"ARKA-The Rapid Eco Plug & Go": Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
A Mini Project report on

“ARKA- The Rapid Eco Plug & Go”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by
PRIYANKA G (4MH18EC081)
TEJAS M P (4MH18EC108)
DEEPTHI S (4MH18EC120)
ROHAN MALLESHWAR D S (4MH19EC404)
Under the guidance of

Mr. DEVENDRAN B
Assistant Professor
Dept. of E&CE,
MIT MYSORE
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Maharaja

Institute of Technology Mysore
2020-21
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Mini project work entitled “ARKA- The Rapid Eco Plug & Go”
is a bonafide work carried out by Priyanka G (4MH18EC081), Tejas M P(4MH18EC108), Deepthi S
(4MH18EC120), Rohan Malleshwar D S (4MH19EC404), and this report of Mini project is
submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year
2020-2021.
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the project report and has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements
in respect of project work prescribed for the said Degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Devendran B Dr. Ravichandra Dr. B G Naresh Kumar
Assistance Professor Prof. & HOD Principal
Dept. of E&CE Dept. of E&CE MIT Mysore.
MIT Mysore. MIT Mysore.
ARKA- The Rapid Eco Plug & Go Dept. Of ECE
i
ABSTRACT
Renewable solar energy systems provide prominent and significant

environmental benefits in comparison to the conventional energy sources
contributing to the sustainable development of human life. Till now, traditional
vehicles have relied on fossil fuels for power but nowadays these vehicles are
being replaced by Electric Vehicles (EV’s). Electric Vehicles are generally
considered as a “greener” solution compared to traditional vehicles, hence
Electric vehicles gained more popularity and adoption in many parts of the
country over the past few years. This study represents a model to design a
charging circuit for Electric Vehicles using abundant solar energy which is
efficient and also demonstrates the possibility of charging Electric Vehicles
using solar energy effectively. The abundance of solar radiation and its
utilization as the power source for charging Electric Vehicles is not only an
important decision but also a necessary condition to eradicate pollution caused
in the environment, low-cost maintaining and increasing the efficiency with its
diverse application.
ii
Table of Content
Abstract i
List of figures iii
List of tables iv
1. Preamble
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Block diagram 3
1.3 Objectives & scope of the project 4
1.4 Literature survey 5
1.5 Report organization 16
2. Materials & method
2.1 Hardware requirements 17
2.2 Software requirements 33
3. Results & discussions
3.1 Software result
3.2 Hardware result
4. Conclusion & future work
5. Reference
iii
List of Figures
Figure 1 Basis circuit of DC-DC CUK converter 2

Figure 1.1 General block diagram 3
Figure 1.2 Difference between led acid & lithium batteries 15
Figure 1.3 Difference between traditional lithium &
Flash battery lithium batteries 15
Figure 2.1 Arduino Uno 17
Figure 2.1.1.1 Arduino Uno module specification 18
Figure 2.1.1.2 Arduino Uno pinout configuration 20
Figure 2.1.2 Voltage sensor 22
Figure 2.1.2.1 Voltage sensor pinout configuration 22
Figure 2.1.3 Current sensor 23
Figure 2.1.3.1 Current sensor pinout configuration 24
Figure 2.1.4 Power Mosfet 25
Figure 2.1.4.1 Power Mosfet pinout configuration 25
Figure 2.1.5 Decade inductance box 26
Figure 2.1.6 Capacitors 28
Figure 2.1.7 Oscilloscope 28
Figure 2.1.8 Digital Multimeter 29
Figure 2.1.9 Bread board 31
Figure 2.1.10 Connecting wires 32
Figure 2.2.1 Arduino IDE 1.8.13 software 33
Figure 2.2.1.1 Arduino IDE editor screen 34
Figure 2.2.1.2 Arduino IDE serial monitor 35
iv
List of Table
Table 2.1.1.1 Arduino Uno module specification 19

Table 2.1.1.2 Arduino Uno pinout configuration 21
Table 2.1.2.1 Voltage sensor pinout configuration 23
Table 2.1.3.1 Current sensor pinout configuration 24
Table 2.1.4.1 Power Mosfet pinout configuration 26
Table 2.1.5.1 Decade inductance box specification 27
Table 2.1.8.1 Digital Multimeter 30
v
vi
CHAPTER-1
PREAMBLE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Sun is the primary renewable and abundant source of Energy. Our

planet Earth receives 16 x 1018 units of energy from the sun, which
is 20,000 times the requirement of mankind on the Earth. Some
of the Solar Energy causes evaporation, leading to rains and the
creation of rivers lakes and other water bodies, etc. Some of it is
utilized in photosynthesis in plants which is essential for the
sustenance of life. Man has tried from time to utilize this infinite
source of energy. But till today it has been able to tap only a
negligibly small fraction of this energy.
Since the appearance of the traditional internal combustion

