College of Engineering

Taibah University Department of

Civil Engineering
Course GE 202:
Introduction to Mechanical and Electrical Engineering

Chapter 2: Heat load calculations in buildings

By : Dr. Férid RÉHIMI

Email: Rehimi_f@yahoo.fr
Heating load calculations in buildings
Ventilation

In the next steps, we will take into consideration the transmission, ventilation and
infiltration 2
Heating load calculations in buildings
● The process of estimating the design heating load involves computation of heat
losses in each of the individual spaces at design conditions.
● Heating load calculations are carried out for each space (or zone) within the
structure.
● The process of computing the heating load on a room-by-room basis makes the sizing
of equipment (e.g., ducts, fan-coil units) serving these individual spaces easier.

3
Heating load calculations in buildings
Five main types of heat loss
1. Transmission (conduction)
2. Infiltration (convection)
3. Ventilation (convection)
4. Radiation (radiation)
roof
5. Moisture migration
Infiltration Ceiling
and
Ventilation

Glass
conduction

Exterior
wall 4
Floor
Heating load calculations in buildings
• Wall
• Roof Envelope Losses
• Floor
• Windows
• Doors
• Infiltration
• Ventilation
• Heat losses of a building
𝜙𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ෍ 𝜙𝑟
𝑟∈𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑠

• Heat losses of a room

𝜙𝑟 = ෍ 𝜙𝑓
5
𝑓∈𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
Heating load calculations in buildings
• Heat losses through an internal face
The heat losses through an internal face is divided in two groups:
➢ Surfacic Heat losses: Through walls, windows, roofs, ceils, doors

➢ Linear Heat losses : Theses are heat losses through the linear elements of surfaces
intersections and joints
𝜙𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = σ𝑖 𝑎𝑖 ∙ 𝑈𝑖 ∙ 𝐴𝑖 + σ𝑖 Ψ𝑖,𝑗 ∙ 𝑙𝑖,𝑗 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜
Where:
𝑎𝑖 is a coefficient equal to 1 when 𝐴𝑖 is in contact with the outside.
𝑈𝑖 is the heat transfer coefficient of the face 𝑖 in (W/m2 K).
𝐴𝑖 is the area of the face 𝑖 in (m2).
Ψ𝑖,𝑗 is the linear heat transfer coefficient in the junction between the faces 𝑖 and 𝑗 (W/m K).
𝑙𝑖,𝑗 is the length of the junction between the faces 𝑖 and 𝑗 (m).
6
Heating load calculations in buildings
Values of the coefficient ai
ai
Vertical wall in contact with the ground (wall of a heated room, buried) 2/3
Horizontal wall in contact with the ground (floor of a heated space, buried) 1/3
Wall adjoining to an unheated room (garage, shed, cellar) 2/3
Wall in contact with the outside (general case) 1

For the simplification, we will neglect in the next sessions the heat losses through thermal bridges,
which make the balance of the heat losses through a face as follow:

𝜙𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖 ∙ 𝑈𝑖 ∙ 𝐴𝑖 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜
𝑖

7
Heating load calculations in buildings: General Procedure
1. Determine the outside design temperature (from meteo data).
2. Select the inside temperature to be maintained in the heated space during design conditions.
3. Estimate air temperatures in adjacent unheated spaces or choose the adequate a scores.
4. Determine the overall coefficient of heat transfer (U-factor) for all construction assemblies that are
between heated spaces and outside air or the heated space and unheated space.
5. Calculate the net area of all construction assemblies surrounding the heated spaces and outside or
the heated space and an unheated space. Use inside dimensions.
6. Compute heat transmission losses for appropriate construction assemblies by using methods
previously described.
7. Compute losses associated with infiltration.
8. If mechanical ventilation is used to maintain inside air quality (very tightly sealed structures),
determine the rate of air exchange and calculate ventilation loads based upon design conditions.
9. Sum transmission and infiltration losses (and ventilation losses). This represents the design heating
8
load of the space at design conditions (DLS).
Heating load calculations in buildings
Example 2: Classwork 1 simplified

General Procedure of calculation

1. Determine the outside design temperature (from meteo data).

𝑇𝑜 = −1℃

2. Select the inside temperature to be maintained in the heated

space during design conditions.
𝑇𝑖 = 21℃

3. Estimate air temperatures in adjacent unheated spaces or

choose the adequate “a” score.

