February 17, 2022
cultures; gelatinous material prepared
NCM 116 – Metabolism
(3) Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Latin- “Assucre”
• Any of various neutral compound of CHO:
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
• Constitutes a major class of animal food most
of which are produced by green plants (sugar,
starches, and cellulose)
Forms of Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides- a complex form of carb which can
be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more
molecules of monosaccharides
Example:
• Dextrin- from starch made up of so many
molecules of glucose
• Starch- Amylose (plant components that
converts starch into sugar) and amylopectin
• Cellulose- framework of plants (wood,
stalks, and leaves of all plants)
• Glycogen- animal starch similar to
amylopectin, made up of 30,000 glucose
which can be stored in the liver and in muscle
cells; most important polysaccharide; unused
glucose, converted and stored by liver
Nondigestive Polysaccharides
o Pectin- any group of colloidal
substances found in ripe fruits; used
to gel
o Agar- used in laboratory or bacterial
from salt water or algae; used for
thickening food
o Alginates- seaweeds
o Carrageens- seaweeds
Cellulose Amylose Amylopectin Glycogen
Disaccharides
1. Sucrose- Fructose + Glucose
Sugar cane, the sweetest disaccharide
2. Maltose- Glucose + Glucose
Malt sugar from starch, fermentable sugar
3. Lactose- Galactose + Glucose
Milk sugar, yields lactic acid upon fermentation
Milk, eggnog, yogurt pudding, beer (sweet
stout), whey powder
Monosaccharides
- Smallest unit or monomer
- Combined by dehydration synthesis to form
larger molecules like disaccharides and
polysaccharides
o Examples: Glucose, Galactose, and
Fructose
• Chemical formula: C6H1206
• Trioses
• Tetroses
• Pentoses
1
 • Hexoses (Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose) Glycogenesis
– most important for metabolism
• Glucose converted into Glycogen for storage
• Heptoses (Surbitol- used in making ice
in the liver and muscles, with the intervention
cream, Mannitol- a diuretic treating patients
of hormone, Insulin. This normalizes the
with brain inflammation)
blood sugar of a person after a meal.
Glycogenolysis
• Glycogen from liver and muscle will be
converted back again into Glucose to
normalize decreasing blood sugar, with the
intervention of Glucagon hormone
Gluconeogenesis
• Conversion of protein and fats into Glucose
as needed
Glucose/Dextrose
• The sweet colorless, soluble dextrorotary
form that occurs widely in nature and is the Glucose used as Energy
by smallest unit of carbohydrates present in
• Glucose yields 2 pyruvic acid… and with the
blood, used as energy by animals. Most come
action of acetylcholine enzyme A, it enters
from fruits, grains, and vegetables.
into the Krebs cycle with the help of Vitamin
Fructose/Levulose B
• Krebs cycle- happens inside the mitochondria
• From honey, sugar, and fruits
of the cell and makes ATP
• Agave, apple, pear, mango, honey, soda with
• Adenosine triphosphate when used result in
HFCS
energy, water, and CO2
Galactose
• Milk sugar
• Honey, yogurt, celery

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
• Carbo --- Salivary Amylase ---
(Polysaccharides converted to disaccharides)
--- Stomach Amylase --- by hydrolysis,
disaccharides will be converted to
monosaccharides
• Glucose readily absorbed in the microvillis of
intestines… Lactase, Maltase, and Sucrase
acts on Disacch to convert them into Glucose