engine towards the end of the 19th century and specifically its
installation and use in automobiles, motorcars have been creating
severe pollution to the environment. The percentage of this
pollution caused by the emission of vehicles has been increasing
over time with more and more traditional automobiles appearing
on the roads. It is a known fact that nonrenewable resources such
as fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and other such sources are almost
on the level of extinction. On the other hand, renewable energy
sources such as the solar energy are plentiful and it has the
greatest availability compared to other non-renewable energy
sources. Recent research has shown that electric vehicles are
better for the environment. They emit very lesser air pollutants
and greenhouse gases than internal combustion vehicles. And this
takes into account their production and electricity to keep them
running. Solar energy is always free of emissions since it does not
produce any harmful pollutants or by-products which is harmful
to nature therefore it is nowadays a booming industry of research,
where trending and more efficient modes of harnessing solar
energy are the greatest challenges. Along with the economic and
environmental benefit of having to rely less on foreign oil, as
1
consumers utilize more electric vehicles, there will be less need to

use fossil fuel-based traditional vehicles which in turn will cause
less greenhouse gas emissions. While burning coal at electric
power plants is not that much better than burning oil, the
electricity generated for electric vehicles can also come from
power plants fueled by other energy sources that are much
cleaner than fossil oil and coal: hydropower, nuclear, geothermal,
solar power and wind power. In a recent study by World Health
Organization (WHO), out of 20 global cities that have more air
pollution, 13 are in India. That sounds alarming. So, we
should look for renewable fuels that don’t affect the environment
by causing pollutions. By 2030, The Government of India is
planning to sell only electric vehicles in India. It is the abundant
renewable energy revolution in the country, which could save
energy costs by $60 billion. It’s a needed move as air pollution is
causing 1.2 Million deaths every year.
DC-DC converters are the most widely used circuits in power

electronics. We can find it in almost every electronic device
nowadays since all semiconductor components are powered by
DC sources. They are used in all situations where there is the need
of stabilizing a given dc voltage to the desired value. This is
generally achieved by chopping and filtering the input voltage
through an appropriate switching action, most of them are
implemented via a pulse width modulation (PWM).
Figure 1 - Basic Circuit of DC-DC CUK Converter

2
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram of “ARKA - The Rapid Eco Plug & Go” is as shown
in Fig.1.
Figure 1.1 - General Block Diagram.
 Voltage & current generated from the solar panel will be sensed
and monitored by the Voltage and current sensing circuit and it
will pass the signals to CUK Converter.
 A DC-DC CUK Converter is a converter that step-downs or step-

up the output voltage depending on the input voltage, the step-
down process is known as buck conversion whereas the step-up
process is boost conversion.
 The charge controller is a circuit that is used to control the

charging speed of the battery depending on the charge stored in
the battery.
 The protection circuit is designed in such a way that the battery

doesn't get damaged while fast charging it.
 The battery management system is used to prevent the battery

from getting damaged by over-charging, over-discharging, and
overheating.
3
 The charge can be stored in a battery or it can be used to charge

the EV from the solar grid, the charge present in the battery can
be later used to charge the small devices or EV’s.
 The billing system is designed to keep a track of the power

consumed by the end-user from the battery bank or solar grid,
thereby displaying the resulting details to the end-user.
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF OUR PROJECT
 To design and implement zero ripple current "CUK" DC to DC

converter.
 To design and implement efficient battery management & billing
system for EV.
 To establish a scaled-down model of an EV charging
infrastructure.
SCOPE: Solar panels convert light radiation from the sun into
electrical energy. The panels are mainly manufactured from
semiconductor materials, majorly silicon. Their efficiency is
24.5% on the higher side. Three ways of increasing the efficiency
of the solar panels are through an increase of cell efficiency,
maximizing the power output, and the use of a tracking system.
To maximize the power output from solar panels one needs to
keep them in the direction that captures the most solar energy.
4
1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Artificial Intelligence Based MPPT Technique for Solar Power

System
AUTHOR: Kah Yung Yap, Charles R. Sarimuthu, and Joanne Mun-Yee Lim
•This paper gives the comparison between the conventional MPPT

techniques and Artificial Intelligence (AI) based costly MPPT techniques.
•The AI-based MPPT techniques are generally classified into FLC, ANN,
GA, SI-Hybrid, and other emerging and newer algorithms.
2. Application of Various Classical and Intelligent MPPT Tracking

Techniques for the Production of Energy through a Photovoltaic
System
AUTHOR: Salaheddine Zouirech, Mohammed Zerouali, Hayat Elaissaoui,

Abdelghani El Ougli, Belkassem Tidhaf
• This paper is presented to give a detailed study about the different

types Of MPPT Techniques.
• Open Circuit Voltage (OCV): This method is based completely on the
linear operation between the open-circuit voltage and the optimal
voltage given by the circuit.
• Algorithm Perturb and Observe (P&O): This is the technique, which is
performed to cause disturbance on the voltage of the solar module.
3. Investigation of MPPT Techniques under Uniform and Non-

Uniform Solar Irradiation Condition – A Retrospection
AUTHOR: Amjad Ali, Khalid Almutairi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban,