In the present case, the only unheated space is at right and since ,
We know nothing about this local, we will use a score a=2/3
9
Heating load calculations in buildings
4. Determine the overall coefficient of heat transfer (U-factor) for
all construction assemblies that are between heated spaces
and outside air or the heated space and unheated space.

The heat exchange through surfaces of the local to heat are from
the 4 faces, the floor and the ceiling

Since the temperature of the building above this pastry is also

heated, we make here the hypothesis that the above room is at the
same temperature as the local to heat Ti=21°C. Thus, there is no
heat exchange through the ceiling

𝜙𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0𝑊

𝜙𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑈𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖 )=0W

The Local ceiling height is H=3m if no information given. N this case

H=2.8m is imposed. 10
Heating load calculations in buildings
Face 1: 4
This face 1 is formed of an external wall and a 6mm simple glaze
window

1 1 𝑒𝑤1 1
𝑅𝑤1 = + + =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑤1 𝑈𝑤1
𝑅𝑤1 =
1
+
1
+
6 10−3 𝑚
=0.1715 𝐾 𝑚2 Τ𝑊 1 3
8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 25𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 0.93 𝑊/𝑚𝐾

𝑈𝑤1 = 5.8325𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾

The external wall (1) is made of cinder wall, rock wool and plaster
1 1 𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 1
𝑅1 = + + 𝑅𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 + + =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑈1

1 1 2
7 10−2 0.01 1
𝑅1 = + + 0.23 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 + + =
8𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 25𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 0.034 0.16 𝑈1
2
𝑅1 =2.5163 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 𝑈1 = 0.3974𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 11
Heating load calculations in buildings
Face 2: 4
This face 2 is formed of an external wall, a 6mm simple glaze window
and a door.

1 1 𝑒𝑤1 1
𝑅𝑤2 = + + =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑤1 𝑈𝑤2

𝑅𝑤2 = 𝑅𝑤1 =0.1715 𝐾 𝑚2 Τ𝑊 1 3

𝑈𝑤2 = 𝑈𝑤1 = 5.8325𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾

The external wall (2) is made of cinder wall, rock wool and plaster
1 1 𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 1
𝑅2 = + + 𝑅𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 + + =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑈2

The door have a conductance Kd2=3.5 W/m2 K

1 1 1
𝑅𝑑2 = + + 1/Kdoor2 =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑈2
2Τ
2
𝑅𝑑2 = 0.4507 𝐾 𝑚 𝑊 𝑈𝑑2 = 2.2187 𝐾 𝑚 2Τ
𝑊 12
 Heating load calculations in buildings
Face 3: 4
The adjoining wall (3) is made of cinder wall, and plaster on both sides
1 1 𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 1
𝑅3 = + + 𝑅𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 + 2 =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑈3
1 1 2
0.01 0.01 1
𝑅3 = + + 0.23 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 + + =
8𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 25𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 0.16 0.16 𝑈3
1 3
𝑅3 =0.52 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊 𝑈3 = 1.9230𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾

2
13
Heating load calculations in buildings
Face 4: 4
This face 4 is formed of an external wall, a 6mm simple glaze
window and a door.

