How do mandatory reporting procedures need to change to prevent more

sexual assaults and to better support victims of sexual assault?

Maya Casey Olivier

Senior Project Advisor: Lori Fisher

Abstract

Sexual assault has been an ongoing issue for all of human history. There have been many ups and
downs through the many anti-sexual assault movments. One promising concept that has come
from these movements is mandatory reporting. This is a key tool for responding to sexual
assault. Much exploration is required to determine how mandatory reporting can grow and
change in order to create more justice and support of the victims of sexual assault. This could be
broken down into common themes such as, mandatory reporting and what that means for
mandated reporters, how mandatory reporting has been helpful and ways that it can prevent
sexual assault, and what areas the court systems could improve the judicial process. Research
shows that victims do not have the voice in this process that they should have. Mandatory
reporting needs to progress in a way that the survivors of sexual assault are involved and heard
throughout their case. It has been shown that most people who sexual perpetrators get away with
sexual assault/ abuse whether the case is reported or not. Changes in mandatory reporting can go
a long way to reverse this. In drawing conclusions, it has been discovered that there are ways that
mandatory reporting can change. Finding patterns within assaulters, hearing the victims voice,
informing them as their case progresses are some ways to make mandatory reporting work for all
parties involved (mandated reporters, victims, and law enforcement).

12th Grade Humanities

Animas High School
4 April 2022
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 Part I: Introduction

“Don’t be ashamed of your story- it will inspire others,” said anonymous. 1 in 3 women

are sexually assaulted in their life as is, 1 in 13 men. Few share their stories with the world or

decide to report at all. Because of this, there is a reporting mechanism called mandatory

reporting. Many people do not know what mandatory reporting is. Mandatory reporting is when

a person in a professional position such as a teacher, doctor, or administrator is trained to report

sexual abuse/ assault or suspison of the same. These people are referred to as mandatory

reporters. Through their certification they are obligated to report sexual assault or abuse. Some of

this reporting is based on suspicion that something is wrong in a person's life. In other cases a

victim has confided in the mandatory reporter. The victim does not have a say in whether their

experience is reported.

There's not enough research to tell whether this has been effective or not. Many people

such as mandated reporters, college and high school students, community members, and their

families are interested in the mandatory reporting concept. Most people grow up and either have

been sexually assaulted, or know someone who has, this is not a topic for one group of people

this is a topic for most everyone

While mandatory reporting serves many positives in society, research shows that

mandatory reporting currently does not serve the victims or survivors of sexual assault as a

whole and needs to be redesigned to focus more on the victims voice.

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 Part II: Historical Context and Background

Mandatory reporting has grown and changed over time. Leonard G. Brown III and Kevin

Gallagher noted in their research paper “Mandatory Reporting of Abuse: A Historical

Perspective on the Evolution of States' Current Mandatory Reporting Laws with a Review of the

Laws in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania'' stated , “since this first mandatory reporting law,

the law has been amended several times, most notably in 1975. The first state laws on mandatory

reporting of child abuse came as a direct response to a call to action from the media and interest

groups” (pg 2). This means that when a mandated reporter, someone that works in a professional

position (social worker, physician,teacher, doctor, or couselor) are required to report to Title IX

or CPS if they have a reason to suspect sexual assault or abuse. In simpiler terms they have to

report if someone tells them something that could be harmful to them sexually, physically, or

mentally whether the victim wants them to or not. Furthermore there are different aspects of

mandatory reporting depending on the case and the circumstances.

With the mandatory laws that are in place, there have been many more cases reported

than in the past. As Frank Ainsworth said in, “Mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect

(...)” “The state without reporting, has a higher incidence per 1000 children of sustained cases of

abuse and neglect” (Ainsworth 4). Each state's mandatory reporting laws vary depending on

what the state feels is necessary. “This would entail looking at the difference between states, in

terms of social, economic, and political differences.” (Ainsworth 4). Not every state law is the

same. For laws it's important to look at your state as a whole in order to determine what would

be best for the citizens of that state.

After a case is reported, there are two ways that it could go, it could be subject to

investigation, or not. There are two people that mandated reporters report to, Child Protective

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Services (CPS) and Title IX. Child Protective Services is the name of a government agency in

many states of the United States responsible for providing child protection, which includes

responding to reports of child abuse or neglect. Title IX is a federal civil rights law in the United

States of America that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits

sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives funding from

the federal government. (Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat.) After a case is reported to one of these

organizations, they then determine how severe the case is and whether or not they should hold an

investigation. If an investigation is held they would then contact the victim and ask them about

their story.

