MULTI-VERSE OPTIMIZATION BASED

TECHNIQUE FOR SOLVING ECONOMIC

DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEM
Muhammad Haziq Bin Suhaimi @
Jimmy
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor
haziqjimmy94@gmail.com

Abstract— Economic dispatch (ED) are one of the many
important component in power system operation. It is design to
calculate the exact amount of power generation to ensure a
minimum cost of generation. A power system with multiple
generating units should be running under economic condition.
The operating cost have to be minimize for any feasible load
demand. The increase of power demand are getting higher and
higher throughout the year. Economic dispatch are used to
schedule and control all of the output of the fossil-fuel or coal
generating units satisfy the system load demand at the minimum
cost.This paper presents Multi-Verse Optimization (MVO) for
solving economic dispatch in power system. The proposed
Multi-Verse optimization engine developed in this study is
implemented to a reliability test system (RTS) lonely on
IEEE30-bus RTS. It has five generators, which denoted as the
control variables for the optimization process. To reveal the
superiority of MVO, a similar process was conducted using
Evolutionary Programming (EP). Result from both technique
were compared and revealed that MVO outperformed EP in
terms of reducing the cost of generation for the system. For
future study, MVO can be utilize to solve similar problems on
power system, which may require minor modification on the
developed optimization engine.
I. INTRODUCTION
Generation of power in a utility always aim for
minimum cost generation. This is termed as Economic power
Dispatch (ED). Economic power dispatch requires
optimization process. Optimization technique have been in
existence for ages and its can be integrated into the ED
system. Previously many calculative methods has been used
by many engineers to solve ED problem such as Lambda
iteration methods and Lagrange Multiplier method to solve
ED problem [1]. In the modern era of Artificial Intelligence
has taken the interests of the researchers and engineers that
include GA technique [2], Particle Swarm optimization [3],
Firefly Algorithm [4] are used on many different condition to
get a better and more appropriate result. But the issues with
these methods are that they are not very accurate and can
behave speculatively, they take a longer time to compute and
they also will produce random population that will generate
the local minimum or maximum value.
Traditional analytics based strategies are neglect to
address these kinds of issues attractively. In contrast to a
portion of the customary calculations, dynamic programming
(DP) [5] forces no confinements on the idea of the cost bends.
Consequently, it tends to be utilize to take care of ED issues
with innately nonlinear and intermittent cost bends. This
strategy, experiences the "scourge of dimensionality" or
neighborhood optimality issue.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Economic Power Dispatch
Economic Dispatch is generation distribution issue
and are characterized as the way toward ascertaining the age
units with the goal that the framework burden is provided
totally and most financially subject as per the general
inclination of the requirements. Generally, the monetary
dispatch is being done since 1920. It was when architects
were stressed over the issue of money related bit of age or the
most ideal division of the load among the producing units
available.
L.H. Wua, Y.N. Wanga, X.F. Yuana, S.W. Zhoub
[6] represent the ED problem with fuel cost, emission and
system failure objectives as a non-linear multi-objective
problem. The future approach of MODE takes an external
elitist archive to maintain an algorithm for environmental /
economic power transmission (ED) non-dominated in multi-
objective differential evaluation (MODE).
Ghasemi, Mojtaba, Aghaei, Jamshid, Akbari,
Ebrahim, Ghavidel, Sahand, Li, Li [7]Develops an algorithm
for units with non-smooth Fuel Cost Functions based on
evolutionary programming for general economic dispatch
(ED). The new development algorithm can determine
optimal dispatch solutions global or near global. The results
show that the proposed EP-based ED algorithm can provide
accurate shipper solutions for all types of fuel cost functions
within an appropriate time frame.
Engineers still continue searching for the best
answer for spare the activity expenses of intensity ages.
Generators must be work productively and monetarily. The
goal of comprehending the Economic Dispatch (ED) issue are
controlling the generators yield so the all out cost will be
limited while supporting the heap power request and different
requirements. Economic Load Dispatching Objective for
optimum load dispatch was to reduce the fuel cost of thermal
