Assignment 2:

Self-driving cars: Problem

statement and Requirement
Specification
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Rashid

Student: Abdulrahman Ayman Aqeel AlZain

Academic No.: 439003076
Serial No.: 12

2022-2021

Date: 28/2/2022

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LIST OF CONTENT:
1. Problem Statement ................................................................................................3
1.1. Customer Requirements or Need Analysis .......................................................3
1.1.1. Raw Data ....................................................................................................3
1.1.2. Marketing Requirements ...........................................................................3
1.1.3. Objective Tree ...........................................................................................3
1.1.4. Ranking of Objective Tree .........................................................................5
1.2. Research Survey or Literature Review ............................................................5
1.2.1. Background Knowledge .............................................................................5
1.2.2. Research Survey or Literature Review........................................................6
1.3. Need and Objective Statements .....................................................................8
1.3.1. Need Statement .........................................................................................9
1.3.2. Objective Statement ..................................................................................9
2. Requirement specification ……………………………………………………………………………………10
3. References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9

LIST OF TABLES:
1. Table 1 ranking main parts using Analytical Hierarchical process .......................4
2. Table 2 Normalized pair-wise comparison matrix for level 2………...................... 5
3. Table 3 AHP for level 2………………………………………………………………..................... 5
4. Table 4 AHP for level 3………………………………………………………………..................... 5
5. Table 5 Requirements specifications ………………………………………………………..11-12

LIST OF FIGURES:
1. Figure 1 Objective Tree for self-driving car without ranking............................ 4
2. Figure 2 Objective Tree for self-driving car with ranking…………………..…………… 6
3. Figure 3 Tesla company logo……………………………………………………..................... 7

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 1. Problem Statement
This chapter first performs need analysis and presents customer requirements in Section
1.1. It is followed by a research survey in Section 1.2. Finally, the need and objective
statements are given in Section 1.3.

1.1. Customer Requirements or Need Analysis

The need analysis is performed in the following four steps:
1.1.1. Raw Data
The raw data from end-user or customer is collected in the following way:
• Make a survey among people to determine the percentage of people who need
my project.
• Search what is common in Internet.
• Make an electronic questionnaire in internet to get feedback from different
regions and countries.
1.1.2. Marketing Requirements
The marketing requirements are as follows:
1. The car should have complete self-driving.
2. The car should drive in a straight line by itself
3. The car should steer by itself.
4. The car should stop by itself.
5. The car should have emergency stopping.
6. The car should auto park.
7. The car should have Driver Health Monitoring.
8. The car should have heart rate monitoring.
9. The car should have virtual assistant
10. The car should be electric.

1.1.3. Objective Tree

The objective tree is shown in figure 1.

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 Figure 1: Objective Tree for self-driving car without ranking

1.1.4. Ranking of Objective Tree

The objective tree in Table 1 is ranked using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP).

AHP for level 1 in Table 1 is given as:

Health Electric Self Virtual GM/NS

monitoring driving assistant
Health 1 3 3 5 3.56/0.61
monitoring
Electric 1/3 1 1 3 1/0.17
Self driving 1/3 1 1 3 1/0.17
Virtual assistant 1/5 1/3 1/3 1 0.28/0.05
Table 1:AHP for level2

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 Voice Read Doesn’t GM/NS
recognition messages sound like
robot
Voice recognition 1 3 3 2.08/0.58
Read messages 1/3 1 3 1/0.28
Doesn’t sound like 1/3 1/3 1 0.48/0.14
robot
Table 2: Normalized pair-wise comparison matrix for level 2

AHP for level 2 in Table 1 is given as:

Change Search AC Control High
music web reliability GM/NS
Change music
1 1 3 1/2 1.44/0.43

Search web 1 1 3 1/3 1.44/0.43

AC Control 1/3 1/3 1 2 0.48/0.14

Table 3: AHP for level 2

AHP for level 3 in Table 1 is given as:

Drives 400 km
in one charge Weight
High quality Charges in 1
battery hour
High quality 1 3 5 0.75
battery
Charges in 1 hour 1/3 1 3 0.25
Drives 400 km in 1/5 1/3 1 0.1
one charge
Table 4: AHP for level 3

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Consequently, the objective tree with ranks is given in the following:

Figure 2: Objective Tree for self-driving system with ranks

1.2. Research Survey or Literature Review

The automobile was first invented and perfected in Germany and France in the late 1800s,
though Americans quickly came to dominate the automotive industry in the first half of
the twentieth century. Henry Ford innovated mass-production techniques that became
standard, and Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerged as the “Big Three” auto
companies by the 1920s. Manufacturers funneled their resources to the military during
World War II, and afterward automobile production in Europe and Japan soared to meet
growing demand. Once vital to the expansion of American urban centers, the industry
had become a shared global enterprise with the rise of Japan as the leading automaker
by 1980.

