"ARKA-The Rapid Eco Plug & Go": Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
A Mini Project report on

“ARKA- The Rapid Eco Plug & Go”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by
PRIYANKA G (4MH18EC081)
TEJAS M P (4MH18EC108)
DEEPTHI S (4MH18EC120)
ROHAN MALLESHWAR D S (4MH19EC404)
Under the guidance of

Mr. DEVENDRAN B
Assistant Professor
Dept. of E&CE,
MIT MYSORE
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Maharaja

Institute of Technology Mysore
2020-21
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Mini project work entitled “ARKA- The Rapid Eco Plug & Go”
is a bonafide work carried out by Priyanka G (4MH18EC081), Tejas M P(4MH18EC108), Deepthi S
(4MH18EC120), Rohan Malleshwar D S (4MH19EC404), and this report of Mini project is
submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year
2020-2021.
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the project report and has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said Degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Devendran B Dr. Ravichandra Dr. B G Naresh Kumar
Assistance Professor Prof. & HOD Principal
Dept. of E&CE Dept. of E&CE MIT Mysore.
MIT Mysore. MIT Mysore.
ARKA- The Rapid Eco Plug & Go Dept. Of ECE
i
ABSTRACT
Renewable solar energy systems provide prominent and significant
environmental benefits in comparison to the conventional energy sources
contributing to the sustainable development of human life. Till now, traditional
vehicles have relied on fossil fuels for power but nowadays these vehicles are
being replaced by Electric Vehicles (EV’s). Electric Vehicles are generally
considered as a “greener” solution compared to traditional vehicles, hence
Electric vehicles gained more popularity and adoption in many parts of the
country over the past few years. This study represents a model to design a
charging circuit for Electric Vehicles using abundant solar energy which is
efficient and also demonstrates the possibility of charging Electric Vehicles
using solar energy effectively. The abundance of solar radiation and its
utilization as the power source for charging Electric Vehicles is not only an
important decision but also a necessary condition to eradicate pollution caused
in the environment, low-cost maintaining and increasing the efficiency with its
diverse application.
ii
Table of Content
Abstract i
List of figures iii
List of tables iv
1. Preamble 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Block diagram 3
1.3 Objectives & scope of the project 4
1.4 Literature survey 4
1.5 Report organization 13
2. Materials & method 14
2.1 Hardware requirements 14
2.2 Software requirements 29
3. Maximum power point tracking 31
3.1 MPPT solar charge controller 32
4. Design and implementation 33
4.1 CUK converter working 33
4.2 Incremental conductance 38
4.3 Flow Chart for Incremental Conductance MPPT 40
5. Results and conclusion 41
5.1 Results 41
5.2 Future scope 43
5.3 Conclusion 43
6. Reference 44
iii
List of Figures
Figure 1 Basis circuit of DC-DC CUK converter 2

Figure 1.1 General block diagram 3
Figure 1.2 Comparison between led acid & lithium batteries 12
Figure 1.3 Comparison between traditional lithium &
Flash battery lithium batteries 12
Figure 2.1 Arduino Uno 14
Figure 2.1.1.1 Arduino Uno module specification 15
Figure 2.1.1.2 Arduino Uno pinout configuration 17
Figure 2.1.2 Voltage sensor 19
Figure 2.1.2.1 Voltage sensor pinout configuration 19
Figure 2.1.3 Current sensor 20
Figure 2.1.3.1 Current sensor pinout configuration 21
Figure 2.1.4 Power Mosfet 22
Figure 2.1.4.1 Power Mosfet pinout configuration 22
Figure 2.1.5 Decade inductance box 23
Figure 2.1.6 Capacitors 24
Figure 2.1.7 Oscilloscope 25
Figure 2.1.8 Digital Multimeter 26
Figure 2.1.9 Bread board 28
Figure 2.1.10 Connecting wires 28
Figure 2.2.1 Arduino IDE 1.8.13 software 29
Figure 2.2.1.1 Arduino IDE editor screen 30
Figure 2.2.1.2 Arduino IDE serial monitor 30
Figure 3.1.1 Variation of MPP at different sunlight conditions 31
Figure 3.1.2 Basic building blocks of MPPT charge controller system 32
Figure 4.1.1 Circuit schematic of buck converter 33
Figure 4.1.2 Circuit schematic of buck boost converter 34
Figure 4.1.4 Circuit schematic of boost buck converter 35
Figure 4.1.4 Circuit topology of a boost buck converter during
different switching intervals 35
Figure 4.1.5 Schematic and circuit representation of CUK converter 36
Figure 4.2.1 MPPT Incremental conductance 38
iv
Figure 4.1.6 Flow chart for incremental conductance algorithm 40
Figure 5.1.1 Lab setup and connection made 41
Figure 5.1.2 Power supply set to ~30V 42
Figure 5.1.3 Power supply obtained ~30v with series connection 42
List of Table
Table 2.1.1.1 Arduino Uno module specification 16
Table 2.1.1.2 Arduino Uno pinout configuration 18
Table 2.1.2.1 Voltage sensor pinout configuration 19-20
Table 2.1.3.1 Current sensor pinout configuration 21
Table 2.1.4.1 Power Mosfet pinout configuration 22-23
Table 2.1.5.1 Decade inductance box specification 24
Table 2.1.8.1 Digital Multimeter 26-27
Table 4.1.2.1 Design values of CUK Converter 37
Table 4.1.2.2 CUK Converter design specification 38
v
CHAPTER-1
PREAMBLE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Sun is the primary renewable and abundant source of Energy.
Our planet Earth receives 16 x 1018 units of energy from the sun,
which is 20,000 times the requirement of mankind on the Earth. Some
of the Solar Energy causes evaporation, leading to rains and the
creation of rivers lakes and other water bodies, etc. Some of it is
utilized in photosynthesis in plants which is essential for the
sustenance of life. Man has tried from time to utilize this infinite
source of energy. But till today it has been able to tap only a
negligibly small fraction of this energy.
Since the appearance of the traditional internal combustion

engine towards the end of the 19th century and specifically its
installation and use in automobiles, motorcars have been creating
severe pollution to the environment. The percentage of this pollution
caused by the emission of vehicles has been increasing over time with
more and more traditional automobiles appearing on the roads. It is a
known fact that nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels such as
coal, oil, and other such sources are almost on the level of extinction.
On the other hand, renewable energy sources such as the solar energy
are plentiful and it has the greatest availability compared to other non-
renewable energy sources. Recent research has shown that electric
vehicles are better for the environment. They emit very lesser air
pollutants and greenhouse gases than internal combustion vehicles.
And this takes into account their production and electricity to keep
them running. Solar energy is always free of emissions since it does
not produce any harmful pollutants or by-products which is harmful
to nature therefore it is nowadays a booming industry of research,
where trending and more efficient modes of harnessing solar energy
are the greatest challenges. Along with the economic and
environmental benefit of having to rely less on foreign oil, as
consumers utilize more electric vehicles, there will be less need to use
fossil fuel-based traditional vehicles which in turn will cause less
1
greenhouse gas emissions. While burning coal at electric power plants