generators satisfying some limits. The function is given by:
𝐶 = ∑ 𝑁𝐺 2
𝑖=1 (𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝑔𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑃𝑔𝑖 + 𝑐𝑖 ) (1)
Where, 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 , & 𝑐𝑖 are the fuel-cost coefficients and 𝑃𝑔𝑖 is
the power output for the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ generating unit among the total
committed generating units. The overall fuel cost has to be
reduce with the following constraints:
1) Energy balance constrain
The overall generation by the entire generators should be
equal to the sum of whole power demand (Pd) & system’s
real power loss (PL).
∑ 𝑁𝐺 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝐿
𝑖=1 𝑔𝑖
(2)
The power loss was calculated by using B coefficients and
unit power output:
𝑃𝐿 = ∑ 𝑁𝐺
𝑖=1
∑ 𝑁𝐺 𝑃 𝐵 𝑃 + ∑ 𝑁𝐺
𝑗=1 𝑖 𝑖𝑗 𝑗
𝐵 𝑃 + 𝐵00 (3)
𝑖=1 0𝑖 𝑖
B. Evolutionary Programming, EP
EP was first developed by Fogel and family [8]. EP was
proposed to be used for the advancement of the limited state
machines to illuminate expectation undertakings [14]. From
that point forward, alterations, improvement, and executions
have been proposed and explored. EP has been utilized to
treat genuine esteemed item factors or some other plausible
information structure. Change is frequently actualize by
including an arbitrary number or a vector from a specific
dispersion [e.g., a Gaussian appropriation on account of old
style EP (CEP)] to a parent. The level of variety of the
Gaussian transformation is constrained by its standard
deviation, which is otherwise called a 'methodology
parameter" in developmental inquiry [9]. The self-adjustment
plan of EP, this parameter was not prefixed. Or maybe, it is
develop alongside the goal factors. Analyses with self-
versatile EP have demonstrated proficient intermingling to
quality arrangements [10].
. During the optimization, there are rules to be applied towards
Figure 1: Flowchart of Evolutionary
Programming
Figure 3: Flowchart of Evolutionary
Programming
C. Multi-Verse Optimization, MVO
The MVO technique was first proposed by Seyedali
Mirjalili[11]. It was invented to simulate the behavior of
white holes, worm holes and black holes. A white hole was
not actually exists in the universe, but some astronomical
scientist assume that the big bang can act as a white holes
which it cause the big bang to occur. In multi-verse theory, it
was assumed that the parallel are colliding with each other
when the big bang occur. A black holes which act as the
opposite of a white holes absorbed all the object and planet
around them with their force of gravity [12]. Wormholes are
those holes which interconnect different corners of a
universe. In the multi-verse theory wormholes act as time or
space travel paths where the objects are able to move instantly
from one part to any other part of a universe [13].
Figure 2: Image of White holes, Black holes
and Worm holes.
.
As previously mentioned, a populace based calculation
separates the pursuit procedure into two stages:
investigation versus abuse. We use the ideas of white opening
and dark gap so as to investigate look spaces by MVO.
Conversely, the wormholes help MVO in abusing the inquiry
spaces. We expect that every arrangement is similar to a
universe and every factor in the arrangement is an article in
that universe. Also, we allocate each arrangement a swelling
rate, which is relative to the comparing wellness work
estimation of the arrangement. We moreover utilize the term
time rather than the cycle in this paper since it is a typical
term in multi-stanza hypothesis and cosmology [11]
the universe of the MVO:
1. The increase of inflation rate will also increase the
probability of having a white hole.
2. The increase of inflation rate will also decrease the
probability of having a black hole.
3. The universe with a higher inflation rate will tend to
send objects through the white hole.
4. The universe with a lower inflation rate will tend to
send objects through the black hole.
5. All the object in all the universe may face a random
movement towards the best universe that it fits
through the wormhole regardless the inflation rate.
Two main coefficient for MVO:
1. Wormhole Existence Probability
𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝐸𝑃 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑙 × ( ) (4)
𝐿
 2. Traveling Distance Rate 28.0551, 17.6524, 157.6047,150.6157 241.0757 and
229.6966 respectively. This achieve the total generation cost
1
of 43620.8807 ($/h). Apparently, with the implementation of
𝑙𝑝 MVO we can manage to minimize the total generation cost
𝑇𝐷𝑅 = (1 − 1) (5)
𝐿𝑝 worth 41896.629 as compared to EP which only manage to
minimize it to 43620.8807. This shows that there are
3.9528% cost reduction by using MVO compared to ED.