Steam-powered wheeled vehicles

During the 19th century, attempts were made to introduce practical steam-powered
vehicles. Innovations such as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions and better steering

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developed. Some commercially successful vehicles provided mass transit until a backlash
against these large vehicles resulted in the passage of legislation such as the United
Kingdom Locomotive Act (1865), which required many self-propelled vehicles on public
roads to be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This
effectively halted road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th
century; inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway
locomotives. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was
removed in 1878.

Electric cars
An electric car, battery electric car, all-electric car is an automobile that is propelled by
one or more electric motors, using only energy stored in batteries. Compared to internal
combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric cars are quieter, have no exhaust emissions,
and lower emissions overall.[1] In the United States and the European Union, as of 2020,
the total cost of ownership of recent electric vehicles is cheaper than that of equivalent
ICE cars, due to lower fueling and maintenance costs.[2][3] Charging an electric car can
be done at a variety of charging stations; these charging stations can be installed in both
houses and public areas.[4]

Worldwide, 6.6 million plug-in electric cars were sold in 2021, more than doubling 2020
sales, and achieving a market share of 9% of the global new car market.[5] All-electric cars
represented 71% of plug-in car sales in 2021.[6] As of December 2021, there were
16 million plug-in electric cars were on the world's roads.[5] Many countries have
established government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles, tax credits, subsidies, and
other non-monetary incentives while several countries have legislated to phase-out sales
of fossil fuel cars,[7][8] to reduce air pollution and limit climate change.

Tesla (automobile)
Tesla is an American electric vehicle and clean energy company based in Austin, Texas.
Tesla designs and manufactures electric cars, battery energy storage from home to grid-

Figure 3: Tesla company logo

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scale, solar panels and solar roof tiles, and related products and services. Tesla is one of
the world's most valuable companies and remains the world's most valuable automaker
with a market capitalization of nearly US$1 trillion. The company had the most worldwide
sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles, capturing 23% of the
battery-electric (purely electric) market and 16% of the plug-in market (which
includes plug-in hybrids) in 2020. Through its subsidiary Tesla Energy, the company
develops and is a major installer of photovoltaic systems in the United States. Tesla
Energy is also one of the largest global suppliers of battery energy storage systems, with
3.99 gigawatt-hours (GWh) installed in 2021.

Summary:
1. They are cheap.
2. They are not much reliable.
3. They consume high energy.
4. They are not designed to be maintainable easily.

1.3. Need and Objective Statements

Based on the Knowledge obtained from customer in Section 1.1 and the research survey
in Section 1.2, this section provides the need statement (Section 1.3.1) and the objective
statement (Section 1.3.2).

1.3.1. Need Statement:

The Problem with Old cars Technology:
Appearing on the market in the early ’90s, replacement demand for new cars was
exceeding demand from first-time owners and multiple-car purchasers combined. Given
the incomes of the day, automakers could no longer count on an expanding market.
Installment sales had been initiated by the makers of moderately priced cars in 1916 to
compete with the Model T, and by 1925 about three-quarters of all new cars were bought
“on time” through credit.

The self-driving car will be a necessary transportation way to eliminate car accidents due
to human faults or unconsciousness.

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1.3.2. Objective Statement:
The main objective of this project is to avoid car accidents and at the same time provide
comfortability of human, all what he has to do is sitting in the back seat and specify the
target and the car will drive him safely.

2. Requirement Specifications:
Requirement’s specification collects and formalizes the information about the application
domain and expected functions. The input is the set of business requirements that
motivate the application development and all the available information on the technical,
organizational, and managerial context.

2.1. Constrains:
A constraint, in project management, is any restriction that defines a project's limitations;
the scope, for example, is the limit of what the project is expected to accomplish .
The three most significant project constraints -- schedule, cost and scope -- are sometimes
known as the triple constraint or the project management triangle. A project’s scope
involves the specific goals, deliverables and tasks that define the boundaries of the
project. The schedule (sometimes stated more broadly as time) specifies the timeline
according to which those components will be delivered, including the final deadline for
completion. Cost (sometimes stated more broadly as resources) involves the financial
limitation of resources input to the project and also the overall limit for the total amount
that can be spent.