Senior Member, IEEE; Vineet Tirth, Salem Algarni, Kashif Irshad1, Saiful
Islam, Md. Hasan Zahir, Md Shafiullah, Muhammad Zeeshan Malik
• MPPT operating under solar irradiation is suitable for conditions where

the PV arrays receive uniform solar irradiance.
• Online Methods: In the online MPPT control method, usually
instantaneous values of PV output voltage or current are sensed to
generate the control signals to track the MPP under different weather
5
conditions.
• Offline Method: The offline MPPT is also called a model-based method.
One or more of the solar PV panel’s physical characteristics are used to
design the control algorithm, where the operating system point is forced
towards the optimal conditions by following the user-defined limits to
track the MPP.
4. A Survey on Maximum Power Point Algorithms for PV System
AUTHOR: A Survey on Maximum Power Point Algorithms for PV System
• MPPT Algorithm under Uniform Irradiance Condition: This algorithm

introduces a tradeoff between the condition and dynamic performance.
• As atmospheric conditions change this algorithm drifts the system
away from the maximum power point (MPP).
• In this algorithm technique, it is unable to relate the change in PV array
power to the change in the atmospheric condition, as it became the
drawback to this technique.
• A new technique was introduced which was called as IncCond MPPT
algorithm technique which can adjust the terminal voltage according to
the maximum operating point voltage
5. A Comparative Study on Photo Voltaic MPPT Algorithms

under EN50530 Dynamic Test Procedure.
AUTHOR: Xingshuo Li, Huiquing Wen, Yihua Hu
• EN50530 dynamic test procedure: To overcome the drawbacks of the

dynamic test procedures, the EN50530 dynamic test procedure is
proposed which is regarded as the more realistic approach for the MPPT
dynamic performance.
• In this technique, PV Module is replaced by the PV Emulator and only
one power converter which is required for the evaluation of several
MPPT algorithms which is cost-effective.
6. Design and Development of MPPT Algorithms for High

Efficient DC-DC Converter for Solar Energy System Connected
to Grid
6
AUTHOR: Patel SN, Dr. R C Prasad
• In this paper, the overall experimentation is carried out and the results
of the converter, inverter, grid control, and MPPT characteristics are
analyzed.
• The maximum power point in the power is identified by an algorithm
called as Conductance Method.
• This algorithm will identify the suitable duty cycle ratio in which the
Buck-Boost converter should operate to the maximum point.
7. A Comprehensive Review on Maximum Power Point Tracking

Algorithms for Photo Voltaic Cells
AUTHOR: T Jayakumarn G Gurunathan, C V Srikanth, M K Shashank , R

Venkatesh, B Ramkiran, P Neelamegan.
• Perturb and observe Algorithm of MPPT: A slight voltage deviation is

introduced in this algorithm.
• The deviation can either be positive or negative depending on our
need to increase the output power or decrease it to match the MPP.
• This algorithm is designed to set a reference voltage of the PV array
which corresponds to the maximum voltage of the module.
• In addition to it, this paper also gives an idea about the incremental
conductance algorithm of MPPT
8. Hybrid, Optimization, Intelligent, and Classical MPPT

Techniques: Review
AUTHOR: Ratnakar Babu Bollipo, Suresh Mikkili, Praveen Kumar

Bonthagorla
This paper presents 4 different types of MPPT Techniques categorized

into
• Classical MPPT Techniques:- this method is simple, fast, and easy to
implement but shows limited precision
• Under this technique there are subdivided techniques which include
constant voltage (CV), Adaptive Reference Voltage(ARV), Short circuit
Current(SCC), Open Circuit Voltage(OCV), Hill Climbing (HC), Ripple
Correction Control.
• Intelligent MPPT Techniques: this is the process of tracking improved
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raise efficiency’s Optimization-based MPPT: this is the technique in

which the operation mechanism of MPPT has emerged.
• Hybrid based MPPT Techniques:- Hybrid MPPT Techniques are
advanced in their performance to increase the tracking efficiency and
lower computational burden of hardware these include FPSO MPPT, HC-
ANFIS Techniques, etc...
9. Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques under Partial

Shading Condition: A Review
AUTHOR: Md Reyaz Hussan, Dr. Adil Sarwar
• It also presents recent work done on the development of Global

Maximum Power Point Tracking System(GMPPT) algorithms under
partial shading condition
•Recent algorithms for GMPPT can be classified into 3 different
categories.,
•Modified conventional MPPT
•Utilizing the features of the characteristics PV curve
• Metaheuristic nature-inspired methods
10. Modelling and Simulation of Maximum Power Pont Tracking

Algorithm based PV array and Utility Grid Interconnected
System
AUTHOR: Sohel Aziz Syed, Dr. Alice N Charan
• This paper is focused on the mathematical modeling and simulation of

