Report: 

Chapter 1

Chapter 1
by klea

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Report: Chapter 1

Chapter 1
Chapter I
Introduction
Background of the Study
Steel has become a prominent construction material due to its advantages,
such as strength, durability, and potency. One common type of steel is carbon
steel. It is composed of an alloy of iron and carbon. Carbon steels have high
ductility and plasticity, which is excellent for any steel construction project.
Steel structures are composed of members connected with bolts speci cally
designed to form a single composite unit. Steel structures are composed of
structural members combined with various connections to form a single
composite unit. These connections are critical concerning the structure's
stability as it facilitates the transfer of gravity and lateral loads from one
member to another and eventually to the structure's foundation.
Steel braced frames are one application of bolted-steel connections. Bracing
contributes to a building's stability and resists lateral loads. According to the
design codes of steel structures, a brace member is assumed to yield in tension
and buckle in compression to achieve ductile performance while no failure
occurs in the connections. Therefore, the connections should tolerate at least a
load equivalent to the brace member strength calculated based on the level of
ductility achieved (Davaran, 2018).
Bolted-plate connections are prevalent in industrial and commercial
structures. Double-lap joints are preferred by engineers when brace members
experience higher axial forces. This type of connection requires fewer bolts,
which leads to a more compact con guration (Davaran, 2018). Designing

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Report: Chapter 1

structures with bolted connections can be crucial as the failure of a single bolt
can lead to the failure of the entire connection (Doane, 2016). For bolted shear
connections, it is necessary to consider the various modes of failure; the shear
failure of bolts, the failure of the connected member caused by block shear, the
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fracturing of the connected plate, and the bearing deformation at the bolt hole.
Shear stress acts in a parallel motion to the surface. Shear stress is classi ed
into single shear stress and double shear stress. Single shear stress is
developed when both planes have the same shear force. On the other hand,
double shear stress occurs when two planes resist the loads in the opposite
direction. Double shear stress splits the shear force on one of the ends into two
2
equal shear forces. CThus, the connections used in a double shear will
experience twice the amount of shear strength compared to a bolt in single
shear. If the applied loading causes the shear stress to exceed the allowable
stress of bolts, it will fail in shear (Doane, 2016).
Statement of the Problem
In steel structures, connections play a vital role and account for the overall
structural rigidity and stability. Design loads are transferred through the
structure’s connections and, therefore, can be critical points that can result in
catastrophic consequences. The effects of bolt con guration on steel capacity
in single lap joints were already assessed by previous research but not for
double lap joints that have a broader application in steel structures. Double lap
joints are used when brace members undergo higher axial forces and tend to be
more complex when the different failure modes are considered.
Due to the widespread usage of the double lap joints in steel construction but
limited research regarding the effect of bolt con gurations, speci cally the bolt
shear capacity, this study will focus on determining how the bolt con gurations
affect the shear capacity and behavior of double lap joints.

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Objectives of the Study

The research will determine the effect of changing the arrangement of bolts on
the shear capacity of bolts in double lap joints for steel braced frames.
Speci cally, the study will:
1. Differentiate the effect of various bolt con gurations for double lap joints;
2. Identify factors that in uence the shear strength of bolts in double lap joints
in steel braced frames; and,
3. Determine the bolt con guration that gives the highest improvement in
terms of bolt shear capacity compared to theoretical shear capacity.
Research Questions
To identify the relationship between bolt con gurations and load capacity of
double shear connections, the study will answer the following questions:
1. Examine various bolt con gurations that can be utilized in double lap joints.
2. Establish the relationship between bolt con gurations and shear capacity of
bolts in double lap joints.
3. Identify which bolt con gurations will result in the most enhanced shear
capacity of bolts in double lap joints.
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Claim of the Researchers
Null Hypothesis: There is no signi cant difference between the means of the
shear bolt capacity in double lap joints with four and six bolts.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a signi cant difference between the means of
the shear bolt capacity in double lap joints with four and six bolts.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study.

