1. What is evolution?

- Evolution is technically defined as: "a gradual process in which something changes into a different and
usually more complex or better form." As it is most famously used, "evolution" is the process by which
an organism becomes more sophisticated over time and in response to its environment.

2. Explain Charles Darwin’s perspective on evolution in his two books.

-The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of
Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable
physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help
it survive and have more offspring.

• A species is a population of organisms that interbreeds and has fertile offspring.

• Living organisms have descended with modifications from species that lived before them.

• Natural selection explains how this evolution has happened:

—  More organisms are produced than can survive because of limited resources.

—  Organisms struggle for the necessities of life; there is competition for resources.

—  Individuals within a population vary in their traits; some of these traits are heritable --
passed on to offspring.

—  Some variants are better adapted to survive and reproduce under local conditions than
others.

—  Better-adapted individuals (the "fit enough") are more likely to survive and reproduce,
thereby passing on copies of their genes to the next generation.

—Species whose individuals are best adapted survive; others become extinct.

3. Why is it important to study evolution in sociology and anthropology?

- it is important to study evolution is sociology because it plays a role in conservation, the

management of our environment, agriculture and help us understand ourselves. It is
important to study evolution in anthropology because it studies about the humankind’s
place in nature. It help us how to know the revolution of human from our ancestors.

4. What did the homo erectus do?

- They can stood upright and can run and walk very well. They discovered the fire and they
use it to survive, cook food and help them to be warm in cold. They also use stone to
invent tools and to use for hunting and other things.

5. Which hominids appeared during the Paleolithic Age?

- The first hominids who appeared in Paleolithic age are Australopithecus, homo erectus,
homo neanderthanlesis and homo sapiens.

6. Explain the events that occurred during Neolithic age.

- The humans learned on how to raise crops and no longer dependent on hunting, fishing
and gathering wild plants. It is the era where agriculture is developed. They made more
useful stone tools by grinding and polishing relatively hard rocks. They also build
permanent dwellings and congregate villages.

7. Identify one main event in the copper age.

- The humans started experimenting with metal tools such as gold, copper and bronze.

8. What was the reason why the copper age was called such?

- Because the humans fist use copper with stone to make tools and weapons.

9. Give two significant events that occurred during the iron age.

- They discovered that iron is an inferior metal that they may also use in making tools and
weapons. The people learned how to make steel, a much harder metal by heating iron with
carbon.

10. Identify two people who made significant changes in society during medieval
period.

- King Arthur and Charlemagne or Charles the Great ( king of franks. one of the great
leaders, he strengthened european economic and political life and promoted cultural revival
known as the Carolingian Renaissance.)

11. Identify three significant events during the modern period.

- The industrial evolution started

- discovery of antartica

- Invention of lightbulb

- Invention of Cars

- First flew of an airplane

12. What is hominization?

- The evolution of the human traits that set the genus Homo apart from our primate
ancestors.

13. What are hominids?

- a member of the biological family which is called Hominidae that includes human and
their fossils ancestors and also some of the great apes.

14. Who are the Australopithencines?

- the southern apes (first australopithencines is Lucy)

15. Explain how Bipedal Animal Moves.

- They use their two rear limbs or legs, they walk, run or hop with their two legs.

16. How did hominids with sexual dimorphism produce?

17. What makes the homo rudolfensis different from tha austro-?

- The rudolfensis is a ape-like in appearance while the austro-, or austra- is a combination

of humanlike and apelike traits also known as southern apes.

18. What is the significance of the homo habilis in evolution?

- They were the first ancestors that discovered the stone tools and use them to make other
special tools, such as for cutting and chopping meat or bones and for their weapons.

19. What is the most notable trait of the homo habilis?

- They are smart and they like to invent things.

20. What capacity did the homo erectus possess that made it different from other
hominids?

- They are bigger, smarter and faster hominin than the others.