PV modules with boost converter interconnected with the utility grid.
In this method, the Inc. method technique is implemented in boost
converter to extract maximum possible power from the OV module
which in turn depends on solar irradiance and temperature
• Later, the output which is obtained from the converter is fed to the
real-time
• in this method, a boost converter is used to convert the obtained DC to
AC
• to get the maximum power available, the operating point should be at
MPP
• the complete model is verified by the simulating process using
MATLAB
8
11. Design a bidirectional dc/dc converter for 2nd level EV

bidirectional charger
AUTHOR: Ammar Haten AIMarzoogee, Alaa Hamid Mohammed.
The dc to dc converter is molded by mixing buck &boost converter

&accordingly it is capable of function in the buck & boost method in
both ways (charging & discharging).
12. An efficient bidirectional Dc/Dc charger for electric vehicle

battery charging
AUTHOR: Pavan Singh Tomar, Manaswi Srivastava, Arun Kumar Vema
A different frequency operation is performed in step up and step down

mode to achieve zero voltage switching in both the direction there are
two operations more step-up operation for high voltage and step down
operation for low voltage there are 5 and 6 Mode respectively each
more different from the value of C and L.
13. Performance Assessment of two alternative DC-DC

converter topologies for EV charging application
AUTHOR: Fernando Bento & Antonio J. Marques Cardoso
Performance can be increased by limiting the fault tolerance and

components present in interleaved and multilevel converters. Using the
respective equation for interviewed and multilevel converters
parameters should be used as per requirement increases the
performance of two alternative DC to DC Converter.
14. Improving performance and efficiency of a fuel cell hybrid

EV using new 3 port DC to DC Converter and optimized energy
management strategy
AUTHOR: Homayon Soltani Gohari, Karim Abbaszadeh
Strategy can be done of fuel cell Hybrid electric vehicle control of

9
different components of optical Energy Management for FCHEV that its

power strength consists of fuel cell battery and ultracapacitor as the
power sources 3 port dc-dc converter works in 4 different modes.
15. A New SiC-GaN- based two-phase interleaved bidirectional

DC-DC converter for plug In Electric Vehicle
AUTHOR: Milad Moradpur, Gianluca Gatto
For traction inverter drive & vehicle to grid battery discharging the
converter works in the boost mode, for regenerative braking and battery
charging the converter is in the buck mode. Silicon carbide and gallium
nitride are considered as the future of power electronic devices. GaN is
more attractive because of its very low gate charge amount.
16. A low cost, high power-density DC-DC converter for hybrid

& Electric Vehicle Applications
AUTHOR: Md Rishad Ahmed and Yun Li
High to low voltage DC to DC Converter is an essential component for

the battery and electronic vehicle. DC to DC Converter need be a buck
converter operating as input voltage [220-475 v] and output voltage [8-
14.5 v]. Phase-shifted full Bridge with current double rectifier using S, SiC
& GaN power semiconductor device.
17. Quad-Active-Bridge DC-DC converter based onboard power

electronic interface for electric vehicle
AUTHOR: Vishal M. J, Arun Chandrasekharan Nair, and B. G. Fernandes
I hybrid energy storage system comprising a battery and ultracapacitor

can overcome some drawbacks of an EV with the battery as the only
energy storage. Medium frequency Transformers collect energy from all
four bridges.
18. A high-efficiency high power density LLC DC-DC converter

for EV onboard low voltage DC-DC converter application
10
AUTHOR: K. Lakshmi Varaha Iyer
To reduce the conduction losses for low voltage high current application
a three-phase interleaved LLC DC-DC converter with SCC is designed for
EV. LDC, GaN HEMT is used in transformer primary following switching
frequency. 250v-430v input and 9v-16v output wide voltage range high
load current is realized in LDC.
19. Voltage control comparison for low power DC-DC converts

in EVs: PI and explicit MPC
AUTHOR: Mattia Rossi, Luigi Piegari, Francesco Castelli-Dezza, Marco

Mauri, Maria Stefania Carmeli
The indirect EMPS has been extended to a three-level neutral point

clamped DC to DC Converter. Only one controller at a time is active
showing an equivalent to an EMPC targeted for 2L and 3L topologies.
20. Performance analysis of non-isolated high step-up DC-DC

converter topologies used in photovoltaic grid-connected
electric vehicle charging station
AUTHOR: D Krishna Srija, Tadivada Sai Keerthi, Raghupatruni Anusha,

Banothu Hari Chandana, Shankar Peddapati
Performance parallel-connected configuration is better in terms of

efficiency over series-connected configuration under partially shaded
conditions.
Converter configuration:
1. Boost Converter
2. Interleaved Boost Converter
3. Inter Leaved Boost Converter with coupled inductor
4. Boost Converter with voltage multiplier
5. Cascade Boost Converter
6. Integrated Cascade Boost Converter
21. Comprehensive Review and Comparison of DC Fast

Charging Converter Topologies: Improving Electric Vehicle Plug-
to-Wheels
11
AUTHOR: Janamejaya Channegowda, Vamsi Krishna Pathipati, Sheldon S.

