Chapter 6. Additional Applications of The Integration: Le Cong Nhan

Chapter 6.
Additional Applications of the

Integration
Le Cong Nhan
Faculty of Applied Sciences

HCMC University of Technology and Education
April 8, 2021
Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

University 6.
of Additional
Technology and Education) of the Integration
Applications April 8, 2021 1 / 69
Contents
1 Areas Between Two Curves
Using Vertical Strips
Using Horizontal Strips
2 Volume
Method of Cross Sections
Volume of a Solid of Revolution
Methods of Disks and Washers
Method of Cylindrical Shells
3 Polar Forms and Area

4 Arc Length and Surface Area
5 Physical Applications: Work, Liquid Force, and Centroids
Work
Liquid Force
Centroids
University 6.
of Additional
6.1 Areas Between Two Curves
Areas Between Two Curves

Find the area of the region R bounded by the curves y = f (x) and y = g (x) and
the lines x = a, x = b, where f and g are continuous and f (x) ≥ g (x) for all
x ∈ [a, b].
The area A of the region R is given by

Z b
A= [f (x) − g (x)] dx (1)
a

University 6.
of Additional
Area Using Vertical Strips
Find the area of the region R that lies between two curves y = f (x) and y = g (x)
from x = a to x = b, where f and g are continuous. Then its area is
Z b
A= |f (x) − g (x)| dx (2)
a
Figure: The region R = R1 ∪ R2 ∪ R3

University 6.
of Additional
Area Using Horizontal Strips
If a region R is bounded by curves with equations x = f (y ), x = g (y ), y = c, and
y = d, where f and g are continuous, then its area is
Z d
A= |f (y ) − g (y )| dy (3)
c

University 6.
of Additional
Example 1
(a) Find the area of the region bounded above by y = e x , bounded below by
y = x, and bounded on the sides by x = 0 and x = 1.
(b) Find the area of the region between the curves y = x 3 and y = x 2 − x on the
interval [0, 1].

University 6.
of Additional
Example 2
(a) Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabolas y = x 2 and y = 2x − x 2 .
(b) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = e 2x − 3e x + 2 and the
x-axis.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 3
(a) Find the area of the region bounded by y = x 2 , y = x, x = −1 and x = 1.
(b) Find the area of the region bounded by the line y = 3x and the curve
y = x 3 + 2x 2 .

University 6.
of Additional
Example 4
(a) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = sin x and the x-axis
between x = −π/2 to x = π/2.
(b) Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = sin x, y = cos x and
between x = 0 to x = π/2.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 5
(a) Find the area enclosed by the line y = x − 1 and the parabola y 2 = 2x + 6.
(b) Find the area enclosed by the line x = 2y − 3 and the parabola x = 4y − y 2 .

University 6.
of Additional
6.2 Volume
Volume of a cylinder
If the area of the base is A and the height of the cylinder is h, then the volume V
of the cylinder is defined as
V = Ah

University 6.
of Additional
How to find the volume of a solid S that isn’t a cylinder?
1. Cutting S into pieces and approximate each piece by a cylinder

2. Estimate the volume of S by adding the volumes of the cylinders
3. The exact volume of S is obtained by a limiting process in which the number
of pieces becomes large

University 6.
of Additional
Method of Cross Sections
A solid S with cross-sectional area A(x) in the plane Px perpendicular to the x-axis
at each point x on the interval [a, b] has volume
Z b
V = A(x)dx (4)
a

University 6.
of Additional
Example 6
Show that
4 3
(a) the volume of a sphere of radius is V = πr .
3
(b) the volume of a pyramid whose base is a square with side L and whose height
1
is h is V = L2 h.
3

University 6.
of Additional
The Volume of a Solid of Revolution
Definition 7 (Solid of revolution)

A solid of revolution is a solid obtained by revolving a region D in the xy -plane
about a line L (called the axis of revolution) that lies outside or on the boundary
of D.
Figure: Solids of revolution

University 6.
of Additional
Methods of Disks and Washers
The volume of a solid of revolution
Z b
V = A(x)dx (5)
a
If the cross-section is a disk, we find the radius of the disk and use
2
A = π (radius)
If the cross-section is a washer (an annular ring), we find the inner radius rin
and outer radius rout and compute the area of the washer by
h i
2 2 2 2
A = π (rout ) − π (rin ) = π (rout ) − (rin )

University 6.
of Additional
The Disk Method
Let D be the region under the curve y = f (x), above the x-axis from a to b. Then
the volume V of the solid S obtained by rotating D about the x-axis is
Z b
2
V = π [f (x)] dx (6)
a

University 6.
of Additional
Example 8
(a) Find the volume of the
√ solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis the region
under the curve y = x from 0 to 1.
(b) Find the volume of the solid S formed by revolving the region D under the
curve y = x 2 + 1 on the interval [0, 2] about the x-axis.