1 1 𝑒𝑤1 1
𝑅𝑤4 = + + =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑤1 𝑈𝑤4

𝑅𝑤4 = 𝑅𝑤2 = 𝑅𝑤1 =0.1715 𝐾 𝑚2 Τ𝑊 1 3

𝑈𝑤4 = 𝑈𝑤2 = 𝑈𝑤1 = 5.8325𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾

The external wall (2) is made of cinder wall, rock wool and plaster
1 1 𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 1
𝑅4 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅1 = + + 𝑅𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 + + =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑈4

The door have a conductance Kd2=3.5 W/m2 K

1 1 1
𝑅𝑑4 = 𝑅𝑑4 = + + 1/Kdoor2 =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑈4
2Τ
2
𝑅𝑑4 = 0.4507 𝐾 𝑚 𝑊 𝑈𝑑4 = 2.2187𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 2
14
Heating load calculations in buildings
Floor 4
This floor is composed of 15 cm concrete. The figure in the
classwork1 shows that this floor is above the ground.

1 1 𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 1
𝑅𝐹𝑙 = + + =
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑘𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑈𝐹𝑙

𝑅𝑤4 = +
1 1
+ 0.15/0.1=1.665 𝐾 𝑚2 Τ𝑊 1 3
8 25
𝑈𝐹𝑙 = 0.6006𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾

2
15
Heating load calculations in buildings
5. Calculate the net area of all construction assemblies surrounding the 4
heated spaces and outside or the heated space and an unheated space.
Use inside dimensions.
Face 1:
Window 1
𝐴𝑤1 = 1.5𝑚 × 3𝑚 = 4.5 𝑚2
1 3
Wall 1
𝐴1 = 6.5𝑚 × 2.8𝑚−𝐴𝑤1 = 18.2𝑚2 − 4.5 𝑚2 = 13.7𝑚2
Face 2:
Window 2
𝐴𝑤2 = 1.5𝑚 × 3.8𝑚 = 5.7 𝑚2

Door 2
𝐴𝑑2 = 2𝑚 × 0.9𝑚 = 1.8𝑚2
Wall 2 2
16
𝐴2 = 5𝑚 × 2.8𝑚−𝐴𝑤2 −𝐴𝑑2 = 14𝑚2 − 5.7 𝑚2 − 1.8 𝑚2 = 6.5𝑚2
Heating load calculations in buildings
Face 3: 4
Wall 3
𝐴3 = 6.5𝑚 × 2.8𝑚 = 18.2𝑚2
Face 4:
Window 4
𝐴𝑤4 = 1.5𝑚 × 1.2𝑚 = 1.8 𝑚2
1 3
Door 4
𝐴𝑑4 = 2𝑚 × 0.8𝑚 = 1.6𝑚2
Wall 4

𝐴4 = 6.5𝑚 × 2.8𝑚−𝐴𝑤4 −𝐴𝑑4 = 14𝑚2 − 5.7 𝑚2 − 1.8 𝑚2 = 10.6 𝑚2

Floor
Wall 4
𝐴𝐹𝑙 = 6.5𝑚 × 5.5𝑚 = 35.75 𝑚2 2
17
Heating load calculations in buildings
6. Compute heat transmission losses for appropriate construction 4
assemblies by using methods previously described.

In this step, we can calculate, the heat losses through the four wall
U-Factor Area ΔT a φi subtotal
Description W/m2 K m2 K W W

Face 1
wall1 0.3974 13.7 22 1 119.7764
697.19386 1 3
window1 5.8325 4.5 22 1 577.4175
wall2 0.3974 6.5 22 1 56.8282
Face 2 door2 2.2187 1.8 22 1 87.86052 876.08422
window2 5.8325 5.7 22 1 731.3955
Face 3* wall3 1.923 18.2 22 2/3 513.3128 513.3128
wall4 0.3974 10.6 22 1 92.67368
Face 4 door4 2.2187 1.6 22 1 78.09824 401.73892
window4 5.8325 1.8 22 1 230.967
Floor** Floor 0.6006 32.5 22 2/3 286.286 286.286
Ceiling Ceiling 0.6006 35.75 0 2/3 0 0