There are different types of reporting. Some involve mandated reporting, some do not.

Different Kinds of reporting from: Colorado Reporting Options from Colorado Colitation

Against Secual Assault (CCASA)

A Law Enforcement report would consist of the victim choosing to “obtain in a

medical forensic exam and choose to participate in the criminal justice system at that

time.” This would mean the victim would need to be okay with going through the

criminal justice system: possible court and investigation.

A Medical Report means, “a victim chooses to obtain a medical forensic exam but

at that time chooses to not participate in the criminal justice system. Evidence and

information to law enforcement is released with victim identifying information. A

medical reporting victim can choose to have evidence tested.” This gives the victim a

little bit more of a choice to what may happen with their case. They do not have to go

into the criminal justice system if they do decide to choose this. This would also entail

that the people that they reported to may ask them to confirm the information to Law

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 Enforcement but they are not forced to do so.

An anonymous report keeps the victim completely confidential. This means, “A

victim chooses to obtain a medical forensic exam but at that time chooses to not

participate in the criminal justice system. Evidence and information to law enforcement is

released without victim identifying information. An anonymous reporting victim is

consenting to evidence storage only.” This would mean that Law enforcement is aware of

what happened to the victim to a certain extent, but cannot contact the victim to identify

information. The victim would not participate in the criminal justice system in this case.

Sexual asssault is, any type of sexual activity or contact, including rape, that happens

without a person’s consent. This may include someone touching, grabbing, kissing, or any sexual

action in a non-consensual way. This may also include unwanted sexual attention through social

media, or through people’s words (cat calling). Most cases of mandatory reporting focus on

child abuse or neglect. However the same mandatory reporting law is put in place for sexual

assault and abuse. This is what this research paper focuses on, specifically accounting for the

victim and what they may need. A victum of sexual assault or abuse is a person of any gender

that has been hurt, assulted or abused in a sexual way, without giving their consent to the person.

This paper determines what is best for the victim based on ample research. While also

accounting for the best way to prevent and educate about sexual assault, and finding solutions

on how to make mandatory reporting better.

Part III: Research and Analysis

Purpose of Mandatory Reporting

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 The purpose of mandatory reporting is to prevent sexual assault, keep the victims safe,

get the victims the help they may need, and bring consequences to the perpetrator.

Mandated reporters play a huge role in all of these purposes. This all comes down to why

they report. Based on research the most common answer on why they report is to get the victim

the help they may need or deserve. The Colorado School Safety Center explains, “Mandatory

reporters are required by law to report suspected child abuse and neglect. The training educates

mandatory reporters on what constitutes abuse and/or neglect, when to call for assistance, and

how to make a report. It also explains the process undertaken when a call is received.” The

training the mandated reporters go through is important so the mandated reporters can

understand when to report and when it may not be the right thing to do. They develop this

understanding in order to make sure that they are completing their jobs as mandated reporters

and following the law, as well as helping the victims.

An NPR reporter at the University of Illinois learned how hard it can be when you are

mandated to report and the repercussions of what may happen if someone fails to report. In this

instance, she had many students who confided in her and told their stories of sexual assault to her

because she was someone they could trust and talk to. The reporter interviewed them and did not

contact the proper authorities. She was then contacted by Title IX, as she was affiliated with the

college campus. Katheren Mangen author of “What Happens When Confidentiality in

Sexual-Assault Reporting Is No Longer an Option?” writes, “Many colleges designate nearly all

of their employees as mandated reporters, although many carve out exceptions for counselors,

chaplains and others whose jobs require confidentiality” (Mangan 3). This was not something

that this particular reporter was aware of. She had promised the assault victims who confided in

her that they would remain confidential. Yet when Title IX found out about the tips that she had

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received and the stories that she knew about, they held her accountable as a mandated reporter.

Mangen explains, “The request promised confidentially, Otwell learned suddenly, she couldn’t

guarantee. In the end, ProPublica agreed to collect these tips and share them with NPR Illinois

only if they involved another university student or if that had already been reported” (Mangen 7).

She was then faced with two options, she could resign, or be fired for failure to report. In the

end, the reporter resigned and focused on educating people about mandatory reporting policies

around the United States.

As shown in this story she was unsure about the policies that she had to follow, but when

Title IX got involved they showed her how important it was that she did report. Mandated

reporters often have to learn that they may jeopardize some of the relationships. This reporter

experienced losing the victim's trust because she had to report the things that she had heard from

them. Mandated reporters have a responsibility to report. Their job is to look out for the people

that are around them, in order to help their peers, students, or patients stay safe and healthy.