is not that much better than burning oil, the electricity generated for
electric vehicles can also come from power plants fueled by other
energy sources that are much cleaner than fossil oil and coal:
hydropower, nuclear, geothermal, solar power and wind power. In a
recent study by World Health Organization (WHO), out of 20 global
cities that have more air pollution, 13 are in India. That sounds
alarming. So, we should look for renewable fuels that don’t affect the
environment by causing pollutions. By 2030, The Government of
India is planning to sell only electric vehicles in India. It is the
abundant renewable energy revolution in the country, which could
save energy costs by $60 billion. It’s a needed move as air pollution is
causing 1.2 Million deaths every year.
DC-DC converters are the most widely used circuits in power

electronics. We can find it in almost every electronic device
nowadays since all semiconductor components are powered by DC
sources. They are used in all situations where there is the need of
stabilizing a given dc voltage to the desired value. This is generally
achieved by chopping and filtering the input voltage through an
appropriate switching action, most of them are implemented via a
pulse width modulation (PWM).
Figure 1 - Basic Circuit of DC-DC CUK Converter
2
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram of “ARKA - The Rapid Eco Plug & Go” is as shown in
Fig.1.
Figure 1.1 - General Block Diagram.
 Voltage & current generated from the solar panel will be sensed
and monitored by the Voltage and current sensing circuit and it will
pass the signals to CUK Converter.
 A DC-DC CUK Converter is a converter that step-downs or step-

up the output voltage depending on the input voltage, the step-
down process is known as buck conversion whereas the step-up
process is boost conversion.
 The charge controller is a circuit that is used to control the

charging speed of the battery depending on the charge stored in the
battery.
 The protection circuit is designed in such a way that the battery

doesn't get damaged while fast charging it.
 The battery management system is used to prevent the battery from

getting damaged by over-charging, over-discharging, and
overheating.
 The charge can be stored in a battery or it can be used to charge the

EV from the solar grid, the charge present in the battery can be
3
later used to charge the small devices or EV’s.
 The billing system is designed to keep a track of the power

consumed by the end-user from the battery bank or solar grid,
thereby displaying the resulting details to the end-user.
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF OUR PROJECT

 To design and implement zero ripple current "CUK" DC to DC
converter.
 To design and implement efficient battery management &
billing system for EV.
 To establish a scaled-down model of an EV charging
infrastructure.
SCOPE: Solar panels convert light radiation from the sun into
electrical energy. The panels are mainly manufactured from
semiconductor materials, majorly silicon. Their efficiency is 24.5%
on the higher side. Three ways of increasing the efficiency of the solar
panels are through an increase of cell efficiency, maximizing the
power output, and the use of a tracking system. To maximize the
power output from solar panels one needs to keep them in the
direction that captures the most solar energy.
1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Application of Various Classical and Intelligent MPPT Tracking

Techniques for the Production of Energy through a Photovoltaic
System
AUTHOR: Salaheddine Zouirech, Mohammed Zerouali, Hayat Elaissaoui,
Abdelghani El Ougli, Belkassem Tidhaf
• This paper is presented to give a detailed study about the different types Of
MPPT Techniques.
• Open Circuit Voltage (OCV): This method is based completely on the
4
linear operation between the open-circuit voltage and the optimal voltage
given by the circuit.
• Algorithm Perturb and Observe (P&O): This is the technique, which is
performed to cause disturbance on the voltage of the solar module.
2. Investigation of MPPT Techniques under Uniform and Non-

Uniform Solar Irradiation Condition – A Retrospection
AUTHOR: Amjad Ali, Khalid Almutairi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban,
Senior Member, IEEE; Vineet Tirth, Salem Algarni, Kashif Irshad1, Saiful
Islam, Md. Hasan Zahir, Md Shafiullah, Muhammad Zeeshan Malik
• MPPT operating under solar irradiation is suitable for conditions where the
PV arrays receive uniform solar irradiance.
• Online Methods: In the online MPPT control method, usually instantaneous
values of PV output voltage or current are sensed to generate the control
signals to track the MPP under different weather conditions.
• Offline Method: The offline MPPT is also called a model-based method.
One or more of the solar PV panel’s physical characteristics are used to
design the control algorithm, where the operating system point is forced
towards the optimal conditions by following the user-defined limits to track
the MPP.
3. A Survey on Maximum Power Point Algorithms for PV System.

AUTHOR: A Survey on Maximum Power Point Algorithms for PV System
• MPPT Algorithm under Uniform Irradiance Condition: This algorithm
introduces a tradeoff between the condition and dynamic performance.
• As atmospheric conditions change this algorithm drifts the system away
from the maximum power point (MPP).
• In this algorithm technique, it is unable to relate the change in PV array
power to the change in the atmospheric condition, as it became the drawback
to this technique.
• A new technique was introduced which was called as IncCond MPPT
algorithm technique which can adjust the terminal voltage according to the
maximum operating point voltage
4. Design and Development of MPPT Algorithms for High Efficient

DC-DC Converter for Solar Energy System Connected to Grid.
AUTHOR: Patel SN, Dr. R C Prasad
5
• In this paper, the overall experimentation is carried out and the results of
the converter, inverter, grid control, and MPPT characteristics are analyzed.
• The maximum power point in the power is identified by an algorithm
called as Conductance Method.
• This algorithm will identify the suitable duty cycle ratio in which the Buck-
Boost converter should operate to the maximum point.
5. A Comprehensive Review on Maximum Power Point Tracking

Algorithms for Photo Voltaic Cells
AUTHOR: T Jayakumarn G Gurunathan, C V Srikanth, M K Shashank, R
Venkatesh, B Ramkiran, P Neelamegan.
• Perturb and observe Algorithm of MPPT: A slight voltage deviation is
introduced in this algorithm.
• The deviation can either be positive or negative depending on our need to
increase the output power or decrease it to match the MPP.
• This algorithm is designed to set a reference voltage of the PV array which
corresponds to the maximum voltage of the module.
• In addition to it, this paper also gives an idea about the incremental
conductance algorithm of MPPT
6. Modelling and Simulation of Maximum Power Pont Tracking

Algorithm based PV array and Utility Grid Interconnected System
AUTHOR: Sohel Aziz Syed, Dr. Alice N Charan
• This paper is focused on the mathematical modeling and simulation of PV
modules with boost converter interconnected with the utility grid. In this
method, the Inc. method technique is implemented in boost converter to
extract maximum possible power from the OV module which in turn
depends on solar irradiance and temperature.
• Later, the output which is obtained from the converter is fed to the real-
time.
• In this method, a boost converter is used to convert the obtained DC to AC
to get the maximum power available, the operating point should be at MPP
• the complete model is verified by the simulating process using MATLAB
7. Design a bidirectional dc/dc converter for 2nd level EV

bidirectional charger.
6
AUTHOR: Ammar Haten AIMarzoogee, Alaa Hamid Mohammed.