Table 1: MVO result for PD = 800

Unit MVO
Gen 1 (MW) 32.6128
Gen 2 (MW) 14.4815
Gen 3 (MW) 141.5584
Gen 4 (MW) 136.036
Gen 5 (MW) 257.5854
Gen 6 (MW) 243.0562
Power Loss (MW) 25.3303
Cost ($/h) 41896.629

Table 2: EP result for PD = 800

Unit EP
Gen 1 (MW) 28.0551
Figure 3: Flowchart of Evolutionary
Programming Gen 2 (MW) 17.6524
Gen 3 (MW) 157.6047
Gen 4 (MW) 150.6157
MVO algorithm simulates the concept of the
universe setting up the number of universe that are desirable, Gen 5 (MW) 241.0757
function data and number of maximum iteration. The MVO Gen 6 (MW) 229.6966
will produce the universe inflation, sorted it and normalize Power Loss (MW) 24.7002
the data. This will automatically update the position of each
universe and calculate the value of WEP and TDR of every
Cost ($/h) 43620.8807
universe. Roulette wheel algorithm are use to create white
holes index depend on the WEP and TDR value thus the
optimization engine will update the convergence curve and
create the convergence graph.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this paper, the MVO and EP were used to
determine the optimal generation to solve an economic
dispatch problem. The program were written in matlab
(R2018a). The population in this case is 60 and the maximum
number of iteration is 500. Figure 4: Graph Of Power Generated by MVO vs ED

1) Case 1
The first case is the generator run on 100% of the
power demand, in which the total generation is 800MW.
Table 1 tabulates the result for the generation power by each
generator, the power loss and the total generation cost. From
the table, the power generated by Gen 1, Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen
4, Gen 5 and Gen 6 are 32.6128, 14.4815, 141.5584, 136.036,
257.5854 and 243.0562 respectively. These are the values to
achieve the total generation cost of 41896.629 ($/h). On the
other hand, Table 2 tabulates the result for generating power
by Gen 1, Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen 4, Gen 5 and Gen 6 worth
2) Case 2
The second test is the power generator, with a total
output of 600 MW, operating 75% of the power consumption.
The results for each generator output, power loss and the total
cost for generation are shown in Table 3. Out of the table are
23.9077, 10, 95.5449, 100.8423, 202.7954 and 181.1461,
respectively, the power generated by Gen 1, Gen 2. Gen 3,
Gen 4, Gen 5 and Gen 6. These are the values for achieving
32094.6751 ($/h) of total cost of generation. On the other
hand, Table 4 tabulates, by 20.6961, 10, 110.6452, 112.2341,
187.9955 and 172.312, the results for power generation by
Gen 1, Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen 4, Gen 5 and Gen 6, respectively.
Table 4 This results in a total cost of production of
33066,35123 dollars per hour. It seems that we can reduce the
total generation cost by 32094,6751 by implementing MVO
to a minimum in comparison to the EP which only succeeds
in minimizing this to 33066,35123. This shows that the cost
of using MVO is 2.9386% lower than the ED.
Table 3: MVO result for PD = 600
69,9204, 130,0986 and 125. Table 4 This results in a total cost
of production of 23400.8419 dollars per hour. It seems that
we can reduce the total generation cost by 22952.8326 ($/h)
by implementing MVO to a minimum in comparison to the
EP which only succeeds in minimizing this to 23400.8419
($/h). This show that the cost of using MVO is 1.9145%
lower than ED.
Table 5: MVO result for PD = 400

