Int. Journal of Math. Analysis, Vol. 7, 2013, no.

8, 379 - 384

Ion-Acoustic Solitary Waves in an Inhomogeneous

Magnetized Two-Ion-Temperature Dusty Plasma
O. Alsayyed 1 , R. Albadarneh and Moustafa Abu-Shawiesh

Department of Mathematics
Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan

Abstract. This paper investigates the variable-coefficient Zakharov-Kuznetsov

equation which governs the two-dimensional ion-acoustic waves obliquely prop-
agating in an inhomogeneous magnetized two-ion-temperature dusty plasma.
Via a simplified bilinear method, the N-soliton solution is constructed. The
analysis confirms the fact that certain equations which have N-soliton solu-
tions, have simultaneously, N-singular soliton solutions.

Keywords: N-soliton solution; variable-coefficient Zakharov-Kuznetsov equa-

tion; magnetized two-ion-temperature dusty plasma

Introduction
It is known that the Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation is a two-dimensional
generalization of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, which has been ini-
tially derived for describing the weakly nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in a strongly
magnetized lossless plasma comprised of the cold ions and hot isothermal elec-
trons. The ZK equation is given as follows [14]

(1) ut + δux + αuux + βuxxx + γuxyy = 0,

and it is also a model for the vortices in geophysical flows since it supports
the stable lump solitary waves. Moreover, by employing the multi-dimensional
reductive perturbation technique Eq. (1) has been derived for the evolution of
the electric potential perturbation [9].
1
o.alsayyed@yahoo.com
380 O. Alsayyed, R. Albadarneh and Moustafa Abu-Shawiesh
In this paper, we will study the variable-coefficient Zakharov-Kuznetsov
(vcZK) equation:

(2) ut + δ(t)ux + α(t)uux + β(t)uxxx + γ(t)uxyy = 0,

where u(x, y, t) represents the electrostatic wave potential with the scaled “spa-
tial” x, y and “temporal” t , δ(t) is an arbitrary function, and α(t), β(t) and
γ(t) are the coefficients of the nonlinear, dispersive and perturbed terms, re-
spectively. The vcZK Eq. (2) governs the two-dimensional ion-acoustic waves
obliquely propagating in an inhomogeneous magnetized two-ion-temperature
dusty plasma. It is widely used in various branches of physics, such as plasma
physics, fluid physics, and quantum field theory (See [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] and
the references therein). Much works have been done by many authors to study
the vcZK Eq. (2) [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
The existence of solitons and soliton-like solutions for nonlinear PDFs is of
particular significance because of their extensive applications in many physics
areas such as nonlinear optics, plasmas, fluid mechanics, condensed matter,
electromagnetics and many more. Envelope solitons are stable nonlinear wave
packets that preserve their shape when propagating in a nonlinear dispersive
medium. It is also of interest to note that the formation of these types of pulses
is due to a perfect balance between the nonlinearity and dispersion effects.
In this paper, an efficient transformation method combined with the Here-
man’s simplified method [1, 2, 3] will be used for a reliable treatment of the
vcZK Eq. (2). We obtain new exact solutions including multiple soliton and
multiple singular soliton solutions. These new solutions will help us understand
and study the physical mechanism of this equation.

1. Soliton solutions for the vcZK equation

The Hirota bilinear method was first proposed by Hirota [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Now it
is well-known as one of the most effective methods to construct multiple soliton
solutions and also for classification of integrable equations. The Hirota’s direct
method combined with the simplified version of Hereman and Zhuang [2, 3]
has been applied successfully for the N-soliton solutions of integrable equations
with constant coefficients. We improve and develop the approach to deal with
the vcZK Eq. (2).
 Ion-acoustic solitary waves 381
1.1. Single soliton solution for the vcZK equation. To obtain single
soliton solutions, we first substitute

u(x, y, t) = eki x+ri y−ωi (t)

into the linear terms of Eq. (2) and solve the resulting equation to determine
the dispersion relation as

 
(3) ωi (t) = ki δ(t) + ki3 β(t) + ki ri2 γ(t) dt.

This in turn gives the following phase variables

(4) θi = ki x + ri y − ωi(t), i = 1, 2, . . . , N.