University 6.
of Additional
The Washer Method
Let D be the region bounded by y = f (x), y = g (x) with f (x) ≥ g (x) ≥ 0, from a
to b. Then the volume V of the solid S obtained by rotating D about the x-axis
is
Z b
2 2
V = π [f (x)] − [g (x)] dx (7)
a

University 6.
of Additional
Example 9
Let D be the solid region bounded by the parabola y = x 2 and y = x. Find the
volume of the solid generated when D is revolved about
a. the x-axis b. the y -axis c. the line y = 2 d. the line x = −1

University 6.
of Additional
Methods of Cylindrical Shell
The volume of a cylindrical shell
V = 2πrh∆r
= 2π × ravg × height × thickness
r1 + r2
where r = is the average radius of the
2
shell.

University 6.
of Additional
Method of Cylindrical Shells
Let D be the region bounded by y = f (x) (where f (x) ≥ 0), y = 0, x = a, and
x = b, where b > a ≥ 0. Then the volume V of the solid S obtained by rotating
D about the y -axis is
Z b
V = 2πxf (x)dx (8)
a

University 6.
of Additional
Sketch the Idea of the Shell Method
1. We divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals [xi−1 , xi ] of equal width ∆x

and let x¯i be the midpoint of the ith subinterval. If the rectangle with base
[xi−1 , xi ] and height f (x¯i ) is rotated about the y -axis, then the result is a
cylindrical shell with average radius x¯i , height f (x¯i ), and thickness ∆x, so its
volume is
Vi = (2π x¯i ) [f (x¯i )] ∆x

University 6.
of Additional
2. An approximation to the volume V of S is given by
n
X n
X
V ≈ Vi = 2π x¯i f (x¯i )∆x
i=1 i=1
3. Let n → ∞, we get the volume V of S

n
X Z b
V = lim 2π x¯i f (x¯i )∆x = 2πxf (x)dx
n→∞ a
i=1

University 6.
of Additional
Example 10
(a) Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the
x-axis and the graph of y = x 3 + x 2 + 1, x = 1, and x = 3 about the y -axis.
(b) Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y -axis the region
bounded by y = 2x 2 − x 3 and y = 0.
(c) Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by y = x 3 ,
y = 8, and x = 0 about the y -axis.

University 6.
of Additional
6.3 Polar Forms and Area
Polar coordinate system
P 7→ P(r , θ): polar coordinates

r = OP is the radial coordinate of P
θ is the polar angle of P
Convention:
θ > 0: the counterclockwise direction
Figure: Polar coordinate system
from the polar axis
θ < 0: the clockwise direction

University 6.
of Additional
Changing Coordinates
(1) If P(r , θ) then P(x, y ) with
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
(2) If P(x, y ) then P(r , θ) with

p y
r= x 2 + y 2, tan θ = , x 6= 0
x
We extend the meaning of polar coordinates

(r , θ) to the case r < 0 as follows:
if r > 0 the point (r , θ) lies in the same
quadrant as θ;
if r < 0 it lies in the quadrant on the
opposite of the pole.
Figure: Extended polar coordinate
system

University 6.
of Additional
Polar Curves
In this section, we will study:

Polar Forms
Polar curves
Intersection of polar curves
Polar area
The graph of a polar equation
r = f (θ) or F (r , θ) = 0.
Example 11
π
Sketch the polar curve r = 2 and θ = 6

University 6.
of Additional
Example 12
(a) Sketch the curve with polar equation r = 2 cos θ.
(b) Find a Cartesian equation for this curve.