21. How did JM Roberts describe the homo erectus?

-JM Roberts describe the homo erectus as upright man because there are the hominids
that have a bigger size of brain & body, and smarter hominin out of all hominids.

22. What were the homo erectus dwellings?

- first shelter was made out of animals skin which is windbreaks. huts with stone slabs or
animal skins for floors

23. How did hunting change hominids?

- hunting change the hominids by learning on how to eat meat and use the animals skin
as a part of a shelter and they discover new things through hunting.
25. What theories were discussed on the discovery of fire?

26. What was the most notable trait of the Neanderthals?

- they were stronger

27. Describe burial practices of the Neanderthals.

- they buried their dead in the grave

28. Describe the appearance of Homo sapiens.

- they were modern human like us.

29. What Evidences of early homo sapiens were discovered in the Philippines?

- they discover tabon man and caves They also discover fossil bones.

30. Through time, what else did the homo sapiens gain more knowledge of?

31. What is Humanization?

- Humanization is a matter of countering these effects, of recognizing the inherent dignity and
inalienable rights of all members of the human family. Humanization is a matter of recognizing the
common humanity of one's opponents and including them in one's moral scope.

32. Describe the meaning of the word “Paleothic”

- Paleolithic means stone

33. How is the Paleothic Age divided?

- It is divided into 3 periods: Paleolithic or Old stone age,Mesolithic or Middle stone Age and
Neolithic or new stone age.

34. Explain the meaning of the word “Neolithic”

- neo means new and lithic means ston, time when farming was invented and people starts to
caring animals
35. Describe the most significant trait of hominids in the Neolithic age?

- they cultivated the domestication of animals and plants.

36. What is Jericho?

- Jericho is a Palestinian city in the West Bank.

37. What is the catal huyuk and why is this significant

- An archaeological site in south-central Turkey southeast of Konya. It contains well-preserved

ruins of a large Neolithic settlement.

38. What is fertile crescent?

- The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq,
Israel, Palestinian Territories, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan as well as the southeastern fringe
of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran.

39. What were the priest kings?

- one who rules as king by right of his priestly office functioning as vice-regent of a deity.

40. Describe the forms of writing discovered during the bronze age

- proto- writing and Indus script

41. Describe the religion in Egypt

- was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals that formed an integral part of ancient
Egyptian society. It centered on the Egyptians' interaction with many deities believed to be
present in, and in control of, the world. Rituals such as prayer and offerings were provided to the
gods to gain their favor. Formal religious practice centered on the pharaohs, the rulers of Egypt,
believed to possess a divine power by virtue of their position. They acted as intermediaries
between their people and the gods, and were obligated to sustain the gods through rituals and
offerings so that they could maintain Ma'at, the order of the cosmos. The state dedicated
enormous resources to religious rituals and to the construction of temples.

42. How did the establishment of city states change society?

- , the city-state of Sparta developed a militaristic society ruled by two kings and an oligarchy, or
small group that exercised political control.
43. What were the ziggurats?

- a rectangular stepped tower in mesopotomia sometimes surmounted by a temple.

44. How did the hittities contribute to the iron age?

- the Hittites developed iron-working technology, helping to initiate the Iron Age.

45. Enumerate some invention of the Greeks

-watermill and alarm clock

46. How did democracy emerge?

- Athenian democracy began as a result of an uprising against the aristocratic control that had
existed for centuries.

47. Explain ecclesia.

- political assembly of citizens ancient Greece or church members

48. Differentiate specific and general evolution

-There is a theory which states that many living animals can be observed over the course of time
to undergo changes so that new species are formed. This can be called the ‘Special Theory of
Evolution’ and can be demonstrated in certain cases by experiments. On the other hand, there is
the theory that all the living forms in the world have arisen from a single source which itself came
from an inorganic form. This theory can be called the ‘General Theory of Evolution’ and the
evidence that supports it is not sufficiently strong to allow us to consider it as anything more than
a working hypothesis.”