Williamson,
Ideally, the PTW efficiency for EVs should be close to 45-50%. The PTW
energy flow includes P2B and battery-to-wheels (B2W) efficiency. To
improve the PTW energy efficiency, a high efficiency, high reliability,
high power density, and cost-effective charger design is mandatory.
•Level1-120Vac-1-phase-1.4kW-17hr
•Level2-240Vac-1-split-phase-4kW-6hr
• Level 3- 208/415 Vac- 3-phase- 50kW- 0.5hr
22. Highly Efficient and Compact DC-DC Converter for Ultra-Fast

Charging of Electric Vehicles
AUTHOR: D. Christen, S. Tschannen, J. Biela
In this paper, a concept for high-power DC-DC converters suitable for

ultra-fast charging stations for electric vehicles is presented.
The total volume of the inductors is reduced by a factor of 1/N and due
to the small ripple of the output current, the size of the input and output
filter is minimized as well. Furthermore, a modular multi-phase
converter system has also the advantage of achieving high efficiencies
under part-load conditions by adapting the number of active phases
(also called power shedding).
23. Investigation of DC fast charging topologies for electric

vehicle charging stations (EVCS)
AUTHOR: S. Harika, Dr R. Seyezhai, Dr A. Jawahar
The DC-DC converter should be designed in such a way as to enhance

the battery lifetime and battery performance. Thus, the DC-DC converter
used for charging should be ripple-free and highly efficient.
The review of three different buck converters namely
classical buck converter, QZS buck converter, and switched capacitor
QZSC (SC-QZSC).SC-QZSC has reduced ripple content in the output as
well as in the inductor. Thus, it is concluded that the SC-QZSC is the best
candidate for battery charging as the charger needs to have reduced
ripple and improved performance.
12
24. Modeling and Analysis of a Fast Charging Station and

Evaluation of Service Quality for Electric Vehicles
AUTHOR: Emin User, Mithat C, Kisacikoglu
There are two types of EV charging methods: (i) on-board charger for AC
grid connection which can be, single-phase Level 1 (L1) & Level 2 (L2). (ii)
DC fast-charging (DCFC). Optimization of a DCFC station is complicated
by factors such as space limitations, the current charge technology, and
the uncertainty regarding, both the demand and technology
development.
25. State of Charge (SoC) Analysis and Modeling Battery

Discharging Parameters
AUTHOR: M. Iwan wahyuddin, Purnomo sidi priambodo, Harry sudibyo
In this paper, we propose an analysis of the parameters that affect

battery characteristics during discharging to estimate the SoC of the
lead-acid battery. This study analyzes the parameters when the battery
is being loaded and on the usage conditions by a constant load
resistance using a mathematical model and electrical model
combination. In general, battery modeling is divided into three major
parts, namely; the electrochemical model, analytical/mathematical
model, and electric circuit model.
26. Overcurrent Detection Using an Integrated Rogowski Coil

for an Electric Vehicles Inverter
AUTHOR: Yoshikazu Kuwabara, Keiji Wada & Jean-Michel Guichon
This paper proposes an overcurrent detection method in the inverter

using an integrated Rogowski coil. Rogowski coil is applied for the
overcurrent detection for an electric vehicles inverter. It focuses on the
overcurrent when the short circuit occurs on the switching leg,
and the appropriate detection method using the Rogowski coil is
determined and validated.
13
27. Surge Current Analysis of EV Wireless Charging System

during Short-circuit Decoupling Process
AUTHOR: Ke Shi, Chunsen Tang, Zhihui Wang & Zhiping Zuo
Short-circuit decoupling method is usually utilized in electric vehicle (EV)

wireless charging systems to protect the battery load by cutting off the
output power with short-circuit switches. To understand the principle of
the current surge, this paper detailly analyzes the dynamic response of
the short circuit decoupling load protection process of the EV wireless
charging system.
28. Fault Analysis and Protection Strategy on Contactless Power

Transfer System for Electric Vehicle
AUTHOR: Wang Li-ye, Wang Li-Fang, Zhang Zhi-gang & Zhu Qing-Wei
In this paper, the principle of a Contactless Power Transfer (CPT) system

is introduced, the situation of CPT system for electric vehicle about
excessive startup current, coil short, system overheating and load open
circuit are analyzed and research.
29. Quantitative Assessment of Electric Safety Protection for

Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment
AUTHOR: Kai Zhang, Zhongdong Yin, Xiaotian, Zhuowu Yan,

Yongzhang Huang
In this paper, according to the electric safety protection of electric

vehicle charging equipment, a new method based on synthetic weight is
proposed. This method quantifies the abstract ability of electrical safety
and real charging equipment is tested in order to verify the validity of
the evaluation index.
30. The Low-cost Voltage and Current Measurement Device