University 6.
of Additional
Symmetry of Polar curves
(a) If a polar equation is unchanged when θ is replaced by −θ, the curve is sym-
metric about the polar axis.
(b) If the equation is unchanged when r is replaced by −r , or when θ is replaced
by θ + π, the curve is symmetric about the pole. (This means that the curve
remains unchanged if we rotate it through 1800 about the origin.)
(c) If the equation is unchanged when θ is replaced by π−θ, the curve is symmetric
about the vertical line θ = π/2.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 13
Sketch the curve
a. r = 1 + cos θ b. r = cos 2θ

University 6.
of Additional
University 6.
of Additional
University 6.
of Additional
Intersection of Polar-Form Curves
Step 1: Find all simultaneous solutions of given system of equations.
Step 2: Determine whether the pole r = 0 lies on the two graphs.
Step 3: Graph the curve to look for other points of intersection.
Example 14
3 2π
Find the points of intersection of the curves r = − cos θ and θ = .
2 3

University 6.
of Additional
Polar Area
The area of a circular sector of radius r is

given by
1 2
A= r θ
2
where r is the radius and θ is the radian
measure of the central angle.

University 6.
of Additional
Area in Polar Coordinates (Case 1)
Let R be the region bounded by the polar curve r = f (θ) and by the rays θ = a
and θ = b, where f is a positive continuous function and where 0 < b − a ≤ 2π.
Z b
1 2
A= [f (θ)] dθ (9)
2 a
Figure: Polar area Figure: Approximating sector

University 6.
of Additional
Area in Polar Coordinates (Case 2)
Let R be the region bounded by curves with the polar equations r = f (θ), r = g (θ)
and by the rays θ = a and θ = b, where f (θ) ≥ g (θ) ≥ 0 and 0 < b − a ≤ 2π.
The area A of R is
1 b
Z
2 2
A= [f (θ)] − [g (θ)] dθ (10)
2 a

University 6.
of Additional
Example 15
(a) Find the area of the top half (0 ≤ θ ≤ π) of the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ.
(b) Find the area enclosed by one loop of the four-leaved rose r = cos 2θ.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 16
(a) Find the area of the region that lies inside the circle r = 3 sin θ and outside
the cardioid r = 1 + sin θ.
(b) Find the area of the region common to the circles r = a cos θ and r = a sin θ.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 17
(a) Find the area between the circle r = 5 cos θ and the limacon r = 2 + cos θ.
Round your answer to the nearest hundredth of a square unit.
(b) Find the area of the region that lies inside the circle r = 3 sin θ and outside
the cardioid r = 1 + sin θ.

University 6.
of Additional
6.4 Arc Length and Surface Area
The Arc Length of a Curve
The Arc Length Formula (Case 1)

If f 0 is continuous on [a, b], then the length of the curve y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b, is
Z b q
2
L= 1 + [f 0 (x)] dx (11)
a
The length L of the curve C

n
X
L = lim |Pi−1 Pi |
n→∞
j=1

University 6.
of Additional
The Arc Length Formula (Case 2)
If a curve has the equation x = g (y ), c ≤ y ≤ d and g 0 (y ) is continuous on [c, d],
then
Z dq
2
L= 1 + [g 0 (y )] dy (12)
c
Example 18
(a) Find the arc length (rounded to two decimal places) of the curve y = x 3/2 on
the interval [0, 4].
(b) Find the length of the curve defined by y = sin x on [0, 2π].

University 6.
of Additional
Example 19
(a) Find the arc length of the curve x = 31 y 3 + 41 y −1 from y = 1 to y = 3.
(b) Find the length of the arc of the parabola y 2 = x from (0, 0) to (1, 1).

University 6.
of Additional
6.4 Arc Length and Surface Area
The Area of a Surface of Revolution
The area of the band (or frustum of a cone) with

slant height l and upper and lower radii r1 and r2
is
S = πr2 (l1 + l) − πr1 l1

= π [(r2 − r1 ) l1 + r2 l]
From similar triangles we have

Figure: The area of the band
r1 + r2 l1 l1 + l
S = 2πrl, r = = ⇒ (r2 − r1 ) = r1 l
2 r1 r2
The area of the band
S = π (r1 l + r2 l) = 2πrl (13)
r1 + r2
where r = is the average radius of the band.
2
University 6.
of Additional
Surface Area (Case 1)
Suppose f is positive and has a continuous derivative on [a, b], we define the
surface area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b,
about the x-axis as
Z b
S= 2πyds
a
Z b q
2
= 2πf (x) 1 + [f 0 (x)] dx (14)
a

