Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Forces Acting in Between Magnetorheological Fluids
Forces Acting in Between Magnetorheological Fluids
Printed in the UK
0964-1726/96/050607+08$19.50
c 1996 IOP Publishing Ltd 607
M R Jolly et al
4π µ1 µ0 (r02 + x 2 )3/2
where µ1 is the relative permeability of the medium and
where some basic trigonometric identities have been used
in the second equality. By defining the scalar shear strain
of the particle chain as = x/r0 , the interaction energy
can be written as
( 2 − 2)|m|2
E12 = (2)
4π µ1 µ0 r03 ( 2 + 1)5/2
Now it is assumed that the particles are aligned in
long chains and that there is only magnetic interaction
between adjacent particles within the chain, i.e., there
are no multipole interactions. Then the total energy
Figure 1. SEM images of magnetic particles in a polymeric density (energy per unit volume) associated with the one-
elastomer matrix; (upper) randomly dispersed particles, dimensional shear strain can be calculated by multiplying
(lower) particles aligned by applied magnetic field. The the particle-to-particle energy, given by equation (2), by the
width of the images is 70 microns. total number of particles and dividing by the total volume:
3φ( 2 − 2)|m|2
between particle magnetization and average composite flux U= (3)
2π 2 µ1 µ0 d 3 r03 (1 + 2 )5/2
density—a quantitiy that can be measured. This model
takes into account the gradual saturation of the permeable where φ is the volume fraction of particles in the composite
particles as applied field increases. This theory is then and d is the particle diameter. The stress induced by the
compared to experimental data on MR fluids and MR application of a magnetic field can be computed by taking
elastomers. the derivative of inter-particle energy density with respect
to the scalar shear strain:
The present model examines the magnetomechanical Next, it is noted that the average particle polarization Jp is
properties of parallel chains of magnetically permeable the dipole moment magnitude per unit particle volume, i.e.
spherical particles. In particular, a magnetic field is |m| = Jp Vi , where Jp has SI units of Tesla:
applied parallel to the chains and the shear stress of
the chains caused by interparticle magnetic force is φ(4 − 2 )Jp2
σ = (5)
modelled. It is assumed that if these particle chains are 8µ1 µ0 h3 (1 + 2 )7/2
608
A magnetorheological material behaviour model
φJp2
σ ' < 0.1 (8)
2µ1 µ0 h3
for which a 3.6% error results when strain = 0.1. The
preyield modulus G of the particle network is simply stress
divided by strain, or, from equation (8)
φJp2
G' < 0.1. (9)
2µ1 µ0 h3
Furthermore, the maximum possible field induced change
in stress (and modulus) occurs when the aligned particles
become magnetically saturated, i.e. when Jp = Js .
It can be seen that the maximum field-induced stress
rises quadratically with saturation magnetization Js of the
Figure 2. (a) Geometry of two particles of diameter d
within a particle chain. Adjacent chains are a distance y
particle material. This observation advocates the use of a
apart and h = r0 /d . (b) Magnetic interaction of the two particulate material with a high saturation magnetization.
particles modelled as dipole moments m and sheared with Pure iron has the highest saturation magnetization of
respect to one another. known elements with Js = 2.1 T. However, alloys of
iron and cobalt (e.g. Permendur) have higher saturation
where we have defined h = r0 /d which is an indication of magnetizations with Js ≈ 2.4 T.
the gap between particles in a chain. This is illustrated in
figure 2. 2.2. The relationship between particle polarization and
Note that the stress-strain relationship given in average composite flux density
equation (5) is independent of particle size. The size of
The average composite flux density is relatively straightfor-
the gap between the particles in a chain can be seen to be a
ward to measure experimentally. For example, flux meters
very important parameter—magnetic field induced stress is
employing field probes or sense coils can typically measure
inversely proportional to this gap cubed. Say, for example,
the flux density at the composite sample directly. Alterna-
that the gap between particles is equal to one quarter of a
tively, if assumptions are made regarding the reluctance of
particle diameter (h = 1.25). Gaps of this size will cause a
the magnetic circuit, the flux density at the composite sam-
factor of two reduction in the magnetically induced stress.
ple can be calculated as a function of the applied magneto-
From figure 2, simple geometry indicates that adjacent
motive force. On the other hand, the particle polarization
particle chains will touch (y = d) when the particle gap is
is impossible to measure directly and is very difficult to
such that h = π/6φ. And particles will be evenly spaced
compute. In this section, theory is developed on the basis
within the matrix (y = dh) when h3 = π/6φ.
that saturation begins in the particle’s polar regions at a
The yield stress of the particle chains occurs at the strain
very low applied field and increases towards total particle
for which stress is maximum. This is found by setting the
saturation as applied field increases. Average particle polar-
first derivative of stress with respect to quasi-static shear
ization is then computed as a function of average composite
strain to zero:
flux density.