Design for Power Converters
AUTHOR: Yasin KABALCI1, Ersan KABALCI2
14
This paper presents a new sensing circuit design with significant

advantages for DC voltage systems. The proposed sensing circuit is
capable to measure currents and voltages employing one current
transducer.
31. A High Side Current Sensing Circuit with High PSRR Based on
BCD Process
AUTHOR: Jianbin Lin1, Huihui Cheng2, and Jianli Xing
This paper describes an instrumentation amplifier for bidirectional high-

side current sensing applications. It uses an advanced high-voltage
process to design. To achieve high power supply voltage, the circuit adds
a current source under the amplifier. So the circuit has a wide power
supply voltage range from 4V-40V, and the input common-mode voltage
of the amplifier also can go beyond its supply rail.
32. Design of a Current-Sense Voltage-Feedback Common

Mode EMI Filter for an Off-line Power Converter
AUTHOR: Krishna Mainali, Student Member, IEEE, and Ramesh Oruganti,

Senior Member, IEEE
A simple feedback structure employing a high-frequency linear amplifier

and passive filter components has been designed. The major problem
with an active feedback filter is the stability of the feedback system,
which is influenced by the parasitics of the circuit components.
33. BATTERY DIFFERENCE
Figure 1.2 - Difference between led acid & lithium batteries

15
Figure 1.3 - Difference between traditional lithium & flash battery lithium batteries
1.5 REPORT ORGANIZATION
Chapter 1: In this chapter, a brief introduction of ARKA -The

Rapid Eco Plug & Go is described with a generalized schematic
diagram. Also, it describes the scope of the designed system,
objectives, and literature survey.
Chapter 2: This chapter focuses on complete detail of all the

hardware components used along with the specifications of each
and the pin diagrams are also included as needed.
Chapter 3: This chapter describes the description of software

requirements which includes the programming language used
that is Arduino IDE.
16
CHAPTER-2
MATERIAL & METHODS
2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
2.1.1 ARDUINO UNO:
Figure 2.1 - Arduino uno
Arduino/Genuine Uno is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328P processor. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; it can be easily connected to a computer with a
USB cable or power with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too
much about doing something wrong, in the worst-case scenario
we can replace the chip and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release
of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of
17
Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino,

now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first board
in a series of USB Arduino boards and the reference model for
the Arduino platform.
2.1.1.1 AURDINO MODULE SPECIFICATION
Figure 2.1.1.1 - Module specification
18
Microcontroller ATmega 328P – 8bit AVR family microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended Input 7-12V

Voltage
Input Voltage Limits 6-20V
Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)
Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)
DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA
DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Boot loader)
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz
Table 2.1.1.1 - Module specification
19
2.1..
Figure 2.1.1.2 - Pinout configuration
20
Pin Category Pin Name Details
Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an
external power source.
5V: Regulated power supply used to power
microcontroller and other components on
the board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by the onboard
voltage regulator. The maximum current
draw is 50mA.
GND: ground pins.
Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.
Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of

0-5V
Input/Output Digital Pins 0 - 13 Can be used as input or output pins.

Pins
Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.
External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

Interrupts
PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.
SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), Used for SPI communication.

12 (MISO) and 13
(SCK)
Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.
TWI A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA) Used for TWI communication.
AREF AREF To provide a reference voltage for input

voltage.
21
2.1.2 VOLTAGE SENSOR
Figure 2.1.2 - Voltage sensor
A voltage sensor is a sensor that is used to calculate and monitor

the amount of voltage in an object. Voltage sensors can
determine the AC voltage or DC voltage level. The input of this
sensor is the voltage, whereas the output is the switches, analog
voltage signal, a current signal, or an audible signal. A voltage
Sensor is a precise low-cost sensor for measuring voltage. It is
based on the principle of resistive voltage divider design. It can
make the red terminal connector input voltage 5 times smaller.
2.1.2.1 PINOUT CONFIGURATION
22
Pin Name Description
VCC The positive terminal of the external voltage source (0-

25V)
GND The negative terminal of the External voltage source
S Analog pin connected to Analog pin of Arduino
+ Not Connected
- Ground Pin connected to GND of Arduino

Table 2.1.2.1 - Pin configuration
2.1.2.2 SPECIFICATION
 Input Voltage: 0 to 25V

 Voltage Detection Range: 0.02445 to 25
 Analog Voltage Resolution: 0.00489V
 Needs no external components
 Easy to use with Microcontrollers
 Small, cheap, and easily available
 Dimensions: 4 × 3 × 2 cm
2.1.3 CURRENT SENSOR
Figure 2.1.3 - Current sensor
23
The ACS712 is a fully integrated, hall effect-based linear current

sensor with 2.1kVRMS voltage isolation and an integrated low-
resistance current conductor. Technical terms aside, it’s simply
put forth as a current sensor that uses its conductor to calculate
and measure the amount of current applied.
Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 VCC Input Voltage is +5V for typical applications
2 OUT Output analog voltage proportional to current
3 GND Connected to the ground of the circuit
T1 WIRE IN The wire for input
T2 WIRE OUT The wire for output
Table 2.1.3.1 - Pinout configuration
 80kHz bandwidth
 66 to 185 mV/A output sensitivity
 The low-noise analog signal path
 Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin
24
 1.2 mΩ internal conductor resistance