University 6.
of Additional
Surface Area
Suppose f is positive and has a continuous derivative on [a, b], we define the
surface area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b,
about the y -axis as
Z b
S= 2πxds
a
Z b q
2
= 2πx 1 + [f 0 (x)] dx (15)
a

University 6.
of Additional
Surface Area (Case 2)
If the curve is described as x = g (y ), c ≤ y ≤ d, then the formula for surface area
obtained by rotating the curve x = g (y ), c ≤ y ≤ d, about the y -axis becomes
Z d q
2
S= 2πg (y ) 1 + [g 0 (y )] dy (16)
c
Example 20
√
The curve y = 4 − x 2 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, is an arc of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4. Find the
area of the surface obtained by rotating this arc about the x-axis.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 21
The arc of the parabola y = x 2 from (1, 1) to (2, 4) is rotated about the y -axis.
Find the area of the resulting surface.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 22
Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the curve y = e x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
about the x-axis.

University 6.
of Additional
Polar Arc Length and Surface Area
Polar Arc Length
Arc Length in Polar Coordinates

The length of a polar curve r = f (θ) for a ≤ θ ≤ b is given by the integral
s 2
Z b
dr
L= r2 + dθ (17)
a dθ
It is noticed that
q
2 2
∆s = (r ∆θ) + (∆r )
s 2
2
∆r
= r + ∆θ
∆θ
Figure: Polar arc length

University 6.
of Additional
Example 23
(a) Find the length of the circle r = 2 sin θ
(b) Find the length of the polar curve r = cos θ

University 6.
of Additional
Example 24
Find the length of the polar curve
π θ
a. r = e 3θ , 0≤θ≤ b. r = cos2
2 2

University 6.
of Additional
Polar Arc Length and Surface Area
Polar Surface Area
Surface area in Polar Coordinates

If a polar curve r = f (θ) for a ≤ θ ≤ b is revolved about the x-axis, it generates
a surface of area
Z b
S= 2πyds
a
s 2
Z b
2
dr
=2π (r sin θ) r + dθ (18)
a dθ

University 6.
of Additional
Example 25
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving about the x-axis the top half
of the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 26
Find the surface area generated when the given polar curve is revolved about the
x-axis
θ
a. r = 1 − cos θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π b. r = cos2 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
2

University 6.
of Additional
6.5 Physical Applications: Works, Liquid Force, and
Centroids
If a body moves a distance d in the direction of an applied constant force F , the

work W done is
W = Fd
Mass Distance Force Work
kg m newton(N) joule
g cm dyne(dyn) erg
slug ft pound ft-lb

Table: Common units of work and force

University 6.
of Additional
Work done by a variable force
The work done by the variable force F (x) in moving an object along the x-axis
from x = a to x = b is given by
Z b
W = F (x)dx (19)
a
Example 27
An object located x ft from a fixed starting position is moved along a straight
road by a force of F (x) = 3x 2 + 5 lb. What work is done by the force to move
the object
(a) through the first 4 ft?
(b) from 1 ft to 4 ft?

University 6.
of Additional
Hooke’s law
When a spring is pulled x units past its equilibrium (rest) position, there is a
restoring force
F (x) = kx
that pulls the spring back toward equilibrium. The constant k is so-called the
spring constant.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 28 (Modeling Work using Hooke’s Law)
The natural length of a certain spring is 10 cm. If it requires 2 ergs of work to
stretch the spring to a total length of 18 cm, how much work will be performed in
stretching the spring to a total length of 20 cm?

University 6.
of Additional
Example 29 (The Work Performed in Pumping Water Out of a Tank)
A tank in the shape of a right circular cone of height 12 ft and radius 3 ft is
inserted into the ground with its vertex pointing down and its top at ground level,
as shown in the figure below. If the tank is filled with water (weight density
δ = ρg = 62.4 lb/ft3 ) to a depth of 6 ft, how much work is performed in pumping
all the water in the tank to ground level? What changes if the water is pumped to
a height of 3 ft above ground level?