Unit MVO Unit MVO

Gen 1 (MW) 23.9077 Gen 1 (MW) 14.8271
Gen 2 (MW) 10 Gen 2 (MW) 10
Gen 3 (MW) 95.5449 Gen 3 (MW) 47.9217
Gen 4 (MW) 100.8423 Gen 4 (MW) 63.7724
Gen 5 (MW) 202.7954 Gen 5 (MW) 144.889
Gen 6 (MW) 181.1461 Gen 6 (MW) 125
Power Loss (MW) 14.2364 Power Loss (MW) 6.41021
Cost ($/h) 32094.67512 Cost ($/h) 22952.8326

Table 6: ED result for PD = 400

Table 4: ED result for PD = 600
Unit EP
Unit EP
Gen 1 (MW) 12.6643
Gen 1 (MW) 20.6961
Gen 2 (MW) 10.0213
Gen 2 (MW) 10
Gen 3 (MW) 58.5386
Gen 3 (MW) 110.6452
Gen 4 (MW) 69.9204
Gen 4 (MW) 112.2341
Gen 5 (MW) 130.0986
Gen 5 (MW) 187.9955
Gen 6 (MW) 125
Gen 6 (MW) 172.312
Power Loss (MW) 6.242019
Power Loss (MW) 13.88299
Cost ($/h) 23400.84197
Cost ($/h) 33066.35123

Figure 6: Graph Of Power Generated by MVO vs ED

Figure 5: Graph Of Power Generated by MVO vs ED

3) Case 3 IV. CONCLUSION

The third case is the power generator with a total
power output of 400 MW. Table 5 shows the results, power
loss and total generation costs per generator output. The table
includes the power generated from Gen 1, Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen
4, Gen 5 and Gen 6 respectively are 14.8371, 10.47.9217,
63.7724, 144.889 and 125. These are the values to achieve a
total production cost of 22952.8326 ($/h). The results for
energy generation are tabled in Gen 1, Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen 4,
Gen 5 and Gen 6, respectively, as 12,6643, 10,0213, 58,5386,
Multi-verse Optimization technique are programmed to
imitates the behavior of white holes, black holes and worm
holes by creating the best universe out of all the variable.
This work propose Multi-verse Optimization for solving
economic power dispatch (ED) problem with comparison
with the Evolutionary programming. The test are conducted
with three different cases which are:
• Case 1 : 100% power demand at 800MW
• Case 2 : 75% power demand at 600MW
 • Case 3 : 50% power demand at 400MW [11] S. Mirjalili, S. M. Mirjalili, and A. Hatamlou, “Multi-
Verse Optimizer: a nature-inspired algorithm for
With all of the three cases above MVO is proven to be more global optimization,” Neural Comput. Appl., 2016.
reliable and superior than EP in solving the ED problem, [12] S. Gholizadeh, N. Razavi, and E. Shojaei, “Improved
where all of the result taken from the MVO showing the black hole and multiverse algorithms for discrete
generation cost of power generation are lower than the result sizing optimization of planar structures,”
taken from EP thus making this research achieve the main Engineering Optimization, 2018.
objective. For future study, MVO can be utilize to solve [13] G. I. Sayed, A. Darwish, and A. E. Hassanien,
similar problems on power system, which may require minor “Quantum multiverse optimization algorithm for
modification on the developed optimization engine. optimization problems,” Neural Computing and
Applications, 2017.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to give the most and special
appreciation to Professor Ir. Dr. Ismail Bin Musirin for
guiding me along the way to complete this project. I am also
to my fellow friends for their helps in terms of advices and
knowledge that is being shared. I also want to appreciate and
express my gratitude towards my family for their kind co-
operation and encouragement which help me in completion
of this project.
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