 Total output error of 1.5% at TA = 25°C
 Stable output offset voltage.
 Near zero magnetic hysteresis
2.1.4 POWER MOSFET
Figure 2.1.4 - Power Mosfet
The IRF540N is an N-Channel Mosfet. This MOSFET can drive

loads up to 23A and can support peak current up to 110A. It also
has a threshold voltage of 4V, which means it can easily be driven
by low voltages like 5V. Hence it is mostly used with Arduino and
other microcontrollers for logic switching.
25
Pin Number Pin Name Description
1 Source Current flows out through Source
2 Gate Controls the biasing of the

MOSFET
3 Drain Current flows in through Drain
Table 2.1.4.1 - Pinout configuration
 Small signal N-Channel MOSFET
 Continuous Drain Current (ID) is 33A at 25°C
 Pulsed Drain Current (ID-peak) is 110A
 The Minimum Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 2V
 The maximum Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 4V
 Gate-Source Voltage is (VGS) is ±20V
 Maximum Drain-Source Voltage (VDS)is 100V
 Turn ON and Turn off time is 35ns each
 Available in To-220 package
2.1.5 DECADE INDUCTANCE BOX
Figure 2.1.5 - Decade inductance box
26
An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor is a passive two-

terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic
field when electric current flows through it. An inductor typically
consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil.
Range 0 to 10H
Resolution 1mH steps
Decade 1mH 10mH 100mH 1H
Accuracy at 1kHz 3% 3% 3% 3%
Max Current per 30mA 70mA 100mA 150mA

decade
Average resistance 0.1Ω 0.5Ω 3.4Ω 20.5Ω

per step
Typical Q Factor at 75 175 280 250

1kHz
Residual Resistance Less than 0.2Ω
Residual Inductance Less than 1Μh
Voltage Rating Maximum 30V AC RMS (non-switching). Subject to the max current
rating.
Temperature 0.1%/°C
Coefficient
Table 2.1.5.1 - Specification
27
2.1.6 CAPACITOR
Figure 2.1.6 - Capacitor
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric

field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some
capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in
proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add
capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as
a condenser or condensator.
 Has a high range of voltage value starting from 16V to 450V
 Can withstand a maximum of 105°C temperature
2.1.7 OSCILLOSCOPE
Figure 2.1.7 - Oscilloscope
28
An oscilloscope previously called an oscillograph, and informally

known as scope or o-scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope),
or DSO (for the more modern digital storage oscilloscope), is a
type of electronic test instrument that graphically displays
varying signal voltages, usually as a calibrated two-dimensional
plot of one or more signals as a function of time. The
displayed waveform can then be analyzed for properties such
as amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion, and
others. Originally, calculation of these values required manually
measuring the waveform against the scales built into the screen
of the instrument. Modern digital instruments may calculate and
display these properties directly.
2.1.8 DIGITAL MULTIMETER
Figure 2.1.8 - Digital Multimeter
A Digital Multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or more

electrical values, principally voltage, current, and resistance. It is
a standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the
electrical/electronic industries.
29
Voltage DC Accuracy1 ±(0.09% + 2)
Max. resolution 0.1 mV
Maximum 1000 V
Voltage AC Accuracy1 ±(1.0% + 3)
Max. resolution 0.1 mV
Maximum 1000 V
Current DC Accuracy1 ±(1.0% + 3)
Max. resolution 0.01 mA
Maximum 10 A
Current AC Accuracy1 ±(1.5% + 3)
Max. resolution 0.01 mA
Maximum 10 A
Resistance Accuracy1 ±(0.9% + 1)
Max. resolution 0.1 Ω
Maximum 50 MΩ
Capacitance Accuracy1 ±(1.2% + 2)
Max. resolution 1 nF
Maximum 10,000 µF
30
Frequency Accuracy1 ±(0.1% + 1)
Max. resolution 0.01 Hz
Maximum 100 kHz
Temperature Accuracy1 ±(1.0% + 10)
Max. resolution 0.1°C
Range -40°C / 400°C
1. Accuracies are best accuracies for each function
Environmental Specifications
Operating temperature -10°C to +50°C
Storage temperature -30°C to +60°C
Humidity (without 0% – 90% (0°C – 35°C)

condensation) 0% – 70% (35°C – 50°C)
Table 2.1.8.1 - Specification
2.1.9 BREADBOARD
Figure 2.1.9 - Breadboard
31
A breadboard, or protoboard, is a construction base

for prototyping electronics. Originally the word referred to a
literal breadboard, a polished piece of wood used when slicing
bread. In the 1970s the solderless breadboard (a.k.a. plugboard,
a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the
term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these.
2.1.10 CONNECTING WIRES
Figure 2.1.10 - Connecting wires
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one

point on a circuit to another because electricity needs a medium
through which it can move. Most of the connecting wires are
made up of copper or aluminum.
32
2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

