(a) A scientist finds an unlabelled bottle on a shelf.

She thinks the bottle contains a solution

of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4 Describe tests the scientist could do to show that the
solution is ammonium sulfate. (6)

(b) Ammonium sulfate is often used as a fertiliser. It is prepared by reacting ammonia (NH3)

with sulfuric acid (H2SO4). (i) Name the type of reaction that occurs between ammonia
and sulfuric acid.
(1) ..........................................................................................................................................
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(c) (ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with sulfuric acid.
(1) ..........................................................................................................................................
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(d) (iii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of ammonia. Show
outer electrons only. (2)
A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of reaction between marble chips and dilute
hydrochloric acid.

The equation for the reaction is

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
(a) During the reaction the mass of the contents of the flask decreases.
(i) State why the mass of the contents of the flask decreases. (1)
carbon dioxide/a gas is given off.

(ii) State the purpose of the cotton wool. (1)

to prevent acid/ liquid/ solution/ from leaving the flask

(iii) Explain why sulfuric acid is not a suitable acid to use in this investigation. (2)
b) The graph shows the student’s results.
Insoluble calcium sulphate formed will form a coating on the surface of marble chips slowing down
the reaction.

(i) In the investigation the marble chips are in excess. Explain the shape of the graph. (4)
the curve is steepest at the start because the acid concentration is highest. The curve
becomes less steep as the solution is becoming more dilute. The curve levels off when the
acid has all been used up
(ii) Explain, using particle collision theory, how increasing the temperature affects the rate of a
reaction.
As temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases.
The particles gain more kinetic energy and move faster. This increases the
frequency of collisions of particles per unit time.
More particles also possess energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.
There are more successful collisions per unit time hence the increase in the rate of
reaction.
- When ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas mix, they react together to form a white
solid called ammonium chloride. The equation for the reaction is
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)

A teacher soaks a piece of cotton wool in concentrated ammonia solution and another
piece of cotton wool in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The teacher places the two pieces
of cotton wool at opposite ends of a glass tube at the same time. After several minutes, a
white ring of solid ammonium chloride forms.
(i) State the name given to the spreading out of gas particles. (1)
diffusion
(ii) (ii) State how the diagram shows that the particles of ammonia gas are travelling at higher
speeds than the particles of hydrogen chloride gas.
(1) ...............................................................................................................................................
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(iii) (iii) Gas particles travel at high speeds. Give a reason why the white ring of ammonium
chloride takes several minutes to form.
(1) ...............................................................................................................................................
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(iv) (iv) Concentrated ammonia solution and concentrated hydrochloric acid are corrosive. Give
one safety precaution the teacher should take. (1)