speed of light when propagate from one
medium to another with different densities.

Indeks biasan | Refractive index, n.

Nisbah laju cahaya di dalam vakum kepada laju cahaya di dalam medium.
The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.

c = laju cahaya dalam vakum / speed of light (in vacuum)

v = laju cahaya dalam medium / speed of light (in medium)

Hukum Snell | Snell’s Law

n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2

(Requirement: i must be in less dense medium)

Dalam Nyata | Real depth

Jarak objek sebenar dari permukaan medium (contohnya: air, kaca)
The distance of the real object from the surface of a medium (eg: water, glass)
Dalam Ketara | Apparent depth
Jarak imej maya dari permukaan medium (contohnya: air, kaca)
The distance of the virtual image from the surface of the medium (eg: water, glass)

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Pantulan Dalam Penuh | Total Internal Reflection

Dua syarat untuk pantulan dalam penuh berlaku ialah: Two conditions for total internal reflection to
occur are:
(a) Cahaya merambat dari medium yang lebih tumpat ke medium kurang tumpat.
The light travels from a denser medium to a less dense medium.
(b) Sudut tuju, i, adalah lebih besar daripada sudut genting, c (i > c).
The angle of incidence, i, is greater than the critical angle, c (i > c).

Sudut genting | Critical angle

Sudut tuju apabila sudut pembiasan sama dengan 900 atau i bila r = 900
The angle of incidence when the refractive angle equals 900 or i when r = 900

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(a) Lapisan udara di atas lebih sejuk dan lebih

Logamaya | Mirage
tumpat. Upper layer of air cooler and denser
(b) Lapisan udara di permukaan lebih panas dan
kurang tumpat. Layer of air on the surface is hotter
and less dense.
(c) Cahaya yang merambat dari lapisan atas akan
terbias ke lapisan bawah beransur-ansur
menjauhi normal sehingga sudut tuju lebih besar
daripada sudut genting. Light that travels from
upper layer to lower layer will gradually refracted
away from normal until the incident angle is bigger
than the critical angle.
(d) Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku di permukaan
tanah. Total internal reflection occurs on the
surface.
(e) Pemerhati melihat imej sebagai lopak air pada
permukaan. The observer see the image as a
puddle on the surface.

Periskop berprisma | Prism periscope Gentian optic | Optical fibre

Kanta | Lens
Objek, O di antara F dan 2F Object, Objek, O di antara F dan pusat optik
O between F and 2F Object, O between F and optical centre
(f < u < 2f ) (u < f )

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Songsang, Nyata, Diperbesar Tegak, Maya, Diperbesar

Inverted, Real, Magnified Upright, Virtual, Magnified

Diperkecil, tegak, maya

Diminished, upright, virtual

Titik focus | Focus point

Titik di mana sinar caya yg selari menumpu padanya.
The point where the parallel rays of light converge on it.

Panjang focus | Focal length

Jarak di antara titik fokus dengan cermin/kanta.
The distance between the focal point with the mirror/lens.
Maya | Virtual
Tidak boleh dibentuk pada skrin.
Cannot be form on the screen.

Pembesaran Linear, m | Linear Magnification, m

Formula Kanta Nipis | Thin Lens Formula

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Peralatan Optik | Optical Instruments
Mikroskop majmuk | Astronomical Telescope
Aspek
Aspects
Jenis kanta dan kuasa kanta
Types of lenses and power of lenses
Panjang fokus
Focal length
Imej pertama
First image
Kedudukan imej terakhir
Position of final image
Jarak antara dua kanta
Distance between lenses (D)
Pembesaran linear, m
Linear magnification, m
PHYSICS DICTIONARY & FORMULA
Mikroskop majmuk
Compound microscope
Dua kanta cembung berkuasa tinggi
Two high-powered convex lenses
fo < fe
Imej pertama adalah besar
First image is magnified
Kedudukan dekat dengan mata pemerhati
At the near point of the observer’s eye
Lebih besar daripada / Greater than (fo + fe) D
> (fo + fe)
m = mo × me
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Teleskop astronomi | Astronomical telescope
Aspek
Aspects
Jenis kanta dan kuasa kanta
Types of lenses and power of lenses
Panjang fokus
Focal length
Imej pertama
First image
Kedudukan imej terakhir
Position of final image
Jarak antara dua kanta
Distance between lenses (D)
Pembesaran linear, m
Linear magnification, m
Pembentukan Imej Oleh Cermin Sfera | Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors
Rajah sinar bagi cermin cekung / Ray diagrams
for concave mirror
Antara F dan C (f < u < 2f )
Between F and C (f < u < 2f)
PHYSICS DICTIONARY & FORMULA
Teleskop astronomi
Astronomical telescope
Kanta cembung berkuasa rendah dan kanta
cembung berkuasa tinggi
A low powered convex lens and a high powered
convex lens
fo > fe
Imej pertama adalah kecil
First image is diminished
Pada kedudukan infiniti
At infinity
Sama / Equal to (fo + fe) D = (fo + fe)
m = fo /fe
Rajah sinar bagi cermin cembung / Ray diagrams
for convex mirror
Lebih jauh dari F ( u > f )
Further than F ( u > f)
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Songsang, Nyata, Diperbesar | Inverted, Real,

Magnified
Antara F dan P (u < f )
Between F and P (u < f)

Tegak, Maya, Diperbesar | Upright, Virtual,

Magnified

Cermin pergigian Pemantul Cermin solek

Dental mirror Reflector Cosmetic mirror

Cermin pandang belakang Cermin keselamatan dalam Cermin keselamatan jalan

Rear-view mirror bangunan Blind spot mirror
Security mirror in buildings

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