Mandated reporting happens in schools, doctors' offices, or college campuses and is often

over reported. An investigation depends on the severity of the case. Oftentimes when a case is

reported, the victims know that a report was made but after the fact they don’t hear much more.

In the article, “Mandated Reporting Statistics Tell a Different Story” the author Glori Gayster

writes, “With the threat of penalties for lack of reporting looming ever-present, the result is an

overwhelming number of cases, and inaccurate overreporting. A five-year study between

2012-2016 shows that on average 85% of cases of mandatory reporting are reversed on appeal”

(Gayster 1).This proves the point that there is a tendency to over-report and could mean that

many cases do not go under investigation. This gives a possible reason why the victim may not

be kept in the loop, if nothing happens to the case then there is nothing to tell the victim.

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Pros To Mandatory Reporting

There are many pros to mandatory reporting. When a mandated reporter gets involved,

there is a greater chance the case will get reported which can prevent further assaults from

happening. This section will go deeper into whether the case is investigated or not, why a case

may be reported, and mandated reporters as a whole.

In Colorado, victims have three options when reporting a sexual assault, Law

Enforcment Report, Medical Report, or Anonymas Report. This does not necessarily apply to

minors as stated on the website Colorado Reporting Options, “Please note that these reporting

options do not apply for minors (C.R.S. 19-3-304) and at-risk elders (C.R.S. 18-6.5-108), due to

other mandatory reporting obligations'' (Colorado Reporting Options CCASA).

Mandated Reporters provide more support to the victims than they may receive if the

assault is not reported. Research by Dean G. Kilpatrick in his research paper “Mental Health

Impact of Rape” reads, “Rape victims were three times more likely than non-victims of crime to

have ever had a major depressive episode (30% Vs 10%). Also, they were 3.5 times more likely

to be currently experiencing a major depressive episode (21% Vs 6%). Some mental health

problems are life-threatening” (Kilpatrick 1). This particular statement from Kilpatrick shows

that there is an ongoing issue within mental health for rape victims, he shows this can often be

the same with people who struggle with less severe cases of sexual assault. By mandatory

reporting, the victim understands that there is more of a chance for them to get the help and

support they need. This is especially true in schools where mandated reporters need to make sure

that the victim receives the support, counseling and medical care they need. The Principal of

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Animas High School explained in an interview that all schools have someone who acts as a Title

IX coordinator. Many times the Title IX coordinator is also the school counselor who steps in

when there is harm between students. This could be sexual or nonsexual harm. The Title IX

coordinator organizes the mental and physical help the students may need after an assault.

This would also entail making sure that the victim is safe, whether in their school life,

home life, or work life. Principal of Animas High School, Sean Woytek explained in an

interview that there can be many cases where the student may have to leave their homes due to

assaults happening. In this case, Child Protective Services would be contacted and they would

then decide whether or not to remove the minor from their home, and where they would go if this

was the case. Sean also explained that when an assault is between two students, the Title IX

coordinator would be contacted, and he/she would follow through with an investigation and

determine that both students involved were safe and what the next steps would be. This may

mean the student who was the assaulter may have to leave the school to ensure the victims safety

or vice versa.

Cons to Mandatory Reporting

There are a few cons to mandatory reporting such as a lack of the victims' voices being

heard, court systems failing to create justice for victims, and a lack of education around

mandatory reporting.

Every 68 seconds an American is sexually assaulted. More specifically, 1 in 6 women are

sexually assaulted in their life time, on college camuses alone 1 in 5 women are assaulted. 1 in

33 men are assaulted or have assaulted in their life time, around 3% of american men. On college

campuses alone 1 in 13 men are assaulted. 1 in 10 rape victums are male. Women and girls have

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a higher risk of sexual asssault this may varry with age. Sexual assault in prominate for women

when younger from grade school to college and shorly after. Statistics show younger people are

more prone to assault. This is especially prominent to women. These statistics are taken directly

from RAINN, a website that focuses specifically on statistics of sexual assault. These statics

prove why mandatory reporting is important because sexual assault is so prominent in

modern-day times.

In her Ted Talk “Why women stay Silent After Sexual Assault”, Herchcovitch states that

on average, only 10% of sexual assault victims report the incident, and many wait months after

the assault occurs. Jessica Ladd, in her Ted Talk, “The Reporting System that Sexual Assault

Survivors Want”, found in her research that only 6% of sexual assault cases reported result in the

offender spending at least one day in prison. Ladd’s research provides an explanation for

Herchcovitch’s statistics. One can infer that because only 6% of cases result in jail time, victims

are hesitant to report their assault due to low or no consequences for their abuser, hence no

justice for them as a victim. Herchcovitch called this, “victimizing the victim.”