We then substitute the single soliton solution

(5) u(x, y, t) = R (ln f )xx

into Eq. (2) where the auxiliary function f (x, y, t) is given by

(6) f (x, y, t) = 1 + C1 eθ1 = 1 + C1 ek1 x+r1 y−ω1 (t) ,

and solving for R, we find that

12 k12 β(t) + r12 γ(t)

R= .
k12 α(t)
In order to obtain a numerical value of R, we impose the constraint conditions

(7) α(t) = λ [β(t) + γ(t)] , k i = ri .

where λ is a constant. Therefore, we will confirm that if the conditions (7) are
satisfied, then Eq. (2) has N-soliton solutions.
This in turn gives the single soliton solution
eθ1
(8) u(x, y, t) = 12C1 k12
(1 + C1 eθ1 )2
where

 
(9) θ1 = k1 x + k1 y − k1 δ(t) + k13 α(t) dt.

For C1 = 1, we obtain the single soliton solution

eθ1 θ1
u(x, y, t) = 12k12 2 = 3k12 sec h2 ( )
(1 + eθ1 ) 2
382 O. Alsayyed, R. Albadarneh and Moustafa Abu-Shawiesh
and for C1 = −1 the single singular soliton solution
eθ1 θ1
u(x, y, t) = −12k12 2 = −3k12 csc h2 ( )
(1 − eθ1 ) 2
follows immediately.
For the two soliton solutions we set the auxiliary function

(10) f (x, y, t) = 1 + C1 eθ1 + C2 eθ2 + C1 C2 a12 eθ1 +θ2 .

Upon Substituting (5), with f as in (10), into (2) and solving for the phase
shift a12 , we obtain
(k1 − k2 )2
(11) a12 =
(k1 + k2 )2
and hence we can generalize for other phase shifts by
(ki − kj )2
(12) aij = , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ 3.
(ki + kj )2
The two soliton solutions are obtained by substituting (10) and (11) into

(13) u(x, y, t) = 12 (ln f )xx ,

where C1 = C2 = 1, and it is given in explicit form as


k 2 eθ1 (1+a12 e2θ2 )+k22 eθ2 (1+a12 e2θ1 )+2(k1 −k2 )2 eθ1 +θ2
(14) u(x, y, t) = 12 1 2 ,
(1−eθ1 −eθ2 +a12 eθ1 +θ2 )
where θ1 and θ2 are defined in (4).
However, the two singular soliton solutions are obtained by substituting (10)
and (11) into (13) with C1 = C2 = −1,

k 2 eθ1 (1+a12 e2θ2 )+k22 eθ2 (1+a12 e2θ1 )−2(k1 −k2 )2 eθ1 +θ2
(15) u(x, y, t) = −12 1 2 .
(1−eθ1 −eθ2 +a12 eθ1 +θ2 )
For the three-soliton solutions, we set the auxiliary function

f (x, y, t) = 1 + C1 eθ1 + C2 eθ2 + C3 eθ3 + C1 C2 a12 eθ1 +θ2

+ C1 C3 a13 eθ1 +θ3 + C2 C3 a23 eθ2 +θ3
+ C1 C2 C3 a123 eθ1 +θ2 +θ3 ,
(16) Ci = 1, i = 1, 2, 3.

Substituting (16) and (13) into (2), we find that

a123 = a12 a13 a23 .

 Ion-acoustic solitary waves 383
We emphasize the fact presented in [5, 6] that every solitonic equation that
has generic N = 3 soliton solution has also soliton solutions for N ≥ 4. This
shows that Eq. (2) has N-soliton solutions which can be obtained for finite
N, where N > 1. Generally, we can conjecture the N-soliton solutions for Eq.
(2) as:
⎧
⎪
⎪ u(x, y, t) = 12 (ln f )xx ,
⎪
⎪  N 
⎪
⎪


N
⎪
⎪
⎨ f (x, y, t) = exp Aij μi μj + μj θj ,
μ=0,1 1≤i<j j=1
⎪
⎪  
⎪
⎪ θ = k x + k y − k δ(t) + k 3
α(t) dt,
⎪
⎪
j j j j j
⎪
⎪
⎩ (k −k )2
exp (A ) = i j 2 .
ij (ki +kj )

Moreover, the three singular soliton solutions can be obtained in a similar

manner for C1 = C2 = C3 = −1 in (16).

2. Conclusion
Under consideration in this paper is the variable-coefficient Zakharov-Kuznetsov
equation for the propagation of ion-acoustic waves in an inhomogeneous mag-
netized two-ion-temperature dusty plasma. In this paper, the simplified form
of the Hirota bilinear method has been employed to derive the multi-soliton
solutions and multiple singular soliton solutions. The solutions are formally
obtained without any need to derive the bilinear forms. It is hoped that the
proposed analysis will be useful for other models with inhomogeneities of media
and nonuniformities of boundaries in the dynamics of ion-acoustic waves.

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Received: September, 2012