The dc to dc converter is molded by mixing buck &boost converter
&accordingly it is capable of function in the buck & boost method in both
ways (charging & discharging).
8. An efficient bidirectional Dc/Dc charger for electric vehicle battery

charging.
AUTHOR: Pavan Singh Tomar, Manaswi Srivastava, Arun Kumar Vema
A different frequency operation is performed in step up and step down mode
to achieve zero voltage switching in both the direction there are two
operations more step-up operation for high voltage and step down operation
for low voltage there are 5 and 6 Mode respectively each more different
from the value of C and L.
9. Performance Assessment of two alternative DC-DC converter

topologies for EV charging application.
AUTHOR: Fernando Bento & Antonio J. Marques Cardoso
Performance can be increased by limiting the fault tolerance and components
present in interleaved and multilevel converters. Using the respective
equation for interviewed and multilevel converters parameters should be
used as per requirement increases the performance of two alternative DC to
DC Converter.
10.A New SiC-GaN- based two-phase interleaved bidirectional DC-

DC converter for plug In Electric Vehicle.
AUTHOR: Milad Moradpur, Gianluca Gatto
For traction inverter drive & vehicle to grid battery discharging the converter
works in the boost mode, for regenerative braking and battery charging the
converter is in the buck mode. Silicon carbide and gallium nitride are
considered as the future of power electronic devices. GaN is more attractive
because of its very low gate charge amount.
11.A low cost, high power-density DC-DC converter for hybrid &
Electric Vehicle Applications.
AUTHOR: Md Rishad Ahmed and Yun Li
High to low voltage DC to DC Converter is an essential component for the
7
battery and electronic vehicle. DC to DC Converter need be a buck converter

operating as input voltage [220-475 v] and output voltage [8-14.5 v]. Phase-
shifted full Bridge with current double rectifier using S, SiC & GaN power
semiconductor device.
12.A high-efficiency high power density LLC DC-DC converter for

EV onboard low voltage DC-DC converter application.
AUTHOR: K. Lakshmi Varaha Iyer
To reduce the conduction losses for low voltage high current application a
three-phase interleaved LLC DC-DC converter with SCC is designed for
EV. LDC, GaN HEMT is used in transformer primary following switching
frequency. 250v-430v input and 9v-16v output wide voltage range high load
current is realized in LDC.
13.Voltage control comparison for low power DC-DC converts in

EVs: PI and explicit MPC.
AUTHOR: Mattia Rossi, Luigi Piegari, Francesco Castelli-Dezza, Marco
Mauri, Maria Stefania Carmeli.
The indirect EMPS has been extended to a three-level neutral point clamped
DC to DC Converter. Only one controller at a time is active showing an
equivalent to an EMPC targeted for 2L and 3L topologies.
14.Performance analysis of non-isolated high step-up DC-DC

converter topologies used in photovoltaic grid-connected electric
vehicle charging station.
AUTHOR: D Krishna Srija, Tadivada Sai Keerthi, Raghupatruni Anusha,
Banothu Hari Chandana, Shankar Peddapati.
Performance parallel-connected configuration is better in terms of efficiency
over series-connected configuration under partially shaded conditions.
Converter configuration:
1. Boost Converter
2. Interleaved Boost Converter
3. Inter Leaved Boost Converter with coupled inductor
4. Boost Converter with voltage multiplier
5. Cascade Boost Converter
6. Integrated Cascade Boost Converter.
8
15.Comprehensive Review and Comparison of DC Fast Charging

Converter Topologies: Improving Electric Vehicle Plug-to-Wheels.
AUTHOR: Janamejaya Channegowda, Vamsi Krishna Pathipati, Sheldon S.
Williamson.
Ideally, the PTW efficiency for EVs should be close to 45-50%. The PTW
energy flow includes P2B and battery-to-wheels (B2W) efficiency. To
improve the PTW energy efficiency, a high efficiency, high reliability, high
power density, and cost-effective charger design is mandatory.
•Level1-120Vac-1-phase-1.4kW-17hr
•Level2-240Vac-1-split-phase-4kW-6hr
•Level 3- 208/415 Vac- 3-phase- 50kW- 0.5hr
16.Highly Efficient and Compact DC-DC Converter for Ultra-Fast

Charging of Electric Vehicles
AUTHOR: D. Christen, S. Tschannen, J. Biela
In this paper, a concept for high-power DC-DC converters suitable for ultra-
fast charging stations for electric vehicles is presented.
The total volume of the inductors is reduced by a factor of 1/N and due to the
small ripple of the output current, the size of the input and output filter is
minimized as well. Furthermore, a modular multi-phase converter system
has also the advantage of achieving high efficiencies under part-load
conditions by adapting the number of active phases (also called power
shedding).
17.Investigation of DC fast charging topologies for electric vehicle

charging stations (EVCS).
AUTHOR: S. Harika, Dr R. Seyezhai, Dr A. Jawahar
The DC-DC converter should be designed in such a way as to enhance the
battery lifetime and battery performance. Thus, the DC-DC converter used
for charging should be ripple-free and highly efficient.
The review of three different buck converters namely
classical buck converter, QZS buck converter, and switched capacitor QZSC
(SC-QZSC).SC-QZSC has reduced ripple content in the output as well as in
the inductor. Thus, it is concluded that the SC-QZSC is the best candidate
for battery charging as the charger needs to have reduced ripple and
9
improved performance.
18. Modeling and Analysis of a Fast Charging Station and Evaluation

of Service Quality for Electric Vehicles.
AUTHOR: Emin User, Mithat C, Kisacikoglu
There are two types of EV charging methods: (i) on-board charger for AC
grid connection which can be, single-phase Level 1 (L1) & Level 2 (L2). (ii)
DC fast-charging (DCFC). Optimization of a DCFC station is complicated
by factors such as space limitations, the current charge technology, and the
uncertainty regarding, both the demand and technology development.
19.State of Charge (SoC) Analysis and Modeling Battery Discharging