Depeditions through transmissions DT= 2775Watts

* In reality, the temperature in the adjoining local is bigger than the external one but, we
2
suppose that ΔT=22 K and we score it with a coefficient a=2/3 18
Heating load calculations in buildings
U-Factor Area ΔT a φi subtotal
Description W/m2 K m2 K W W Designers use forms similar
wall1 0.3974 13.7 22 1 119.7764
to those provided in the
Face 1
window1 5.8325 4.5 22 1 577.4175
697.19386
following table to assemble
wall2 0.3974 6.5 22 1 56.8282 data and aid in computing
Face 2 door2 2.2187 1.8 22 1 87.86052 876.08422
the repetitive
Face 3*
window2

wall3
5.8325

1.923
5.7

18.2
22

22
1

2/3
731.3955

513.3128 513.3128
computations.
wall4 0.3974 10.6 22 1 92.67368

Face 4 door4 2.2187 1.6 22 1 78.09824 401.73892

window4 5.8325 1.8 22 1 230.967

Floor** Floor 0.6006 32.5 22 2/3 286.286 286.286

Ceiling Ceiling 0.6006 35.75 0 2/3 0 0

Depeditions through transmissions DT= 2775Watts

* In reality, the temperature in the adjoining local is bigger than the external one but, we suppose that ΔT=22 K and we
score it with a coefficient a=2/3

19
Heating load calculations in buildings
The heat exchanged by infiltration and ventilation (i.e. 7) 8) and 9) would be seen in the next
lesson….

7. Compute losses associated with infiltration.

8. If mechanical ventilation is used to maintain inside air quality (very tightly sealed structures), determine the
rate of air exchange and calculate ventilation loads based upon design conditions.

20
Heating load calculations in buildings: Ventilation & Infiltration
Infiltration heat losses relate to air leakage through the building envelope and the energy required to heat
unconditioned air that has leaked into the structure. This air passes around or through the building envelope. In every
building, there is a certain amount of cold air that leaks into the building, referred to as infiltration heat loss, and an
equal amount of hot air that leaks out. Most commonly, infiltration will occur around doors and windows.
Inadequate
ventilation
air
air leaks
leaks

Inadequate
ventilation

infiltration
phenomena

21
Heating load calculations in buildings: Ventilation & Infiltration
Ventilation is the introduction of outdoor air into the building, or parts of the building, at
a controlled rate with the intent to maintain or improve indoor air quality. Ventilation
heat losses are tied to the energy required to condition (heat, cool, humidify, or
dehumidify) outside air that is intentionally introduced into the building. Many times the
air used to ventilate the building is heated before it is introduced into the building, and
this must be considered in the design of the system.

22
Heating load calculations in buildings: Infiltration calculation
There are two methods used to calculate the heat losses from infiltration which are:

• The crack-estimation method is calculated on the basis of physical size and length of
known cracks, such as around doors and windows.

• The air change method based on the estimation of the number of air changes per
hour upon a volume of a structure or a room under consideration.

• The air change per hour (ACH) is a way of expressing the rate at which the interior air
is replaced by outside air caused by infiltration in hour.
23
Heating load calculations in buildings: Infiltration calculation
The heat transfer losses by infiltration is estimated then as follow:

𝜙𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 𝐴𝐶𝐻 ∙ 𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ∙ 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝐶𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ ∆𝑇

Where:
𝐴𝐶𝐻: is the number of air change per hour in the room [h-1]
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 : volume of the room in [m3]
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ≈ 1.204 is the density of air [kg m-3]
𝐶𝑎𝑖𝑟 ≈ 1.007 is the heat capacity of the air [kJ kg-1 K-1]

𝜙𝑖𝑛𝑓 = (0.34 𝑊/𝑚3 ∙ 𝐾) ∙ 𝐴𝐶𝐻 ∙ 𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ∙ ∆𝑇

24
Heating load calculations in buildings: Infiltration calculation
𝐴𝐶𝐻 [h-1] is calculated according to this table:
Room type ACH
Living room (default) 0.5
Kitchen or bathroom with window 1.5
Office 1
Meeting room, classroom 2

One method of estimating infiltration rates is reported in the 2001 ASHRAE

Handbook—Fundamentals. It is based on outside design temperature and construction
quality:

• For tight, energy-efficient construction, the ACH is between 0.41 and 0.59.
• For medium construction, the ACH is between 0.69 and 1.05.
• For loose construction, the ACH is between 1.11 and 1.47. 25
Heating load calculations in buildings: Ventilation
For residences, ventilation heat loss is generally ignored in heating load computations
because it is typically not a code requirement and is generally small.