2.2. Standards:
a standard is an agreed way of doing something. It could be about making a product,
managing a process, delivering a service or supplying materials – standards can cover a
huge range of activities undertaken by organizations and used by their customers.

2.2.1. Testing standards:

Many organizations around the globe develop and implement different standards to
improve the quality needs of their software.{3} For example:
ISO/IEC 9126:
This standard deals with the following aspects to determine the quality of a software
application {3}:
Quality model

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 External metrics
Internal metrics
This standard presents some set of quality attributes for any software such as {3}:
Functionality
Reliability
Efficiency
Maintainability
2.2.2. Reliability standards:
To be effective, software reliability programs for federal government Information
Technology (IT) systems must focus on several key goals {4}:
✓ Developing, implementing, and tracking useful software reliability metrics
✓ environment to efficiently and effectively
✓ Identify, remove, and fix defects
✓ Capture, process, and display failure and defect data

2.2.3. Data standards:

Most dataset-level also offer guidance on how to encode data. Data encoding standards
define the rules for structuring and organizing data for use in each context. These
standards ensure that when applications read data, the information and context is
preserved. Data encoding standards are generally associated with a file format.
Researchers should use universal, open-source data encoding standards and long-term
access, open file formats whenever possible. Character encoding standards, such as
Unicode Transformation Format (UTF-8) ensure that characters in the data are correctly
interpreted.{5}

2.1 The Engineering Requirements

1. Performance Requirements
1.1- The car must work with an excellent accuracy.
1.2- The car must work efficiently.
2. Safety Requirements
2.1- the car should drive itself carefully.
2.2- The important control devices of the car should be dust and water
proof.

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2.3- Predict the accidents before they happen.
3. economics requirements
3.1- The car must be with a reasonable price.
3.2- The device must consume a minimum amount of electricity.
4. Reliability requirements
4.1- the car should have a long span warranty.
5. Environmental Requirements
5.1- The system must be disposable without harming the environment.
5.2- the car should not produce harmful smokes like lead.

6. Availability Requirements
6.1- the car should be available in markets.
6.2- the car should be available in the advanced countries.
7. Manufacturability Requirements
7.1- The car must be made of materials that withstand high temperatures
and pressures.
7.2- the car must be made of materials that withstand the pollutant
environments.
8. Functional Requirements
8.1-The car should drive itself to the desired goal with the best route.

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 Serial no. Engineering Justification
Requirements
Performance Requirements

1.1 The car must work with an excellent Because the need of high accuracy to
accuracy. avoid accidents.

1.2 The car must work efficiently. To achieve the purpose of the
car

Safety Requirements

2.1 the car should drive itself carefully. To avoid accidents as much as
possible

2.2 The important control devices of the To protect the product from bad
car should be dust and water proof. environments

2.3 Predict the accidents before they To increase the safety percentage.
happen.
economics requirements

3.1 The car must be with a reasonable to be affordable to be bought by the

price. customer.

3.2 The device must consume a To be more economic and have a long
minimum amount of electricity. span battery.

Reliability requirements

4 the car should have a long span To attract customers to buy the
warranty. product

Environmental requirements

5.1 The system must be disposable To reduce emissions and save

without harming the environment. environment.

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5.2 the car should not produce harmful To save environment from pollution
smokes like lead. and substances that cause cancer
disease
Availability Requirements
6.1 the car should be available in To be available ready for the
markets. customers.

6.2 the car should be available in the Because the are aware enough to use
advanced countries. it correctly

Manufacturability Requirements
7.1 The car must be made of materials Because the car may expose to high
that withstand high temperatures temperature places.

7.2 the car must be made of materials
that withstand the pollutant
environments.
Functional Requirements
8 The car should drive itself to the
desired goal with the best route.
To be able to go in muddy roads and
other pollutions
To achieve the goal with best
efficiency

Table 5: Requirement’s specifications

2.2 Marketing Requirements

1. The car should have complete self-driving.
2. The car should have Driver Health Monitoring.
3. The car should have virtual assistant. 4. The car should be electric.
4. The assistant should read messages.
5. The assistant should not sound like a robot.
6. The assistant should recognize voices.
7. The assistant should search the web.
8. The assistant can control the ac temperature.
9. The assistant can change music.

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References:
Electric car - Wikipedia

Invention of the Car: A History of the Automobile (thoughtco.com)

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