Parameters.
AUTHOR: M. Iwan wahyuddin, Purnomo sidi priambodo, Harry sudibyo.
In this paper, we propose an analysis of the parameters that affect battery
characteristics during discharging to estimate the SoC of the lead-acid
battery. This study analyzes the parameters when the battery is being loaded
and on the usage conditions by a constant load resistance using a
mathematical model and electrical model combination. In general, battery
modeling is divided into three major parts, namely; the electrochemical
model, analytical/mathematical model, and electric circuit model.
20.Fault Analysis and Protection Strategy on Contactless Power

Transfer System for Electric Vehicle.
AUTHOR: Wang Li-ye, Wang Li-Fang, Zhang Zhi-gang & Zhu Qing-Wei
In this paper, the principle of a Contactless Power Transfer (CPT) system is
introduced, the situation of CPT system for electric vehicle about excessive
startup current, coil short, system overheating and load open circuit are
analyzed and research.
21.Quantitative Assessment of Electric Safety Protection for Electric

Vehicle Charging Equipment.
AUTHOR: Kai Zhang, Zhongdong Yin, Xiaotian, Zhuowu Yan, Yongzhang
Huang.
In this paper, according to the electric safety protection of electric vehicle
charging equipment, a new method based on synthetic weight is proposed.
10
This method quantifies the abstract ability of electrical safety and real
charging equipment is tested in order to verify the validity of the evaluation
index.
22.The Low-cost Voltage and Current Measurement Device Design

for Power Converters.
AUTHOR: Yasin KABALCI1, Ersan KABALCI2
This paper presents a new sensing circuit design with significant advantages
for DC voltage systems. The proposed sensing circuit is capable to measure
currents and voltages employing one current transducer.
23.A High Side Current Sensing Circuit with High PSRR Based on
BCD Process.
AUTHOR: Jianbin Lin1, Huihui Cheng2, and Jianli Xing
This paper describes an instrumentation amplifier for bidirectional high-side
current sensing applications. It uses an advanced high-voltage process to
design. To achieve high power supply voltage, the circuit adds a current
source under the amplifier. So the circuit has a wide power supply voltage
range from 4V-40V, and the input common-mode voltage of the amplifier
also can go beyond its supply rail.
24.Design of a Current-Sense Voltage-Feedback Common Mode EMI

Filter for an Off-line Power Converter.
AUTHOR: Krishna Mainali, Student Member, IEEE, and Ramesh Oruganti,
Senior Member, IEEE.
A simple feedback structure employing a high-frequency linear amplifier
and passive filter components has been designed. The major problem with an
active feedback filter is the stability of the feedback system, which is
influenced by the parasitics of the circuit components.
11
25. Battery Comparison
Figure 1.2 - Comparison between led acid & lithium batteries
Figure 1.3 - Comparison between traditional lithium & flash battery lithium batteries
12
1.5 REPORT ORGANIZATION
Chapter 1: In this chapter, a brief introduction of ARKA -The Rapid Eco Plug
& Go is described with a generalized schematic diagram. Also, it describes the
scope of the designed system, objectives, and literature survey.
Chapter 2: This chapter focuses on complete detail of all the hardware

components used along with the specifications of each and the software arduino
IDE.
Chapter 3: The chapter involves the MPPT charge controller system

description, and various MPPT techniques.
Chapter 4: This chapter describes the CUK Converter design procedure and
implementation, interfacing circuits and the Incremental Conductance
methodology and implementation procedures.
Chapter 5: This chapter has the discussion, conclusion.
13
CHAPTER-2
MATERIAL & METHODS
2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
2.1.1 ARDUINO UNO:
Figure 2.1 - Arduino Uno
Arduino/Genuine Uno is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328P processor. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be
used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller, it can be easily connected to a
computer with a USB cable or power with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about
doing something wrong, in the worst-case scenario we can replace the chip and
start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian, the Uno board is the first board in a series of USB
Arduino boards and the reference model for the Arduino platform.
14
2.1.1.1 AURDINO MODULE SPECIFICATION
Figure 2.1.1.1 - Module specification
15
Microcontroller ATmega 328P – 8bit AVR family

microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended Input 7-12V

Voltage
Input Voltage Limits 6-20V
Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)
Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)
DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA
DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Boot loader)
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz
Table 2.1.1.1 - Module specification
16
2.1..
Figure 2.1.1.2 - Pinout configuration
17
Pin Category Pin Name Details
Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an
GND external power source.
5V: Regulated power supply used to power
microcontroller and other components on the
board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by the onboard
voltage regulator. The maximum current
draw is 50mA.
GND: ground pins.
Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.
Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of

0-5V
Input/output Digital Pins 0 - 13 Can be used as input or output pins.

Pins
Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.
External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

Interrupts
PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.
SPI 10 (SS), 11 Used for SPI communication.

(MOSI), 12
(MISO) and 13
(SCK)
Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.
TWI A4 (SDA), A5 Used for TWI communication.

(SCA)
AREF AREF To provide a reference voltage for input

voltage.
18
2.1.2 VOLTAGE SENSOR
Figure 2.1.2 - Voltage sensor
A voltage sensor is a sensor that is used to calculate and monitor the

amount of voltage in an object. Voltage sensors can determine the AC voltage
or DC voltage level. The input of this sensor is the voltage, whereas the output
is the switches, analog voltage signal, a current signal, or an audible signal. A
voltage Sensor is a precise low-cost sensor for measuring voltage. It is based on
the principle of resistive voltage divider design. It can make the red terminal
connector input voltage 5 times smaller.
2.1.2.1 PINOUT CONFIGURATION
Pin Name Description
VCC The positive terminal of the external voltage source (0-

25V)
GND The negative terminal of the External voltage source
19
S Analog pin connected to Analog pin of Arduino
+ Not Connected
- Ground Pin connected to GND of Arduino
Table 2.1.2.1 - Pin configuration
2.1.2.2 SPECIFICATION
 Input Voltage: 0 to 25V