2.2.1 ARDUINO IDE:
Figure 2.2.1 - Arduino IDE 1.8.13 software

Arduino is an open-source, computer hardware and software
company, project, and user community that designs and
manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital devices
and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in
the physical world. The project's products are distributed as
open-source hardware and software, which are licensed
under the GNU lesser general public license (LGPL) or the
GNU general public license (GPL), permitting the
manufacture of Arduino board. This application uses
embedded C++ for writing sketches. It contains a text editor
for writing code. A message area, a text console, a toolbar
with buttons for common functions, and a series of menus. It
connects to the Arduino and genuine hardware to upload
programs and communicate with them.
33
2.2.1.1 ARDUINO IDE EDITOR SCREEN
Figure 2.2.1.1 - Arduino IDE editor screen
Shows the editor where we can write the program using C and
C++ languages with special rules of code structuring, Also we can
write a program for interfacing the hardware components in the
same editor. Fig 2.2.1.1shows that the Arduino IDE has a toolbar
containing options like File, Edit, Sketch, and Tools. It also has
icons below the toolbar where the options Verify/Compile,
Upload, New file, Open, Save, and Serial Monitor.
2.2.1.2 SERIAL MONITOR

Figure 2.2.1.2 shows the serial monitor of BAUD (Bits at Unit
Density) Rate of 9600 where it’s showing the Real-time serial
data readings of voltage and current at that instant.
34
Figure 2.2.1.2 - Serial monitor
35

"ARKA-The Rapid Eco Plug & Go": Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

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Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

A Mini Project report on

Under the guidance of

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Maharaja

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Renewable solar energy systems provide prominent and significant

Figure 1 Basis circuit of DC-DC CUK converter 2

Table 2.1.1.1 Arduino Uno module specification 19

Sun is the primary renewable and abundant source of Energy. Our

Since the appearance of the traditional internal combustion

consumers utilize more electric vehicles, there will be less need to

DC-DC converters are the most widely used circuits in power

Figure 1 - Basic Circuit of DC-DC CUK Converter

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1.1 - General Block Diagram.

 A DC-DC CUK Converter is a converter that step-downs or step-

 The charge controller is a circuit that is used to control the

 The protection circuit is designed in such a way that the battery

 The battery management system is used to prevent the battery

 The charge can be stored in a battery or it can be used to charge

 The billing system is designed to keep a track of the power

1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF OUR PROJECT

 To design and implement zero ripple current "CUK" DC to DC

1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Artificial Intelligence Based MPPT Technique for Solar Power

•This paper gives the comparison between the conventional MPPT

2. Application of Various Classical and Intelligent MPPT Tracking

AUTHOR: Salaheddine Zouirech, Mohammed Zerouali, Hayat Elaissaoui,

• This paper is presented to give a detailed study about the different

3. Investigation of MPPT Techniques under Uniform and Non-

AUTHOR: Amjad Ali, Khalid Almutairi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban,

• MPPT operating under solar irradiation is suitable for conditions where

4. A Survey on Maximum Power Point Algorithms for PV System

AUTHOR: A Survey on Maximum Power Point Algorithms for PV System

• MPPT Algorithm under Uniform Irradiance Condition: This algorithm

5. A Comparative Study on Photo Voltaic MPPT Algorithms

AUTHOR: Xingshuo Li, Huiquing Wen, Yihua Hu

• EN50530 dynamic test procedure: To overcome the drawbacks of the

6. Design and Development of MPPT Algorithms for High

AUTHOR: Patel SN, Dr. R C Prasad

7. A Comprehensive Review on Maximum Power Point Tracking

AUTHOR: T Jayakumarn G Gurunathan, C V Srikanth, M K Shashank , R

• Perturb and observe Algorithm of MPPT: A slight voltage deviation is

8. Hybrid, Optimization, Intelligent, and Classical MPPT

AUTHOR: Ratnakar Babu Bollipo, Suresh Mikkili, Praveen Kumar

This paper presents 4 different types of MPPT Techniques categorized

raise efficiency’s Optimization-based MPPT: this is the technique in

9. Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques under Partial

AUTHOR: Md Reyaz Hussan, Dr. Adil Sarwar

• It also presents recent work done on the development of Global

10. Modelling and Simulation of Maximum Power Pont Tracking

AUTHOR: Sohel Aziz Syed, Dr. Alice N Charan

• This paper is focused on the mathematical modeling and simulation of

11. Design a bidirectional dc/dc converter for 2nd level EV

AUTHOR: Ammar Haten AIMarzoogee, Alaa Hamid Mohammed.

The dc to dc converter is molded by mixing buck &boost converter

12. An efficient bidirectional Dc/Dc charger for electric vehicle

AUTHOR: Pavan Singh Tomar, Manaswi Srivastava, Arun Kumar Vema

A different frequency operation is performed in step up and step down

13. Performance Assessment of two alternative DC-DC

AUTHOR: Fernando Bento & Antonio J. Marques Cardoso

Performance can be increased by limiting the fault tolerance and