For residences, ventilation air is considered in combination with the infiltrated air and is
handled effectively with the infiltration component of the computation described
before.

For non residential buildings, ventilation heat loss is a significant consideration in heating
load computations because ventilation air is required in these buildings for occupant
comfort and health. This is particularly true of high-occupancy buildings.

26
Heating load calculations in buildings: Ventilation
In large buildings, ventilation heat loss is treated as a separate component of the
heating load. For example, ASHRAE Standard 62 specified rates at which outside air
must be supplied to a room, which is generally within the range of 7.5 to 30 L/s per
person, depending on the activities that normally occur in that room.

The sensible heating load from ventilation can be computed as follows:

𝜙𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑄𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∙ 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝐶𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ ∆𝑇

Where: 𝑄𝑣𝑒𝑛 : the air flow rate in m3/s.

27
Heating load calculations in buildings: Total heat losses
Finally the total heat losses in a room or in a building is the sum of all losses caused by
walls deperdition, ventilation and infiltration.

In order to keep a room at a desired or a design temperature, we need to inject a heat

energy with a an amount superior to the heat losses previously calculated. This heat
power injected to rooms is transferred through radiators.

28
Heating the locals or rooms
The power of the radiators for a heating installation is calculated by room and
according to the size of the room it is necessary to envisage for example one to two
radiators so that the heat is homogeneous.

The calculation depends on the external conditions including the minimum temperature
of the region in winters. The power of the radiators obviously depends on the volume
of the rooms, the desired temperature but also much of the insulation of the house.

For a low temperature heating (floor heating for example), the power must be higher by
about 20%.
29
Heating the locals or rooms
Many types of heating systems can be found in practice

Types of cast iron radiator Continuous type natural convector

Bundy Radiator 1877

Radiant panels 30
Forced (fan) convector
Heating the locals or rooms
To choose a radiator, it is necessary to adapt its size to the water temperature supplied
by the equipment. Indeed the effective power of a radiator depends on the
temperature of the water circulating there.

There are several temperature regimes:

► 90/70 (high temperature - old boiler);
► 80/60;
► 75/65 (low temperature - new boiler - standard EN 442);
► 35/27 (very low temperature - surface heating)

31
Heating the locals or rooms
According to European standard EN 442, heating equipment (boiler, radiator,…) is
dimensioned in "75/65" mode. This means that if we choose a radiator of 2,000 W
rated at 75/65, the water enters the radiator at 75 ° C, which yields 2,000 W of heat
for a room at 20 ° C, and leaves with a temperature of 65 ° C.

Water in

Water out

32
Heating the locals or rooms: radiators
Based on the EN 442 standard, the rated thermal power of radiators is determined in a
test chamber (room) with an ΔT defined as follows:
𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 75 + 65
∆𝑇 = − 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = − 20 = 50℃
2 2

The variation of the thermal power of a radiator with an ΔT different from 50°C can be
evaluated from the following calculation formula:
1.3
∆𝑇
𝑃𝑒1 = 𝑃𝑒
50

Where 𝑃𝑒 is the power emitted by the radiator for ΔT=50°C and 𝑃𝑒1 is the power
emitted by the radiator for ΔT=50°C and 1.3 is a standard coefficient than can change
33
according to the constructor.
Heating the locals or rooms: radiators
Example

We consider a living room and a bedroom of a house, in which we want to install a hot
water radiator in each of them. We want to achieve comfort temperatures of 20°C for
the living room and 18°C for the room. Outside temperature is equal to -5°C.