 Voltage Detection Range: 0.02445 to 25
 Analog Voltage Resolution: 0.00489V
 Needs no external components
 Easy to use with Microcontrollers
 Small, cheap, and easily available
 Dimensions: 4 × 3 × 2 cm
2.1.3 CURRENT SENSOR
Figure 2.1.3 - Current sensor
The ACS712 is a fully integrated, hall effect-based linear current sensor

with 2.1kVRMS voltage isolation and an integrated low-resistance current
conductor. Technical terms aside, it’s simply put forth as a current sensor that
uses its conductor to calculate and measure the amount of current applied.
20
Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 VCC Input Voltage is +5V for typical applications
2 OUT Output analog voltage proportional to current
3 GND Connected to the ground of the circuit
T1 WIRE IN The wire for input
T2 WIRE OUT The wire for output
Table 2.1.3.1 - Pinout configuration
 80kHz bandwidth
 66 to 185 mV/A output sensitivity
 The low-noise analog signal path
 Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin
 1.2 mΩ internal conductor resistance
 Total output error of 1.5% at TA = 25°C
 Stable output offset voltage.
 Near zero magnetic hysteresis
21
2.1.4 POWER MOSFET
Figure 2.1.4 - Power Mosfet
The IRF540N is an N-Channel Mosfet. This MOSFET can drive loads up

to 23A and can support peak current up to 110A. It also has a threshold voltage
of 4V, which means it can easily be driven by low voltages like 5V. Hence it is
mostly used with Arduino and other microcontrollers for logic switching.
Pin Number Pin Name Description
1 Source Current flows out through Source
2 Gate Controls the biasing of the
22
MOSFET
3 Drain Current flows in through Drain
Table 2.1.4.1 - Pinout configuration
 Small signal N-Channel MOSFET
 Continuous Drain Current (ID) is 33A at 25°C
 Pulsed Drain Current (ID-peak) is 110A
 The Minimum Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 2V
 The maximum Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 4V
 Gate-Source Voltage is (VGS) is ±20V
 Maximum Drain-Source Voltage (VDS)is 100V
 Turn ON and Turn off time is 35ns each
 Available in To-220 package
2.1.5 DECADE INDUCTANCE BOX
Figure 2.1.5 - Decade inductance box
An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor is a passive

two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic
field when electric current flows through it. An inductor typically
consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil.
23
Range 0 to 10H
Resolution 1mH steps
Decade 1mH 10mH 100mH 1H
Accuracy at 1kHz 3% 3% 3% 3%
Max Current per 30mA 70mA 100mA 150mA

decade
Average resistance 0.1Ω 0.5Ω 3.4Ω 20.5Ω

per step
Typical Q Factor at 75 175 280 250

1kHz
Residual Resistance Less than 0.2Ω
Residual Inductance Less than 1Μh
Voltage Rating Maximum 30V AC RMS (non-switching). Subject to the max current rating.
Temperature Coefficient 0.1%/°C
Table 2.1.5.1 – Specification
2.1.6 CAPACITOR
Figure 2.1.6 - Capacitor

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric
field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals. The
effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance
24
exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit,

a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit.
The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator.
 Has a high range of voltage value starting from 16V to 450V
 Can withstand a maximum of 105°C temperature
2.1.7 OSCILLOSCOPE
Figure 2.1.7 - Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope previously called an oscillograph, and

informally known as scope or o-scope, CRO (for cathode-ray
oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage
oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that graphically
displays varying signal voltages, usually as a calibrated two-
dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time. The
displayed waveform can then be analyzed for properties such
as amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion, and
others. Originally, calculation of these values required manually
measuring the waveform against the scales built into the screen of the
instrument. Modern digital instruments may calculate and display
these properties directly.
25
2.1.8 DIGITAL MULTIMETER

A Digital Multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or more
electrical values, principally voltage, current, and resistance. It is a
standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the electrical/electronic
industries.
Figure 2.1.8 - Digital Multimeter
Voltage DC Accuracy1 ±(0.09% + 2)
Max. resolution 0.1 mV
Maximum 1000 V
Voltage AC Accuracy1 ±(1.0% + 3)
Max. resolution 0.1 mV
Maximum 1000 V
Current DC Accuracy1 ±(1.0% + 3)
Max. resolution 0.01 mA
Maximum 10 A
Current AC Accuracy1 ±(1.5% + 3)
26
Max. resolution 0.01 mA
Maximum 10 A
Resistance Accuracy1 ±(0.9% + 1)
Max. resolution 0.1 Ω
Maximum 50 MΩ
Capacitance Accuracy1 ±(1.2% + 2)
Max. resolution 1 nF
Maximum 10,000 µF
Frequency Accuracy1 ±(0.1% + 1)
Max. resolution 0.01 Hz
Maximum 100 kHz
Temperature Accuracy1 ±(1.0% + 10)
Max. resolution 0.1°C
Range -40°C / 400°C
1. Accuracies are best accuracies for each function
Environmental Specifications
Operating temperature -10°C to +50°C
Storage temperature -30°C to +60°C
Humidity (without 0% – 90% (0°C – 35°C)

condensation) 0% – 70% (35°C – 50°C)
Table 2.1.8.1 – Specification
27
2.1.9 BREADBOARD
Figure 2.1.9 - Breadboard
A breadboard, or protoboard, is a construction base

for prototyping electronics. Originally the word referred to a literal
breadboard, a polished piece of wood used when slicing bread. In the
1970s the solderless breadboard (a.k.a. plugboard, a terminal array
board) became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is
commonly used to refer to these.
2.1.10 CONNECTING WIRES
Figure 2.1.10 - Connecting wires
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one

point on a circuit to another because electricity needs a medium
through which it can move. Most of the connecting wires are made up
of copper or aluminum.
28
2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

2.2.1 ARDUINO IDE:
Figure 2.2.1 - Arduino IDE 1.8.13 software

Arduino is an open-source, computer hardware and software
company, project, and user community that designs and
manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the
physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-
source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU
lesser general public license (LGPL) or the GNU general public
license (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino board. This
application uses embedded C++ for writing sketches. It contains a
text editor for writing code. A message area, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for common functions, and a series of menus.
It connects to the Arduino and genuine hardware to upload
programs and communicate with them.
2.2.1.1 ARDUINO IDE EDITOR SCREEN

Shows the editor where we can write the program using C and C++
languages with special rules of code structuring, Also we can write a program
for interfacing the hardware components in the same editor. Fig 2.2.1.1shows
that the Arduino IDE has a toolbar containing options like File, Edit, Sketch,
and Tools. It also has icons below the toolbar where the options
29
Verify/Compile, Upload, New file, Open, Save, and Serial Monitor.
Figure 2.2.1.1 – Arduino IDE Editor Screen
2.2.1.2 SERIAL MONITOR

