February 10, 2022 6.

Propulsion – large intestine; propelled by

peristaltic movement (the one-way
NCM 116 – Metabolism
movement of food materials/bolus/chyme)
(2) Digestive System 7. Elimination – rectum; when bolus/chyme is
temporarily stored, it is now called fecal
• Involves GI tract and accessory organs material
• Accessory organs – liver, pancreas, and 8. Defecation – removing all the remnants of
gallbladder metabolic process of digestion because it is
Gastrointestinal Tract toxic (waste product)

• Passageway from lips to anus (823 cm long) Bolus – food in stomach

4 Major Tunicas (layers) of GIT Chyme – food in small intestine

1. Tunica mucousa – innermost; made up of Fecal material/feces – food in large intestine

epithelial lining, which performs secretive
and absorptive functions
a. Lamina propria
b. Muscularis mucousa – contracts the GIT
for secretion and absorption
2. Tunica submucousa – made up of loose
connective tissues and elastic cells, which are
made up of reticular fibers; blood vessels and
capillaries are present
3. Tunica muscularis – peristalsis; thickest
a. Circular smooth muscles
b. Longitudinal smooth muscles
4. Tunica serosa (Tunica adventitia) –
outermost/covering; made up of serous Teeth
membrane or visceral peritoneum
• Made up of enamel (contains protein,
*In esophagus, we call it tunica adventitia
carbohydrates, and calcium phosphate)
*In stomach, tunica serosa
• Hydroxyl apatite – a mineral that makes it
Functions of Digestive Tract very hard
1. Mastication – chewing; where carbohydrate 32 teeth
metabolism starts, but not protein or fat
1. Encisors – front teeth; for cutting
2. Deglutition – swallowing; both sympathetic
2. Canine – sharp ones; for shredding
and parasympathetic (voluntary and
3. Pre molars – for crushing and grinding
involuntary)
4. Molars – for crushing and grinding
3. Digestion – converts protein to amino acid,
fats to glycerol and fatty acid, and Parts of teeth
carbohydrates to glucose.
4. Absorption – small intestine; absorbs • Crown, cusps, neck, root, pulp cavity, dentin,
nutrients (5 things: carbs, protein, fats, enamel, cementum, peri-dontal ligaments
vitamins and minerals, and water).
5. Selection – small intestine; not all is
absorbed; selects what are needed

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Tongue – made up of interlacing bundles of striated Muscles of the tongue
muscle fiber; the most smart muscular organ
4 Functions
1. Mastication
2. Swallowing
3. Taste
4. Speech
3 Papillaes
1. Filiform – front, comes from the word needle
2. Fungiform – looks like a fungus/mushroom
3. Vallate – “V” shape Salivary Glands

Taste 1. Parotid glands (Serous-watery) – biggest

2. Submandibular (Mucous-oily) – under
1. Sweet mandible
2. Salty 3. Sublingual (mix) – under tongue
3. Sour 4. Tubarial glands – at the roof of mouth
4. Bitter - most
unsatisfactory taste
5. Umami – discovered
by a Japanese in 20’s/30’s; monosodium
glutamate (bitsin)

Saliva - 1 Liter per day; for lubrication

Chemical components
1. Salivary amylase – takes care of carbs eaten;
converts carbs to glucose
2. Lysozyme - antibacterial
3. Bicarbonates – acidity and alkalinity
4. Phosphates
5. Mucin – oily portion of saliva
6. Thiocyanate - antifungal
7. Urea – product of metabolic nitrogenous
waste product; excreted by saliva when not
fully excreted by kidney
8. Salivary lipase – takes care of fats eaten;
only metabolizes butterfied – cheese, butter,
peanut butter
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 9. Uric acid – traces; waste product
10. Sulfates
11. Opiophines – anesthetic
Tonsils – part of lympathic system; fights bacteria
1. Palatine tonsil - side
2. Pharyngeal – at the back of nasopharynx
3. Lingual tonsils – under tongue
Esophagus – 11-15 inches long
- Disappears when stomach is full or extended;
2 Sphincters (closes and opens to prevent backflow
appears when empty
of food)
- Increases and decreases size of stomach
1. Esophageal sphincter
Small intestine
2. Cardiac sphincter
1. Duodenum – 10 inches
3 phases of Deglutition (Swallowing)
2. Jejunum – 6 ft
1. Voluntary phase 3. Ileum – 2/3 of small intestine
2. Pharyngeal phase – reflex activity
Structures found: Duodenal papilla, villi, microvilli
3. Esophageal phase – peristalsis
and Lacteals
Stomach
600 microvilli per villi
Parts
4 Special cells
Cardiac region, fundus, body, greater curvature,
1. Crypts of Lieberkuhn – mucus
lesser curvature, pyloric region, pyloric sphincter
2. Paneth cells – lysozyme; takes care of
(prevents backflow of chyme; checks content of
microorganisms
stomach and small intestine)
3. Glands of Brunner – produce alkaline
*Contents of stomach are acidic while small secretion to neutralize acid (buffer)
intestine’s mixed with buffers of pancreas 4. Endocrine cells – hormones
Gastric special cells Large intestine
1. Mucous neck cells – produces mucus Parts:
2. Parietal cells – hydrochloric acid (protein
1. Cecum – houses appendix
metabolism) and intrinsic factor (absorbs
2. Vermiform appendix
iron)
3. Ascending colon
3. Argentaffin cells (chief cells) – serotonin
4. Hepatic Plexure – under liver
(blood-clotting)
5. Transverse colon
4. Zymogenic cells – gastric juice and
6. Splenic Plexure – under spleen
pepsinogen (converted into pepsin to deal
7. Descending colon
with protein)
8. Sigmoid
9. Rectum – temporary storage of feces
10. Anus

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Liver – biggest organ in abdominal cavity, RUQ Pancreas – both exocrine and endocrine gland
Functions Functions
1. Processing of nutrients – metabolism of 1. Exocrine: secretion of bicarbonate ions,
fats, proteins, and carbs pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin, chymo-
2. Production of bile (1 pint/day) – from the trypsin, amylase, lipase, nucleases
worn out RBC. RBC should only stay in the
body for 120 days. It is destroyed by spleen
to be converted into bilirubin. Bile is 2 Types of Cells
composed of water, fats, bilirubin, and water;
very important in fat metabolism 1. Acini cells – produces exocrine secretions
3. Detoxification 2. Islands of Langerhans
4. Synthesis of new molecules a. Alpha cells - glucagon
b. Beta cells - insulin
c. Delta cells
Digestive Enzymes
1. Secretin – secreted by small intestine; the
“go signal/switch on” for other hormones
below
2. Gastrin – stomach; activates the 4 gastric
The green one is the gallbladder, that serves
special cells
as the temporary storage of bile. It is
3. Enterocrinin – small intestine; activates the
connected to small intestine.
4 special cells
Gallbladder 4. Cholecystokinin – gallbladder; put out bile
5. Pancreozymin – pancreas; tells exocrine
Functions secretions to go out to participate in the
1. Storage of bile mixing of chyme
2. Concentration of bile 6. Enterogastrone – intestine; “switch off”,
shuts off the above hormones
Fecal material
1. Indole
2. Skatole
3. Hydrogen sulfide – gas
4. Mercaptan – methanethiol/sulfur
5. Beliberdin – greenish
6. Stercobilin – yellowish brown