Digital Logic Design

Digital Computers and Data Representation

Introduction:
Electrical Engineering is a branch, that can studied about high voltage electrical components.
Electronic engineering is a branch, that can studied about low voltage electrical components.

The components which combined to form a system those components are called eletronic
components and system is called electronic system.

Types of Electronic systems:

Based on upon the data format (input) followed by the system

We classify electronic systems in two types
1) Analog System
2) Digital System
Analog System:
These systems that work with natural phenomena and physical values and can be used for
specific purpose
Example: speedometers, therometers etc
Features of Analog System:

 It performs a particular task so it does not support multitasking.

 It works on continuous data and gives continuous output.
 It works on real time and has no storage capacity.
 Output are in the form of graphs, signals and movements etc.

Drawbacks of Analog System

 It cannot support Multitask.
 Information represented in continuous data.
  No storage capacity.
 The output is not in human readable form.
 Not to be re-programmed.
 Less faster
Digital System:
Digital systems are those systems that work on the values of digits. Here digits are discrete
values which are 0 and 1. Here 0 indicates OFF and 1 indicates ON.
Features of Digital System:
 It performs multiple tasks. So it supports multi task.
 It works on discontinuous data or discrete data.
 High storage capacity available here.
 Comparing to Analog system it works very fast.
 Re-programmable possible.
 Output is in human readable form.
Difference between Analog System and Digital Systems
Analog System Digital Systems
*Analog System accepts continuous form * Digital Systems accepts discrete (0 and 1) form
of data. of data.
*Analog System is designed for * Digital Systems are designed for performing a
performing a specific task or a single task. multiple number of tasks.
*In this there is no storage capacity. *In this there is storage capacity.
*Output is not in human readable form. *Output is in human readable form.
*It is less faster. *It is more faster.
*It cannot be re-programmed *It can be re-programmed
*In this Output’s are generated in the form *In this Output’s are generated in the form of
of graphs, Signals and movements. digits.
*Ex: - All digital Systems( Computers, CD’s,
*Ex: - Speedometers, Thermometers.
DVD’s)
*In this the data flows, for input and *In this the data flows, for input and output is
output is shown below. shown below.

*It is denoted by sine waves. *It is denoted by square waves.

Clock diagram Digital clock 9:05
Design of Digital Systems
The Design of Digital Systems may be divided into three parts
1) System Design.
2) Logic Design.
3) Circuit Design.
System Design:
System Design breaking the overall system into sub- systems and specifying
the characteristics of each sub system.
Ex:- System Design of Digital computer could involve specifying the number of components
in system and type of memory units, Arithmetic units and input devices as well as the
interconnection and control of these sub systems.
Logic Design:
Logic Design involves determining how to interconnect Basic Logic Building
blocks to perform a specific function.
Ex:- Logic Design is determine the interconnection of logic Gates and Flipflops required to
perform binary addition.
Circuit Design:
Circuit Design involves specifying the interconnection of specific components
such as Registers, Diodes and transistors, to form a Gate, Flipflops or other logic building
block
Switching Circuits:
*A Switching Circuit has one or more inputs and one or more outputs which take on
discrete values (0’s and 1’s form).
*Many of Digital Systems contains Sub Systems which is in the form of Switching
Circuit and it can be shown below

Types of Switching Circuits:

There are two types of Switching Circuits.
1) Combinational Circuits.
2) Sequential Circuits.
Combinational Circuits:
*In a Combinational Circuit, the output values depend only on the present input values
and not on the past input values.
*A Combinational Circuit has no memory.
* Combinational Circuits are easier to Design.
* The basic building blocks used to construct Combinational Circuits are Logic Gates.

Sequential Circuits:
*In a Sequential Circuits, the output values depend upon both present and past input
values.
*A Sequential Circuit has memory. Because it must remember something about the past
sequence of output.
* A Sequential Circuit composed of a Combinational Circuit with Added memory
elements.
* The Sequential Circuit is difficult to Design.
* The Base Memory elements used in the design of Sequential Circuit are Flipflops.
 * A Flipflop is a device which can store one bit of information it may 0 or 1.
* These Flipflops can be interconnected with Gates to form Registers or Counters.
To understand the operation of each Digital System, it is necessary to have basic knowledge
of Digital Circuits and their Logic functions.
NUMBER SYSTEMS