Court systems have proven over time to be extremely hard on the victim, oftentimes

failing to create justice for them. “The vast number of reports and appeals has created an

administrative backlog, slowing down an individual’s chance for a timely hearing and/or appeal”

(Gayster 1). There are many cases where little to no consequence occurs to the offender. When a

victim is assaulted they may not always want to report it, most of the time this is because they

think no one will believe them. The fact of the matter is, that if victims don’t report and stay

silent then nothing is going to be done around the issue of sexual assault. This falls on the lack of

justice within the court systems. The criminal justice system needs to start changing if there is

going to be less assault.

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 Another major con to mandatory reporting is the victim doesn’t have a choice on whether

it's reported or not. If a mandated reporter suspects that something has happened then they

legally have the responsibility to report. While interviewing Animas High School students, two

particular students who are survivors of sexual assault and won’t be named, stood out and had a

lot of really interesting things to say. One of the young women that I interviewed had experience

with mandatory reporting and told her story to me. She went on to explain that she was young

when the assault happened, she explained to me that she was someone whose story and

experiences were mandatorily reported. She explained that after the fact that it was reported, she

had no idea what happened and didn’t hear anything about it until years later. She went on to tell

me that because she was young, she was kept in the complete dark. This gets complicated

because when a victim is young, it can be hard to explain to them what is happening. Yet they

should have some awareness of what happened and whether or not something happened after the

case was reported.

The other survivor that I interviewed, had an instance where it involved another person

her age. This would fall under a Title IX investigation. She told the school what had happened

and felt the school didn’t do anything about it. She was told to go to SASO, which is the local

Sexual Assault Services Organization. SASO never followed up with her. This led her to feel

like no one was listening. Her mental health declined after experiencing the assault and the

ramifications that followed. She explained to me that five years later the authorities came to her

and tried to re-open her case which at the time was not effective for her. She lost trust in the

criminal justice system and was frustrated that she didn’t get the justice that she deserved. Both

of these interviewees showed similarities in not feeling heard or kept in the loop with what

happened with their cases.

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 Mandated reporters also face tough decisions and consequences when reporting or

choosing not to report. According to CO4Kids, “There are legal consequences for not reporting.

You could be charged with a class 3 misdemeanor, receive a fine of $750 and/or imprisonment

up to six months, and be liable for what the law terms “damages approximately caused” if you

fail to report a suspicion of child abuse or neglect” (CO4Kids). Although this focuses on child

abuse, the laws are the same for sexual assault. Mandated reporters face strict consequences

when failing to report.

The principal of Animas High School, Sean Woytek, explained in an interview how

mandatory reporting can be hard on teachers who care about their kids. Students don’t always

understand that the teacher is looking out for their safety and trying to help. Teachers’

relationships with their students often change after mandatory reporting happens. This shows

how difficult a decision mandated reporters have. There are consequences if they do report in

terms of relationships around them, as well as consequences if they fail to report surrounding the

federal law. Specifically in school systems, after mandatory reporting happens between staff and

students, the victim may no longer have trust in that staff member and may lose their

confidentiality, their choice, and their voice.

Potential Changes To Mandatory Reporting

In summary of research, there are a few solutions and potential changes to mandatory

reporting. In this section the key points that will be discussed are a website where victims can

report their assaults and feel more control over their outcome and support groups for minors that

don’t require mandatory reporting.

In a Ted Talk where speaker Jessica Ladd talked about, “A Reporting System that

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Survivors Want”, Ladd touches on the issue of sexual assault on college campuses. Specifically,

the reporting system that survivors want. 59% of sexual assault cases happen by repeat offenders

which means the offender has assaulted somone in the past. The solution that Ladd found utilizes

the repeat offender records in order to provide more evidence in court.

Ladd talked about a new reporting system that benefits sexual assault suvivors. This is a

website with reporting resources accessible to the survivors. This website has the technology to

match two reported cases with the same assaulter. Currently, only 6% of assaulters that were

reported against spend at least one day in jail. When a case goes to court with two people

experiencing assault from the same person, the judge or the jury will see a pattern of behavior

which could result in more severe consequences. A website like Ladd discusses in her Ted Talk

can make both survivors' stories hold more weight.

Ladd said in her closing statement of the Ted Talk, “We don’t have to live in a world

where 99% of rapists get away with it, we can create one where those who do wrong are held

accountable, where survivors get the support and justice they deserve, where the authorities get

the information they need, and where there's a real deterrence to violating the rights of another

human being.” Ladd said it best that an assault is violating the rights of another human being and

the criminal justice system does the same when not listening to the victim.

