THEORIST BACKGROUND PURPOSE OF THE THEORY

Margaret Newman Born: 10 October 1933 (age - Guides clients in a process of

88 years), Memphis, pattern recognition so that they
Tennessee, United States may know themselves more
intimately and gain the insights
- Margaret A. Newman was that support their evolution.
an American nurse,
university professor and
nursing theorist. She
authored the theory of
health as expanding
consciousness, which was
influenced by earlier
theoretical work by Martha
E. Rogers, one of her
mentors from graduate
school.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse Born: July 28, 1938 in - Guides nurses to focus on
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania quality of life, from the person’s
-is a nursing perspective.
scientist , university
professor and author of
the nursing theory Human
Becoming , which she first
published in 1981 under
the title Man-Living-Health.
She is an almuna of
Duquesne University
in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania and
finished her master's
and doctorate degrees
from the same
University. She was a
faculty member of the
University of Pittsburgh
and was a Dean of the
Nursing School at
Duquesne University.
Madeleine Leininger Born: July 13, 1925 in Culture Care Theory of Diversity
Sutton, Nebraska and Universality
- She earned several - knowing and understanding
degrees, including a different cultures concerning
Doctor of Philosophy, a nursing and health-illness
Doctor of Human caring practices, beliefs, and
Sciences, a Doctor of values to provide meaningful
Science, and is a and efficacious nursing care
Registered Nurse. She is services to people's cultural
a Certified Transcultural values health-illness context.
Nurse, a Fellow of the
Royal College of Nursing
in Australia, and a Fellow
of the American Academy
of Nursing. Pioneer nurse
 anthropologist.
Anne Boykin and Savina Anne Boykin, Ph.D Theory of Nursing as Caring: A
Schoenhofer - is Dean and Professor of Model for Transforming Practice
the College of Nursing at -
Florida Atlantic University in
Boca Raton, Florida, and is
also Director of the Christine
E. Lynn Center for Caring.
She is a former president of
the International Association
for Human Caring, a
member of several local
boards, and is actively
involved in various nursing
organizations at the
national, state, and local
levels.

Savina O. Schoenhofer,
Ph.D
- is Professor of Graduate
Nursing at Alcorn State
University in Natchez,
Mississippi. She is a co-
founder of the nursing
aesthetics publication,
Nightingale Songs. Her
research and publications
are in the areas of everyday
caring, outcomes of caring
in nursing, nursing values,
nursing home management,
and affectional touch.

Anne Boykin and Savina

Schoenhofer began their
work by the year 1983 as
they worked together on a
curriculum development
which led them to a general
theory of nursing.

Major influences on the

development of the theory
are:
- Maycroffs (1971) Genetic
Discussion of Caring
- Roachs (1984) Discussion
of Caring person and Caring
in Nursing

Joyce Fitzpatrick Life Perspective Rhythm Model

Joyce Fitzpatrick
-presented a rhythm model
for the field of inquiry of
nursing. A developmental
model that proposes that
the process of human
development is
characterized by rhythms.
- contribute to nursing
knowledge by providing
taxonomy for identifying
and labeling nursing
concepts to allow for their
universal recognition and
communication with others.
 Fitzpatrick incorporated
Rogers’ (1983) postulated
correlates of human
development as the basis
for differentiation, organizing
and ordering life’s reality.
Rogers’ correlates of
shorter, higher frequency
waves that manifest shorter
rhythms and approach as
seemingly continuous
pattern which serves as
Fitzpatrick foci for
hypothesizing the existence
of rhythmic patterns

Josephine Paterson and Loretta Josephine Paterson and Humanistic Theory

Zderad Loretta Zderad - encompasses a call from a
- earned first diplomas in person or persons (families,
nursing, then Bachelor's communities, humanity) for
degrees in Nursing
help with a health-related
education before continuing
to graduate programs. Their
need, and a response to that
career as nursing call when recognized by a
academics got started in the nurse or groups or
1950s, when they were both communities of nurses.
employed at Catholic
University where they met.
They continued to work
together and remained
friends for the next 40
years. They later continued
onto their doctorate degrees
in the 1960s.

While pursuing their

doctorate degrees, they
found that they had difficulty
communicating their
experiential view of nursing,
and wanted to do so
through a positivistic,
scientific nursing theory
approach. With this goal in
mind, they began combining
their knowledge of nursing
and nursing theory with
existential and
phenomenological
philosophies that they were
both interested in. Through
this addition of
phenomenological
philosophy applied to
nursing, they believed they
could articulate their
process and personal
theories of nursing.

By 1971, they had begun to

define their theory and what
it was that made it unique
as an approach to nursing.
They then began to
research other nurse's
experience, and used their
theory as a perspective and
method for nurses to
examine their experiences.
Through this, their goal was
to develop it into theoretical
propositions, which could
serve as guides for nursing
practitioners.