Signi cance of the Study

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As bolt-plated connections were commonly used in constructing commercial

and industrial structures, searching for the most ef cient bolt con gurations in
varying numbers of bolts will signi cantly help produce quality and sturdy steel
structures. Finding the most ef cient arrangement and its effect on the shear
capacity of bolts will provide additional options for the structural engineer to
maximize the ef ciency of the structure design.
The study will bene t Structural Engineers looking for signi cant ways to
maximize design ef ciency, especially since most Civil Engineers prefer double
lap joints wherein minimal bolts are required.
The study will also bene t future researchers who will pursue the same topic or
are looking for bolt con gurations that will maximize the bolt shear capacity.
Limitations of the Study
The study will only be limited to the following:
● Specimens are composed of A36 carbon steel plates connected with A307

bolts.
● The study will follow the provisions of the National Structural Code of the

Philippines (NSCP) 2015, design codes of the American Institute of Steel

Construction (AISC) 14th edition, testing standards of the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM), and design guidelines of the Research Council on
Structural Connections (RCSC).
● No comparison between different types of plates and bolts will be conducted

due to the uniformity of material for the specimens.

● The study will only be xated on the shear capacity of bolts in bolted

connections and will not include the bearing strength and tensile strength of
the connection of bolts.
● No additional materials were included that would signi cantly affect the

shear capacity of bolts, such as adhesives and llers.

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● The study does not consider the block shear failure.

De nitions of Terms
AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction
ANOVA – Analysis of Variance
ASD – Allowable Strength Design
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
Bolts/Rivets/Pin – a short metal used to attach two or more metal plates, with
the headless end hammered out or pushed down when in position
Carbon steel - the type of steel that consists of an iron and carbon alloy
Double lap joint - two exterior adherends are connected on both sides of the
central (inner) adhesive layer in a balanced construction con guration joint
LRFD – Load and Resistance Factor Design
NSCP – National Structural Code of the Philippines
RCSC – Research Council on Structural Connections
Shear fracture – the development of cracks caused by insuf cient shear
resistance between materials
Shear strength – a set and de ned value in a material's general nature
Shear stress – stress that acts parallel to the surface exists in pins, rivets, and
bolts; it is also a relative term that varies according to the amount of shear
pressure applied per unit area to a material
UTM – Universal Testing Machine

Symbols
Ab – nominal unthreaded body area of a bolt or threaded part, in.2 (mm2)
Ae – effective net area, in.2
Ag – gross area, in.2

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df – degree of freedom
Fm – maximum bolt shear capacity, kips
4
Fnt – nominal tensile stress from Table J3.2, ksi
5
Fnv – nominal shear stress from Table J3.2, ksi
Fu – speci ed minimum tensile strength of the connected material, kips
Fy – yield stress, 36 ksi
lC – clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of the hole
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and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the material, in.
MSbetween – Mean Square between Groups
7
MSwithin – Mean Square within Groups
nb – number of bolts in the connection
p – critical value from F –Distribution
Rb – nominal bearing strength, kips
Rn – nominal strength (shear strength per shear plane or tensile strength) of a
bolt, kips
Sp – number of shear plane
8
SSbetween – Sum of Squares Between Groups
9
SStotal – Total Sum of Squares
10
SSwithin –Sum of Squares within Groups
t – thickness of connected material, in.
φ – resistance factor

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1. connected → connecting Misuse of modi ers Correctness

2. CThus → thus Misspelled words Correctness

3. The claim, or A claim Determiner use (a/an/the/this, etc.) Correctness

4. Fnt → Find Misspelled words Correctness

5. Fnv → Find Misspelled words Correctness

6. in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

7. MSwithin → within Misspelled words Correctness

8. SSbetween → between Misspelled words Correctness

9. SStotal → total Misspelled words Correctness

10. SSwithin → within Misspelled words Correctness

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