∂σ (4 4 − 27 2 + 4)φJp2 Consider the schematic in figure 3. We, again, isolate a
= =0 (6) single chain of particles from an array of parallel chains. It
∂ 8µ1 µ0 h3 (1 + 2 )9/2
is assumed that uniform saturation occurs in each particle
from which yield strain and corresponding yield stress can in region (s) shown in figure 3. Furthermore, distance
be found: s decreases from r to zero as average composite flux
p √ density increases from zero to some large level. Letters
27 − 665 in parentheses in figure 3 correspond to subscripts used in
y = = 0.389 (7a)
23/2 the following development. The magnetic model is one-
0.1143φJp2 dimensional, therefore vector quantities are expressed as
σy = . (7b) scalar magnitudes.
µ1 µ0 h3
609
M R Jolly et al
610
A magnetorheological material behaviour model
Figure 4. Magnetic induction curves for three MR fluids of Figure 5. Experimental yield stress as a function of applied
different iron volume percents. Experimental (thin lines) magnetic field for two MR fluids containing approximately
and model (thick lines) results are shown. 30% iron by volume. Theoretical model results are also
shown for k = 8 (solid) and k = 5 (broken).
3. Magnetorheological fluids
3.2. Magnetorheological effect
3.1. Magnetic properties of MR fluids
The magnetic properties of three MR fluid samples were Experimental evidence has confirmed that MR fluids in
assessed using a magnetic hysteresigraph (KJS Assoc. Inc., the presence of a magnetic field exhibit both a pre-yield
Model HG-500, per ASTM A773-91). The fluid samples regime, characterized by an elastic response, and a post-
contained three different iron loadings: 10%, 20% and 30% yield regime, characterized by a viscous response. The
by volume. The magnetic induction curves (also called the transition between these two regimes has been reported to
B–H curves) of the three samples are shown in figure 4. occur at a yield strain on the order of 0.5% (Weiss et al
Also shown are theoretical model results computed from 1994). Since MR fluids typically operate in a continuous
equation (20). As the theory predicts, magnetic induction yield regime, they are usually characterized by their field
increases with field strength until saturation of the fluid dependent yield stress.
occurs. This can be seen to occur at an intrinsic induction Figure 5 shows published results of yield stress for
of φJs . For example, the MR fluid sample loaded with 30% two MR fluids formulated with approximately 30% (V/V)
iron (which in bulk form saturates at 2.1 T) can be seen carbonyl iron (Lord 1994, Weiss et al 1993). Also
to saturate at about (0.3)(2.1 T) = 0.63 T. A very gradual shown are theoretical model results for two different values
increase in fluid induction is observed after saturation of the of parameter k (from equations (7b) and (21)). The
fluid. This effect—which has been observed during testing model results are seen to be in relatively good agreement
of other MR fluids (Carlson 1996)—is attributed to particle with the experimental data. The figure suggests that the
restructuring over time (Felici et al 1994) and increasing experimentally applied fields were not sufficient to saturate
field. The permeabilities of these fluids were found to be the MR fluid. This is suggested by the trend demonstrated
between approximately 2 µ0 and 6 µ0 when measured at by the model and also by the observation that increases
very low fields. These permeabilities are consistent with in field at higher experimental fields are still resulting in
results of similar experiments conducted by Göktürk et al corresponding substantial increases in yield stress.
(1993). It is anticipated that experimental hysteresigraph results
Parameter k, which was introduced in equation (13), can be used to calibrate the theoretical model. As was
was adjusted to fit the model to the experimental data. done in figure 4, such a calibration entails choosing a
Recall that parameter k is used to account for magnetic k that allows for a good fit between the model and the
interactions other than those between adjacent particles experimental induction curves. The values of k, which
within a chain. The values of k used to fit the model were are weakly dependent upon iron volume fraction, can then
5.0, 4.6, and 4.4 for the 30%, 20% and 10% iron by volume be used with the model for characterization and design
MR fluid samples, respectively. Since these values are purposes. Recall that k = 5 was used in conjunction with
accurate within about 10%, it can be seen that the model, the 30% (V/V) iron MR fluid sample in figure 4. The
when applied to MR fluids, is relatively insensitive to the experimental data in figure 5 can be seen to fall to the right
parameter k. In other words, a value of, say, k = 4.7 would of the theoretical model result for k = 5. It is speculated
provide reasonable model accuracy over a wide range of that this discrepancy is a result of losses in the magnetic
iron volume fractions. circuit used to generate the experimental results.
