Disciplines and Ideas

in the Social Sciences

Week 4 Lesson
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Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences (DISS)

LEARNING COMPETENCY
Analyze the basic concepts and principles
of the major social science theories: a.
Structural-functionalism b. Marxism c.
Symbolic Interactionism
 REVIEW
Disciplines of Social Sciences
Anthropology
Economics
Geography
Linguistic
History
Political Science
Psychology
Sociology
Key Concepts and Approaches
in the Social Sciences
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM,
MARXISM AND SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
EXPECTATIONS
at the end of the lesson, student will be able to:
Define Structural Functionalism, Marxism and
Symbolic Interactionism
Interpret personal and social experiences using
Structural Functionalism, Marxism and Symbolic
Interactionism
Evaluate the strenghts and weaknesses of
Structural Functionalism, Marxism and Symbolic
Interactionism
 SONG ANALYSIS: UPUAN BY
GLOC 9
What do you think is the message of the song "Upuan"?
Based on your own observation of our society today, what social issues are
being confronted in the song "Upuan"?
WHAT IS A THEORY/SCHOOL OF
THOUGH/ APPROACH/ PARADIGM?
A set of general assumptions about
the nature of our society
It is an explanation for why a
phenomenan occurs.
 MACRO VIEW
focusing on the large social
phenomena or "the big picture".
e.g. social institutions and
inequality
MICRO VIEW
"zeroing in" on the immediate
social situation where people
interact with one another or
looking at the situation patterns
of social interactions.
 Major Theories in Social Sciences

STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONALISM

MARXISM/ CONFLICT THEORY

SYMBOLIC INTERATIONISM
Structural Functionalism
THEORY 1
MACRO PERSPECTIVE
ROBERT
EMILE DURKHEIM MERTON
This theory is guided by the assymption
that society is a complex system whose
parts work together to promote stability.
Each part of the society- the family,
school, economy, politics, religion -
perform certain functions for the society
as-a-whole.
According to Structural Functionalism,
Society is a system of interconnected
parts that work together nin harmony to
maintain a state of balance and social
equilibrium for the whole.
 All parts are interdependent.

It focuses on social order. If

something happens to disrupt this
social order, its parts will adjust in
way that produces new stability.
SOCIAL CONSENSUS
a condition in which most members of the society
agree on what would be good for everybody and
cooperate to achieve it.

SOCIAL DYSFUNCTIONS
is the undesirable effect in a social pattern on the
operation of society.
 Two forms of Social Order
MECHANICAL ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
SOLIDARITY a type of social cohesion that
a type of social cohesions that arises when people in a society
develops when people do similar perform a wide variety of
work. specialized jobs and therefore
must defend on one another.
 Social Functions and
Dysfunctions in our Society

Manifest Latent Manifest Latent

Functions Functions Dysfunctions Dysfunctions
Manifest Latent
(INTENDED) (UNINTENDED)
 Functions Dysfunctions
BENEFECIAL CONSEQUENCES THAT
CONSEQUENCES OF HARM A SOCIETY
PEOPLE'S ACTIONS
MANIFEST FUNCTIONS
is the predicted, intended, and
obvious functions. It is explicitly
understood by the participants in
the relevant actions.
MANIFEST DYSFUNCTIONS
is the predicted, expected and knowable
dysfunctions.
LATENT FUNCTIONS
is the unintended and unrecognized
functions. It is explicitly stated and or
recognized by the people involved.
LATENT DYSFUNCTIONS
the unpredictable and unexpected
dysfunctions.
Strengths and Weaknesess
IT EXPLAINS HOW SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS INTERACTS WITH
SOCIETY.
IT FOCUSES ONLY ON THE POSITIVE FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL
EVENTS, IGNORING THE NEGATIVE.
IT TENDS TO PAY LESS ATTENTION TO DIVISIONS BASED ON
SOCIAL CLASS, RACE, ETHNICITY, SEX AND DOWNPLAYS HOW
SUCH DIVISIONS GENERATE TENSION AND CONFLICT.
SOCIETY TENDS TO SEEK STABILITY AND AVOID CONFLICT,
Marxism or Conflict Theory
THEORY 2
KARL MARX
MACRO PERSPECTIVE
This theory assumes that society is
a complex system characterized by Powerful groups gain more than
inequality and conflict that generate the less powerful.
social change.

Conflict exist because the powerful/ Two Classes in Society by Karl

dominant oppress the less powerful/ Marx: Bourgeoisie (the
subordinate. capitalists) and Proletariat (the
workers or laborers.
Strengths and Weaknesess
IT HIGHLIGHTS POWER STRUGGLES AS THE DOMINANT TRAITS OF
SOCIETIES
IT EXPLICITLY ADVOCATES CHANGE.
EXPOSE INJUSTICE AND FERVENTLY BELIEVES THAT ALL PEOPLE
SHOULD BE TREATED WITH EQUALITY AND DIGNITY.
Symbolic Interactionism
THEORY 3
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
MICRO PERSPECTIVE
This theory undertakes that society is SI analyzes society by addressing the
continously recreated as human beings subjective meanings that people
construct reality through interactions. impose on objects, events, and
behaviours.

It focuses on how people make sense of SI explains social behavior in terms

the world; on how they experience and of how people interact with each
define what they and others are doing, other via shared symbols and
and on how they influence and are
influenced by others. languages.
 Three Basic Premises by Herbert Blumer
Human actions depend on the meaning
of the object.

We give meaning to things based on

social interactions and experiences.

The meaning of symbols is not

permanent and can change over time.
Strengths and Weaknesess
SI RECOGNIZES THAT PERCEPTION OF REALITY ARE VARIABLE
AND CHANGING.
SYMBOLS MAY BE INTERPRETED INCORRECTLY OR DIFFERENTLY
AMONG DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE
IT IGNORES THAT LARGER ISSUES OF NATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL ORDER AND CHANGE.
 What are your
learnings for today?

STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONALISM
explains that society is made up of
a bunch of moving parts that move
together as one.
everyone needs to do their part (our
part) in order for our society to
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
function well.
MARXISM
sees society as divided along lines of
economic class between the proletarian
workers class and the bourgeois ruling
class.
founded in the premise that we respond
based on the meanings that we attach
to the surrounding worlds; people
assign meaning to each other's words
and actions.
THANK YOU!