When Ladd conducted research with victims and came up with the idea to create a

website where victims can report what happened to them with the assaulter being matched to

similar stories, this created a support system between victims and provided more evidence for

court cases. “Knowing that you aren’t the only one changes everything.” (Ladd, Reporting

System Survivors Want) This increased mental health for victims as well, “you’ll have someone

else’s back and they’ll have yours.” (Ladd)

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 One of the bigger issue established is supporting the survivors of sexual assault more and

letting their voices be heard. This came up a lot when interviewing AHS Students. Many of these

students suggest that when a mandated reporter needs to report, they should talk to the victim

about what is best for them and how they want their assault reported. Both the victim and the

mandated reporter can then find the best way to report taking into account CPS and Title IX. As

established in interviews with Animas High School students, often the victim is not kept in the

loop when these organizations are involved.

In an interview with SASO the local Sexual Assault Service Oragnization, I gathered data

on what kinds of support there are for suvivors of sexual assault who may not want to report and

found the options limited. Sure, there are therapists, counselors, and family to talk to, but not

everyone is close with their family or can afford a therapist. Laura Latimer at SASO explained to

me that they run support groups for survivors of sexual assault who are over the age of 18. This

means that anyone who is a survivor of assault can come and talk with other survivors and a

therapist about what happened to them. Laura explained that people who come to these various

groups have reported their assault, and if they haven’t the person who runs that support group is

obligated to report as a mandated reporter. She explained to me that one of the main reasons that

they don’t have groups from minors is because they didn’t feel it was needed. There are many

assault and abuse cases that happen in high schools and middle schools. SASO is not oblivious

to this fact, but because high school and middle school students are minors some of them may

not want to report their assault. Support groups would then not be available. This is not SASO’s

fault, “it's just the way that the laws work.” (Latimer SASO) However, more support for minors

is needed. There could be a group where minors or adults who are suvivors of sexual assault go

to to talk about their experience and receive mental support without mandatory reporting.

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Taking into account student interviews I learned that oftentimes survivors can feel more

comfortable talking about what happened to them when there are people who have gone through

similar situations. If there was a way to provide that support without mandatory reporting this

could substantially help survivors of sexual assault to heal.

Part IV: Conclusion

What needs to change within mandatory reporting in order to further support victims of

sexual assault as well as prevent more assalts from happening? To summarize, the victim's voice

needs to be heard in order to make them feel more supported and keep them informed with their

case and how their story is interpreted. Furthermore, we should look deeper into the reporting

system that works for all parties. Jessica Ladd’s idea of a website where the victim can report

their case and who assaulted them is an efficient way to keep a record of sexual assault cases and

help to protect the confidentiality of victims. Once a report is received from another victim with

the same assaulter, the website automatically reports the incidents to the proper authorities. This

will help victims receive justice within the criminal justice system. A website like this would

work well for college campuses and high schools. Schools are in a controlled setting where

assaulters can be matched easier than if it was through the entire US. In terms of high schools

this would work for bigger campuses or even small towns with multiple schools working

together.

We should also be focusing on educating people on sexual assault and reporting from a

young age. This will ensure that everyone is aware of how substantial this problem is and

prevent sexual assaults. One Animas High School senior said, “From a young age we should be

educated so when it does happen to us, we can feel more comfortable reporting it.”

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 While mandatory reporting serves many positives in society, research shows that

mandatory reporting currently does not serve the victims or survivors of sexual assault as a

whole and needs to be redesigned to focus more on the victims voice. In closing, when you or a

friend are struggling with sexual assault or abuse, think about how you would handle the

situation. Tell your peers about their options and most importantly listen to what they have to

say, and hear their voice.

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https://www.rainn.org/about-sexual-assault.
Ainsworth, Frank. “Mandatory Reporting of Child Abuse and Neglect: Does It Really Make a
Difference?” Wiley Online Library, Child and Family Social Work, 25 Jan. 2002,
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Brown III , Leonard G., and Kevin Gallagher. Digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu. 1 Sept. 2014,
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CCASA. “Colorado Reporting Options.” Colorado Coalition Against Sexual Assault, 12 Feb.
2021, https://www.ccasa.org/for-survivors/colorado-reporting-options/.
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%20required%20by,when%20a%20call%20is%20received.
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Olivier, Maya C, et al. “AHS Student Interview.” 9 Feb. 2022.
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2022.
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https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1990/03/20/infections-after-a
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