611
M R Jolly et al
4. Magnetorheological elastomers
612
A magnetorheological material behaviour model
Table 1. Enumeration of the nominal absolute modulus (no field applied), the experimental maximum change in modulus for
specimens tested at 1.0% strain and 2.0 Hz, and the maximum change in modulus predicted by the model assuming no gaps
between particles (h = 1).
◦
Figure 8. The effect of peak strain on field induced change in modulus ( ) and change in tan δ (M). This data corresponds to
the 30%(V/V) iron specimen measured at 10 Hz and 0.85 T.
613
M R Jolly et al
Carlson J D 1994 The promise of controllable fluids Proc. Jolly M R, Carlson J D, Munoz B C and Bullions T A 1996 The
Actuator 94 (Bremen, Germany 1994) pp 266–70 magnetoviscoelastic effect of elastomer composites
Carlson J D 1996 Private communication consisting of ferrous particles embedded in a polymer
Carlson J D, Chrzan M J and James F O 1994 matrix J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. submitted
Magnetorheological fluid devices US Patent No. 5,284,330 Kasahara A, Yamada A, Yoshizawa T, Wada K and Yamasaki H
Carlson J D, Catanzarite D M and St Clair K A 1995 1994 Viscoelastic substance and objective lens driving
Commercial magneto-rheological fluid devices 5th Int. apparatus with the same US Patent No. 5,337,865
Conf. ER, MR Suspensions Assoc. Technol. (Sheffield, Lord 1994 Lord Product Information: MR Fluid MRX-100 and
England, 1995) MRX-135CD, Lord Corp., Cary, NC, USA
Chase V D 1996 Cutting edge Appl. Manuf. May p 6 Muñoz B C and Jolly M R 1995 Mechanical response of
Felici N, Foulc J N and Atten P 1994 A conduction model of elastomers to magnetic fields 4th Ann. Workshop: Advances
electrorheological effect Electrorheological Fluids: in Smart Mater. for Aerospace Appl. (NASA Langley
Mechanisms, Properties, Technology and Applications ed R Research Center, 1995), 210th ACS National Meeting
Tao and G D Roy (Singapore: World Scientific) pp 139–52 (Chicago, IL, 1995)
Gast A P and Zukoski C F 1989 Electrorheological fluids as Rigbi Z and Jilken L 1983 The response of an elastomer filled
colliodal suspensions Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 30 153–202 with soft ferrite to mechanical and magnetic influences J.
Gentry S B, Mazur J F and Blackburn B K 1995 Muscle training Magnetism Magn. Mater. 37 267–76
and physical rehabilitation machine using Rosensweig R E 1985 Ferrohydrodynamics (Cambridge:
electro-rheological magnetic fluid US Patent No. 5,460,585 Cambridge University Press)
Ginder J M and Davis L C 1994 Shear stresses in Spasojevic D, Irvine T F and Afgan N 1974 The effect of a
magnetorheological fluids: role of magnetic saturation Appl. magnetic field on the rheodynamic behaviour of
Phys. Lett. 65 3410–2 ferromagnetic suspensions Int. J. Multiphase Flow 1 607–22
Ginder J M, Davis L C and Elie L D 1995 Rheology of Tang X, Chen Y and Conrad H 1995 Structure and interaction
magnetorheological fluids: models and measurements 5th force in a model magnetorheological system 5th Int. Conf.
Int. Conf. ER, MR Suspensions Assoc. Technol. (Sheffield, ER, MR Suspensions Assoc. Technol. (Sheffield, England,
England, 1995) 1995)
Göktürk H S, Fiske T J and Kalyon D M 1993 Electric and Weiss K D et al 1993 High strength magneto- and
magnetic properties of a thermoplastic elastomer electro-rheological fluids Proc. SAE SAE paper no 932451
incorporated with ferromagnetic powders IEEE Trans. Weiss K D, Carlson J D and Nixon D A 1994 Viscoelastic
Magn. 29 4170–6 properties of magneto- and electro-rheological fluids J.
Harpavat G 1974 Magnetostatic forces on a chain of spherical Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 5 772–5
beads in a uniform magnetic field IEEE Trans. Magn. 10
919–22
614