STOICHIOMETRY

The study of how maeteo reacts to give

off desired products .

The Maui focus is the quantity of

species
reacting
.

The main measurement used is the mole .

Atoms are tiny entities of matter which ,

require use of the smallest unit possible .

The mass of an atom is known as the

relative atomic mass .

R -
A M
-

. Is defined as the mass of one atom

of an element as compared to
one -
twelfth of carbon -
12 Isotope .

Measuring the mass of each atom on earth

is almost Impossible therefore carbon -12
, ,
was
used as a standard .

Illustration .

carbon .

He
00
00 atom
a

④ One helium atom weighs

an equivalent of 4
parts of carbon -
12 .

000 14
08 -
¥É% aim

0 00 ,
00
N -
R Aim -

=#
a. M -

V
 02/24/2022 .

R A M is measured in very
- -

small units known as

atomic mass unit .

Using a.MU Is almost Impossible in real life settings ,

Instead grams is used .

After multiple studies /experiments ,

it was found that
12.0g of Carbon contain 6.02 ✗ 183 particles
exactly .

The mass in grams of any given atom equivalent

to its RA - -
M always contain 6.02 ✗ 1023 particles

A mole is a unit used to define a relationship

between mass of an atom equivalent
to carbon -12 and number of particles .

Therefore , a mole is defined as amount of substance

that contains as
many particles
as there are in of carbon
Illustrations
12g .

I mole of potassium weighs 39g

I mole of Magnesium weighs 24g .

Also
> 1 mole of potassium contains 6.02×1023 particles
?
magnesium contains 6.02×102 Particles
1 mole of .

Examples .

I calculate the mass of aluminium atoms contained in

1- 7 moles
solution .

1 mole of aluminium weighs 27g .

i. 7- moles would weigh (27×1.7)

=
45.9g

2 Calculate the number of moles contained in -22

-5g of
phosphorus .

of Phosphorus contain I more

31g
.

22.5g of Phosphorus word contain (3,1×22-5)

 = 0-73 moles .

3 Calculate the mass of carbon contained iri 3.6

moles .

Calculate the number of moles contained

4 in
134g of
copper?
03/01/2022
Mathematical relationship between mass and moles .

Moles = mass
A. A M
-

calculate the number of moles contained

in 7-9g of boron metal .

7¥ =
0.72

Deduce the R A ta of copper if 36.2g of

.
-

the pure metallic sample contains 0.57

moles ? moles

0--5,7=3%2-4
T.n.fm %
-_ =

y =
63 -5

A. A yin of copper is 63-5

Calculate the mass of magnesium metal contained in

4- 2 moles of the metallic sample .

03/01/20222
RELATIVE FORMULA MASS

Refers to the sum of relative atomic masses of

atoms in a compound .

Relative formula mass is used for Ionic compounds

while relative molecular mass is used for
foment compounds .

Examples .

calculate the R f. m
-

of magnesium sulfate ?
( sulfate 5042 )
-

= .

Mg 504
2 -1 2-
 tags 04
R.fm of
19g 504 =
(24×1)+(32×1) 1-(16×4)
=
24+32 + 64
= 120
The relative formula mass of Mgs-04 is 120

2 Calculate R.fm of the following compounds

the .

① copperCID nitrate Initiate NOJD

-
=

④ Aluminium sulfate ( sulfate =

SOFT .

iii) sodium oxide .

Civ) potassium hydroxide ( Hydroxide = OH) .

4) Magnesium phosphate .( Phosphate =

POP ] .

3 Calculate the r.mn of

d) Water .

Ciii) Ammonia gas

Carbon dioxide
 0310142022
Moles and chemical reactions .

- The coefficient in chemical equations shows the

number of moles -

211190 Hcaq, + Has 04 Naas 04 saz, +21-1204 .

In the above equation ;

2 Moles of NaOH react with
1 mole of 11-2504 to give off
1 mole of Naas 04 and 2 moles
of water .

CONCEPT OF MOLARITY
THE .

Molarity refers to the number of moles of a substance

contained in one litter of solution .

10000Mt = 1.0dm
's
= 1.01 .

I
[cubic centimeter Kubic decimeter] [ liter] .

The unit for molarity is M or moles per litre(molle)

Molarity is a measurement of concentration .

Concentration Refers to the amount of a substance

in a
given volume .

standard
primary
concentration is
-
This
known
is a

.
solution whose

HOW TO PREPARE STANDARD SOLNTWNS .

Molarity = moles
volume

1 Explain how a 2.014 solution of KOH can be prepared

It is prepared by dissolving 2 moles of

KOH in 1 litre of water .

The mass of KOH contained in 2 moles

is measured in the laboratory .

Moles =
Mass ; Mass =

112g
R -
f -
m
In order to prepare a 20th
Mass = moles ✗ R f M - -

solution of KOH 112g of solid ,

= 2×(139×1) (16×1)+4×111
+ KOH is dissolved 1in 1- liter of
a- 24/39+16+1 ) water .

= 2 ✗ 56
 ]
of NaOH dissolved of
2 20.0g were in 400cm
water .
Calculate the concentration of this
solution in moles per liter ( molle ) .

solution ,

step 1 .
step 2 .

""i
Molarity = moles
volume cm? we should
↳ Hint .
Convert it to liters .

tale have been given check the convection

the volume ( 400cm )
?
scale above] .

the mass (
and
20.0g] You will realize that . . .

but not the moles .

1000am
's
1.0 litres .

so we should then
calculate for moles first 's
400cm
¥-11400
.

Moles =
Mass = 400

Pr f- Me
- .
1000
>
= 0^41 or O' 4dm
= 20.0 Nex time if given volume
>
(23×1)+(16×1) +GXD in cm just divide it by
'
0-5 1000cm to convert to litas
Moles =

step 3
Remember the formby

,yangnyang,mµ,①
1m01 arity = moles
volume

:÷
=

= I -25

above.is/-25M0#

3 A solution of sodium chloride was preparedby

solid
dissolving
crystals in
9-09
1000ms og
of
water .
sodium chloride

Calculate the concentration of this sowtuin .

Molarity moles R f m of
=
molarity o
- -

volume NaCl (23×1)-1 =

too

But moles mass = (35.5×1) sooo

R-f.in = 58-5 = 0.15

Ma CL mores = 9. o o -
I

1-1 1- 58.5 tho) arty = 1.5 MOI / 2

NaCl moles =
0115