Figure 2.2.1.2 shows the serial monitor of BAUD (Bits at Unit
Density) Rate of 9600 where it’s showing the Real-time serial data
readings of voltage and current at that instant.
Figure 2.2.1.2 - Serial monitor
30
CHAPTER-3
MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
The Power-Voltage or current-voltage curve of a solar panel, there is a
peak operating point at which the Solar Panel delivers the maximum possible
power to the load. This unique point is called the maximum power point
(MPP) of solar panel. The photovoltaic nature of the solar panels makes the
(Power-Voltage or current-voltage) curves depend on temperature and
irradiance (the flux of radiant energy per unit area) levels. In other words
depending on the amount of sunlight per unit area of the panels the curve will
vary hence the peak point or MPP will vary accordingly. Therefore it can be
deduced that the operating current and voltage which maximize power output
will change with environmental conditions.
Fig 3.1.1 the variation of maximum Power Point (MPP) at different sunlight
conditions.
From the Fig: 3.1.2 it can be seen that the MPP depends on certain conditions
such as the irradiance for instance which is given by the symbol „G‟. At
different values of G from the graph it can be seen how the values of MPP has
slightly shifted. It is hence the work of charge controller using certain
algorithm to calculate the MPP at every instance providing the maximum
power hence making the system more efficient. In these applications, the load
can demand more power than the PV system can deliver. There are many
different approaches to maximizing the power from a PV system, this range
from using simple voltage relationships to more complexes multiple sample
31
based analysis.
3.1.1 MPPT Solar Charge Controller
The efficiency loss in a basic system is due to a miss-match between
voltage produced by the PV panels and that required to charge the batteries
under certain conditions. Ideally, charge controller directly controls the state
of charge of the battery. Without charge control, the current from the module
will flow into a battery proportional to the
„IRRADIANCE‟ (the radiant power received by a surface per unit area),
whether the battery needs to be charging or not. If the battery is fully charged,
unregulated charging will cause the battery voltage to reach exceedingly high
levels, causing electrolyte loss, internal heating and also might lead to grid
corrosion. So we can basically say that a charge controller maintains the
health and extends the lifetime of the battery. Hence the necessity of having
such a type of charge controller has immense advantage while using solar
panels. This work done by the controller has a very complex mechanism
where the main components are a converter and sensor. There are certain
algorithms assigned to the system in order to compare and decide on that
right voltage and power which makes the whole system a truly smart and
further efficient. So from the sunlight captured by the PV panels are then
turned into current which is later sent to these controllers for further
modifications.
The entire system shown in fig 3.13 can be classified into 3 main categories,
they are
 Source: Solar panel (Electrical part of the system)
 Charge Controller: DC-DC converter (Electronic part of the system)
 Load: Rechargeable Battery (Electrical part of the system)
Figure 3.1.2 Basic building blocks of MPPT charge controller system
32
CHAPTER- 4
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
CUK Converter
The CUK converter is a type of buck-boost converter with zero ripple current.
CUK converter can be seen as a combination of boost converter and buck
converter, having one switching device and a mutual capacitor, to couple the
energy.
Similar to the buck-boost converter with inverting topology, the output voltage
of non-isolated CUK converter is typically inverted, with lower or higher values
with respect to the input voltage. Usually in DC converters, the inductor is used
as a main energy-storage component. In CUK converter, the main energy
storage component is the capacitor. It is named after Slobodan CUK of
the California Institute of Technology, who first presented the design.
CUK converter is used to get output voltage less than or greater than input
voltage but output voltage polarity is opposite to that of input voltage.
4.1.1 CUK converter working
The advantages and disadvantages of three basic non-isolated converters can
be summarized as given below.
1. Buck converter
1
L
2 S1
Vin
C
Fig. 4.1.1: Circuit schematic of a buck converter

Features of a buck converter are
33
 Pulsed input current, requires input filter.

 Continuous output current results in lower output voltage ripple.
 Output voltage is always less than input voltage.
2. Boost converter
L
1
S1
2
Vin
C
Fig. 4.1.2: Circuit schematic of a boost converter

Features of a boost converter are
 Continuous input current, eliminates input filter.
 Pulsed output current increases output voltage ripple.
 Output voltage is always greater than input voltage.
3. Buck - Boost converter
S1
Vin L
C
Fig. 4.1.3: Circuit schematic of a buck boost converter
Features of a buck - boost converter are

1. Pulsed input current, requires input filter.
2. Pulsed output current increases output voltage ripple
3. Output voltage can be either greater or smaller than input
voltage.
It will be desirable to combine the advantages of these basic converters into
one converter.
CUK converter is one such converter. It has the following advantages.
 Continuous input current.
 Continuous output current.
Output voltage can be either greater or less than input voltage. CUK converter is
34
actually the cascade combination of a boost and a buck converter.

L1 2 L2
S1
1 + +
Vin C - -
2' C2
S2
1'
Fig. 4.1.4: Circuit schematic of a boost-buck converter

S1 and S2 operate synchronously with same duty ratio. Therefore there are only
two switching states.
(i) 0 < t ≤ DT
S1 to (1) & S2 to (1')
The circuit configuration is given below
Vin C1 C2 C2
(a)
(ii) DT < t < T; S1 to (2) & S2 to (2')
Vin C2 C2
(b)
Fig. 4.1.4: Circuit topology of a boost-buck converter during

different switching intervals
(a) 0 ≤ t < DT, (b) DT ≤ t < T
These two topologies can also be obtained from the following circuit which is
35
the so called CUK converter.
1 2
S
(a) R
Vin C2
vc1
L1 C1 L2
+ -
(b) ic2 i0
iL1 iL2
1 2 +
R V
iB C2 -
Fig. 4.1.5: Schematic and Circuit representation of CUK converter.

(a) Schematic diagram, (b) Circuit diagram
4.1.2 Design of CUK converter circuit

The duty cycle Ratio
𝑉o 𝐷
=
𝑉s 1−𝐷
Inductor L1,
𝑉S ∗ 𝐷
𝐿1 ≥
𝑓S ∗ Δ IL1
Inductor L2,
𝑉S ∗ 𝐷
𝐿2 ≥
𝑓S ∗ Δ IL2
Capacitor C1,
36
𝑉0 ∗ 𝐷 𝐼in(1 − 𝐷)
𝐶1 ≥ (or)
𝑓S ∗ Δ VC1 Δ VC1
Capacitor C2,
1−𝐷
𝐶2 ≥
𝑓S 2(ΔVC2⁄V0)8L2
Current through inductor L1,