University 6.
of Additional
Example 30 (Exercise 37, p. 482)
A tank in the shape of an inverted right circular cone of height 6 ft and top radius
3 ft is half full.
a. How much work is performed in pumping all the water over the top edge of
the tank?
b. How much work is performed in draining all the water from the tank through
a hole at the tip?

University 6.
of Additional
Modeling Fluid Pressure and Force
Water pressure increases with depth.
Pascal’s principle: any point in a liquid the pressure is the same in all
directions.
If a plate with surface area A is submerged

horizontally at a depth h in a fluid, the
force exerted by the fluid on the surface
of the plate is
F = PA = (δh)A = ρghA
where
P = δh is the pressure,
δ = ρg is the weight density,
ρ is the mass density,
g is the acceleration due to gravity.

University 6.
of Additional
Fluid Force
If a plate is submerged vertically in a fluid of a weight density δ = ρg (lb/ft3 ) and
that the submerged portion of the plate extends from h = a to h = b on the vertical
axis.
Then the total force F exerted by the

fluid is given by
Z b
F = δhL(h)dh (20)
a
where
h is the depth
L(h) is the corresponding length of
a typical horizontal approximating
strip.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 31 (Fluid force on a vertical surface)
The cross sections of a certain trough are inverted isosceles triangle with height 6
ft and base 4 ft as shown in figure below. Suppose the trough contains water to a
depth of 3 ft. Find the total fluid force on one end.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 32 (Modeling the force on one face of a dam)
A resevoir is filled with water to the top of a dam. If the dam is in the shape of a
parabola 40 ft high and 20 ft wide at the top, as shown in figure below, what is
the total fluid force on the face of the dam?

University 6.
of Additional
Moments and Centers of Mass
Consider a thin plate (lamina) of uniform density ρ that covers the region R
bounded by the curves y = f (x) and y = g (x) in the interval [a, b].
The mass of R is
Z b
m =(density) × (area) = ρ [f (x) − g (x)] dx
a
The the moments of R about the y -axis

and the x-axis is given by
Z b
My = (mass) × (distance to the y -axis) = ρ x [f (x) − g (x)] dx
a
Z b
1n 2 2
o
Mx = (mass) × (distance to the x-axis) = ρ [f (x)] − [g (x)] dx
a 2
The center of mass (x̄, ȳ ) of the plate R is defined so that
mx̄ = My and mȳ = Mx

University 6.
of Additional
Example 33
(a) Find the center of mass of a semicircular plate of radius r .
(b) Find the centroid of the region bounded by the curves y = cos x, y = 0,
x = 0, and x = π/2.

University 6.
of Additional
Example 34
A homogeneous lamina R has constant density ρ = 1 and is bounded by the
parabola y = x 2 and the line y = x. Find the mass and the centroid of R.

University 6.
of Additional
Theorem of Pappus
The solid generated by revolving a region R about a line outside its boundary (but
in the same plane) has volume V = As, where A is the area of R and s is the
distance traveled by the centroid of R.
Example 35
A torus is formed by rotating a circle of radius r about a line in the plane of the
circle that is a distance R (R > r ) from the center of the circle. Find the volume
of the torus.

University 6.
of Additional

Chapter 6. Additional Applications of The Integration: Le Cong Nhan

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Chapter 6.

Additional Applications of the

Faculty of Applied Sciences

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

3 Polar Forms and Area

Areas Between Two Curves

The area A of the region R is given by

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Figure: The region R = R1 ∪ R2 ∪ R3

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

1. Cutting S into pieces and approximate each piece by a cylinder

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Definition 7 (Solid of revolution)

Figure: Solids of revolution

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

The volume of a solid of revolution

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

The volume of a cylindrical shell

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

1. We divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals [xi−1 , xi ] of equal width ∆x

Vi = (2π x¯i ) [f (x¯i )] ∆x

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

3. Let n → ∞, we get the volume V of S

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

P 7→ P(r , θ): polar coordinates

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

(2) If P(x, y ) then P(r , θ) with

We extend the meaning of polar coordinates

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

In this section, we will study:

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

The area of a circular sector of radius r is

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Figure: Polar area Figure: Approximating sector

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

The Arc Length Formula (Case 1)

The length L of the curve C

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC Chapter