Heat losses calculation

living room
In the living room the heat losses were estimated at:

room
HLLiving room=1350 W

HL room=650 W

If we will take a safety factor of 20% for a classic installation, we obtain then:
HLLiving room=1350 W x 1.2=1620 W HL room=650 W x1.2= 780 W 34
Heating the locals or rooms: radiators
Water temperature regime

For a 75/65 water regime, we obtain:

75 + 65 75 + 65
∆𝑇 𝐿𝑖𝑣.𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = − 20 = 50℃ ∆𝑇 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = − 18 = 52℃
2 2

Power heat of the radiator Power heat of the radiator

35
Heating the locals or rooms: radiators
Choice of model of radiators
There are several thicknesses, heights and lengths of cast iron or steel radiators. To determine the
dimensions of a cast iron radiator, one must simply measure, on a plane or physically, the location defined
for the latter. The following table taken from the technical data sheet of the supplier makes it possible to
choose the model of radiator according to the dimensions and of ΔT.
Height without Elements Elements Emission Emission
Weight water capacity
Models radiator feet width thikness W W
Kg in L
mm mm mm ΔT = 50 °C ΔT = 52 °C

480 65 65 3.09 0.56 53.8 57.2

630 65 65 3.77 0.68 65.4 68.6

S2
780 65 65 4.44 0.82 84 87.5

900 65 65 5.02 0.92 97.4 100.4

480 65 102 4.07 0.71 75.5 79.5

630 65 102 5.15 0.87 95.3 99.1

S3
780 65 102 6.24 1.06 115 120.1

900 65 102 7.14 1.18 132 135.8

480 65 142 5.22 0.92 93.6 97.4

630 65 [ 142 6.62 1.13 119 123.9

S4
780 65 142 8.02 1.36 144 149.2

900 65 142 9.17 1.53 165 169.6

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S6 285 65 223 5.16 0.93 79.8 78.5
Heating the locals or rooms: radiators
Choice of model of radiators
Dimensions of the radiators

In our example, we will choose cast iron radiators with flat frontage.
For the living room, we will take a height of 780 mm (model S3). For the room where the
radiator will be under a window, we will take a radiator with a height of 630 mm (model S2).
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Heating the locals or rooms: radiators
Number of elements of the radiators

The number of elements of the radiator is determined according to the power to be

installed and the power of a radiator element given in the table above:

1620
𝑁𝐿𝑖𝑣.𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = = 14.08; → 15 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑_𝐿𝑖𝑣.𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 15 × 115 = 1725 𝑊
115

780
𝑁𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = = 11.37; → 12 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑_𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 12 × 68.6 = 823.2𝑊
68.6

We always take an even number of elements for any radiator

38
Heating the locals or rooms: radiators (imagine ΔT=51 Celcus)
Number of elements of the radiators

The number of elements of the radiator is determined according to the power to be

installed and the power of a radiator element given in the table above:

1620
𝑁𝐿𝑖𝑣.𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = = 13.78; → 14 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑_𝐿𝑖𝑣.𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 14 × 117.55 = 1645.7 𝑊
117.55

780
𝑁𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = = 11.64; → 12 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑_𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 12 × 67 = 804𝑊
67

We always take an even number of elements for any radiator

39
 Heating the locals or rooms: radiators
Exercise (pastry)

In this part, we need to calculate the number of elements of the radiator(s)

to be installed in the pastry presented earlier.

- We estimated before the heat losses through the different faces, the
ceiling and the floor to 2955.82 W≈ 2956 𝑊

1) Calculate the heat losses of the present pastry caused by infiltration (

We neglect mechanical ventilation here).

2) Take a safety factor of 20% for the heating of the pastry and propose
an adequate arrangement of your radiators.

40
Heating the locals or rooms: radiators
Exercise (pastry)
In this figures the elevation views of the pastry seen from the inside

300 380

150 150

90 90

120

150

90

41
End of Chapter…

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