𝑃S
𝐼L1 =
𝑉S
Current through inductor L2,

𝑃0
𝐼L2 =
𝑉0
Δ IL1= IL1 * % of change in inductor current L1.
Δ IL2= IL2 * % of change in inductor current L2.
Δ VC1 = (Vs – V0) * % of change in voltage across capacitor C1.
Δ VC2 = (Vs – V0) * % of change in voltage across capacitor C2.
Parameters Values
Supply Voltage (VS) 15V
DC link Voltage (Vdc) 7.5V
Switching frequency (fs) 50kHZ
Output current (I0) 5.769A
Input inductor current ripple (IL1) 2A
Output inductor current ripple (IL2) 2.88A
Intermediate capacitor voltage ripple (VC1) 0.3V

Table 4.1.2.1 - Design values of CUK Converter
Parameters Specifications
37
Supply Voltage (Vs) 15V

DC link Voltage (Vdc) 7.5V
Switching frequency (fs) 50kHZ
Inductor (L1) 6mH
Capacitor (C1) 800µF
Inductor (L2) 4mH
Capacitor (C2) 8.772µF
Table 4.1.2.2 - CUK Converter design specification
4.2 INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE

The disadvantage of perturb and observe method to track the peak
power under fast varying atmospheric condition is overcome by IC method. The
IC can determine that the MPPT has reached the MPPT and stop perturbing the
operating point. If this condition is not met, the direction in which the MPPT
operating point must be perturbed can be calculated using the relationship
between dl/dV and –I/V This relationship is derived from the fact that dP/dV is
negative when the MPPT is to the right of the MPPT and positive when it is to
the left of the MPPT. This algorithm has advantages over P&O in that it can
determine when the MPPT has reached the MPPT, where P&O oscillates
around the MPPT. Also, incremental conductance can track rapidly increasing
and decreasing irradiance conditions with higher accuracy than P and O. Fig
4.10 shows that the slope of the P-V array power curve is zero at The MPPT,
increasing on the left of the MPPT and decreasing on the Right hand side of the
MPPT. The basic equations of this method are as follows.
Figure 4.2.1 - MPPT Incremental conductance
38
𝑑𝐼 𝐼
= − at MPP
𝑑𝑉 𝑉
𝑑𝐼 𝐼
> − left of MPP
𝑑𝑉 𝑉
𝑑𝐼 𝐼
< − right of MPP
𝑑𝑉 𝑉
𝑑𝑃 𝑑(𝑉, 𝐼) 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐼
= = 𝐼 +𝑉
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝐼
= 𝐼+𝑉
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑃
MPP is Reached when =0
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑃
> 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑝 < 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑃
= 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑃
< 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑝 > 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝
𝑑𝑉
In order to find the MPPT IC method can be used, it has been known to
improve the PV efficiency, reduce power loss and also the system cost. When
IC method is implemented in a microcontroller it is seen to produce a much
more stable performance compared to P&O method. The procedure starts
with measuring the present values of PV module voltage and current. Then, it
computes the incremental changes, dI (change in current) and dV (change in
voltage), which uses the present and previous values of the voltage and
current.
With the help of the relationships in the equations mentioned above the main
check is then done. If the condition satisfies the inequality equation shown
above, it is assumed that the operating point is at the left side of the MPPT
thus must be moved to the right by increasing the module voltage. Similarly,
if the condition satisfies the inequality equation, it is assumed that the
39
operating point is at the right side of the MPP, thus must be moved to the left
by decreasing the module voltage.
Benefits:
 It is able to successfully detect any changes in the irradiation and shift
its MPP value by adjusting the duty cycle.
 It has a good tracking efficiency
 This method reduces oscillation around the MPP point
 It is able to reduce power loss and system cost as well
Drawbacks:
 The computational time is increased due to slowing down of the
sampling frequency resulting from the higher complexity of the
algorithm compared to the P&O method.
4.3 Flow Chart for Incremental Conductance MPPT
Fig 4.3.1 - Flow Chart for Incremental Conductance algorithm
40
CHAPTER-5
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Results and Discussions:

A DC-DC CUK Converter is designed successfully. CUK converter is a basic
non-isolated DC-DC converter topology which can be regarded as combination
of boost converter and buck converter. The output voltage can be adjusted to be
larger or smaller than the input voltage, which is very flexible. CUK converter
has many advantages among DC-DC topologies. We designed the low voltage
side DC power supply by CUK converter.
The input voltage is set at 15V while the goal of output voltage is 12V.
Voltage and Current values are sensed by means of voltage and current sensors
and fed to microcontroller to execute the incremental conductance
algorithm. From the practical observation it is found that, when Vin ≅ 9V,
Vout is boosted to 12V. Similarly when Vin≅ 14V, Vout bucked to 12V.
Therefore both buck and boost operation have been Observed under resistive
load condition. Images of the prototype are shown below where in the PWM
signal or pulse is successfully generated.
NOTE: In CUK Converter Decade inductance box has been used because of the
non-availability of designed inductor value.
Figure 5.1.1 - Lab setup and connections made
41
Figure 5.1.2 Power supply set to ~30v
Figure 5.1.3 Power supply obtained ~30V with series connection
42
5.2 Future Scope:
Electrification is one of the appropriate way to establish a clean and

energy efficient transportation. The impact of electric vehicle on the
environment is considered as a serious issue. The locomotive industry as well as
power sector gets benefitted by the reliable technology provided by the electric
vehicle. This green vehicle also helps in creating an alternative power source for
household applications and provide ancillary services to the grid. It also helps in
integrating the intermittent resources for vehicle charging. As this vehicle
generates prominent feature of less maintenance and ease of charge at
residential premises. The electric vehicle creates a significant role in power
sector mainly in the application of smart grid and act as a smart vehicle through
grid communication.
Proper infrastructure is one of the critical factors. But whatever the cons are of
using and promoting EVs on Indian roads, the overall electric cars on the Indian
roads will be almost 100 million in the financial year 2030 from just a half
million in the financial year 2020.
DC-DC CUK Converter provides low cost and high-power density-based
charging solution for EV. This charger incorporates less number of devices
operating over one switching cycle, which reduces the additional conduction
loss incurred by a diode bridge rectifier of conventional charger and hence,
improves the charger efficiency.
5.3 Conclusion:
This work presents an MPPT algorithm called Incremental conductance
Method. This method computes the maximum power from the PV array. All the
specification and values of passive components for designing of a CUK
CONVERTER was determined theoretically and implemented the same. It is
clear that by varying duty cycle output also changes, duty cycle above 50% it
operate as a boost converter and below 50% it act like a buck converter. The
proposed method offers different advantages which are: good tracking
efficiency, Intelligent folding of solar panels during rainy condition and self-
cleaning of panels which ensure the better output.
43
Reference :
1. Gaglani, M., Rai, R., & Das, S. (2019). Implementation Of Multilevel Battery
Charging Scheme For Lithium-ion Batteries. 2019 National Power
Electronics Conference (NPEC). doi:10.1109/npec47332.2019.9034748.
2. Stoldt, C. R., & Lee, S.-H. (2013). All-solid-state lithium metal batteries for
next generation energy storage. 2013 Transducers & Eurosensors XXVII:
The 17th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and
Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS & EUROSENSORS
XXVII). doi:10.1109/transducers.2013.6627392.
3. Channegowda, J., Pathipati, V. K., & Williamson, S. S.
(2015). Comprehensive review and comparison of DC fast charging
converter topologies: Improving electric vehicle plug-to-wheels efficiency.
2015 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics
(ISIE). doi:10.1109/isie.2015.7281479.
4. Christen, D., Tschannen, S., & Biela, J. (2012). Highly efficient and compact
DC-DC converter for ultra-fast charging of electric vehicles. 2012 15th
International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference
(EPE/PEMC). doi:10.1109/epepemc.2012.6397481.
5. Zouirech, S., Zerouali, M., Elaissaoui, H., Ougli, A. E., & Tidhaf, B. (2019).
Application of Various Classical and Intelligent MPPT Tracking Techniques
for the Production of Energy through a Photovoltaic System. 2019 7th
International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC).
doi:10.1109/irsec48032.2019.9078154.
6. Hussan, R., & Sarwar, A. (2018). Maximum Power Point Tracking
Techniques under Partial Shading Condition- A Review. 2018 2nd IEEE
International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and
Energy Systems (ICPEICES). doi:10.1109/icpeices.2018.8897493.
7. Ammar Hatem AlMarzoogee, Alaa Hamid Mohammed, Design a
Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for Second-Level Electric Vehicle
Bidirectional Charger, 2020 4th International Symposium on
Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT),
doi:10.1109/ISMSIT50672.2020.9254306.
8. Rossi, M., Piegari, L., Castelli-Dezza, F., Mauri, M., & Carmeli, M. S.
(2018). Voltage Control Comparison for Low-Power DC-DC Converters in
EVs: PI and Explicit MPC. IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. doi:10.1109/iecon.2018.8591195.
44
9. Ucer, E., Koyuncu, I., Kisacikoglu, M. C., Yavuz, M., Meintz, A., & Rames,
C. (2019). Modelling and Analysis of a Fast Charging Station and
Evaluation of Service Quality for Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on
Transportation Electrification, 1–1. doi:10.1109/tte.2019.2897088.
10.Zouirech, S., Zerouali, M., Elaissaoui, H., Ougli, A. E., & Tidhaf, B.
(2019). Application of Various Classical and Intelligent MPPT Tracking
Techniques for the Production of Energy through a Photovoltaic System.
2019 7th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference
(IRSEC). doi:10.1109/irsec48032.2019.9078154.
11.Ratnakar Babu Bollipo, Suresh Mikkili, Praveen Kumar Bonthagorla
Hybrid, optimization, intelligent and classical PV MPPT techniques:
Review. (2020). CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems.
doi:10.17775/cseejpes.2019.02720.
12.Ucer, E., Koyuncu, I., Kisacikoglu, M. C., Yavuz, M., Meintz, A., & Rames,
C. (2019). Modelling and Analysis of a Fast Charging Station and
Evaluation of Service Quality for Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on
Transportation Electrification, 1–1. doi:10.1109/tte.2019.2897088.
45

"ARKA-The Rapid Eco Plug & Go": Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

"ARKA-The Rapid Eco Plug & Go": Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

A Mini Project report on

Under the guidance of

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Maharaja

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Figure 1 Basis circuit of DC-DC CUK converter 2

Since the appearance of the traditional internal combustion

greenhouse gas emissions. While burning coal at electric power plants

DC-DC converters are the most widely used circuits in power

Figure 1 - Basic Circuit of DC-DC CUK Converter

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1.1 - General Block Diagram.

 A DC-DC CUK Converter is a converter that step-downs or step-

 The charge controller is a circuit that is used to control the

 The protection circuit is designed in such a way that the battery

 The battery management system is used to prevent the battery from

 The charge can be stored in a battery or it can be used to charge the

later used to charge the small devices or EV’s.

 The billing system is designed to keep a track of the power

1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF OUR PROJECT

1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Application of Various Classical and Intelligent MPPT Tracking

2. Investigation of MPPT Techniques under Uniform and Non-

3. A Survey on Maximum Power Point Algorithms for PV System.

4. Design and Development of MPPT Algorithms for High Efficient

5. A Comprehensive Review on Maximum Power Point Tracking

6. Modelling and Simulation of Maximum Power Pont Tracking

7. Design a bidirectional dc/dc converter for 2nd level EV

AUTHOR: Ammar Haten AIMarzoogee, Alaa Hamid Mohammed.

8. An efficient bidirectional Dc/Dc charger for electric vehicle battery

9. Performance Assessment of two alternative DC-DC converter

10.A New SiC-GaN- based two-phase interleaved bidirectional DC-

battery and electronic vehicle. DC to DC Converter need be a buck converter

12.A high-efficiency high power density LLC DC-DC converter for

13.Voltage control comparison for low power DC-DC converts in

14.Performance analysis of non-isolated high step-up DC-DC

15.Comprehensive Review and Comparison of DC Fast Charging

16.Highly Efficient and Compact DC-DC Converter for Ultra-Fast

17.Investigation of DC fast charging topologies for electric vehicle

18. Modeling and Analysis of a Fast Charging Station and Evaluation

19.State of Charge (SoC) Analysis and Modeling Battery Discharging

20.Fault Analysis and Protection Strategy on Contactless Power

21.Quantitative Assessment of Electric Safety Protection for Electric

22.The Low-cost Voltage and Current Measurement Device Design

24.Design of a Current-Sense Voltage-Feedback Common Mode EMI

25. Battery Comparison

Figure 1.2 - Comparison between led acid & lithium batteries

1.5 REPORT ORGANIZATION

Chapter 2: This chapter focuses on complete detail of all the hardware

Chapter 3: The chapter involves the MPPT charge controller system

Chapter 5: This chapter has the discussion, conclusion.

Figure 2.1 - Arduino Uno

Arduino/Genuine Uno is a microcontroller board based on the

2.1.1.1 AURDINO MODULE SPECIFICATION

Figure 2.1.1.1 - Module specification

Microcontroller ATmega 328P – 8bit AVR family

Recommended Input 7-12V

Input Voltage Limits 6-20V

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)

DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA

DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA