STOICHIOMETRY

The study of how maeteo reacts to give

off desired products .

The Maui focus is the quantity of

species
reacting
.

The main measurement used is the mole .

Atoms are tiny entities of matter which ,

require use of the smallest unit possible .

The mass of an atom is known as the

relative atomic mass .

R -
A M
-

. Is defined as the mass of one atom

of an element as compared to
one -
twelfth of carbon -
12 Isotope .

Measuring the mass of each atom on earth

is almost Impossible therefore carbon -12
, ,
was
used as a standard .

Illustration .

carbon .

He
00
00 atom
a

④ One helium atom weighs

an equivalent of 4
parts of carbon -
12 .

000 14
08 -
¥É% aim

0 00 ,
00
N -
R Aim -

=#
a. M -

V
 02/24/2022 .

R A M is measured in very
- -

small units known as

atomic mass unit .

Using a.MU Is almost Impossible in real life settings ,

Instead grams is used .

After multiple studies /experiments ,

it was found that
12.0g of Carbon contain 6.02 ✗ 183 particles
exactly .

The mass in grams of any given atom equivalent

to its RA - -
M always contain 6.02 ✗ 1023 particles

A mole is a unit used to define a relationship

between mass of an atom equivalent
to carbon -12 and number of particles .

Therefore , a mole is defined as amount of substance

that contains as
many particles
as there are in of carbon
Illustrations
12g .

I mole of potassium weighs 39g

I mole of Magnesium weighs 24g .

Also
> 1 mole of potassium contains 6.02×1023 particles
?
magnesium contains 6.02×102 Particles
1 mole of .

Examples .

I calculate the mass of aluminium atoms contained in

1- 7 moles
solution .

1 mole of aluminium weighs 27g .

i. 7- moles would weigh (27×1.7)

=
45.9g

2 Calculate the number of moles contained in -22

-5g of
phosphorus .

of Phosphorus contain I more

31g
.

22.5g of Phosphorus word contain (3,1×22-5)

 = 0-73 moles .

3 Calculate the mass of carbon contained iri 3.6

moles .

Calculate the number of moles contained

4 in
134g of
copper?
03/01/2022
Mathematical relationship between mass and moles .

Moles = mass
A. A M
-

calculate the number of moles contained

in 7-9g of boron metal .

7¥ =
0.72

Deduce the R A ta of copper if 36.2g of

.
-

the pure metallic sample contains 0.57

moles ? moles

0--5,7=3%2-4
T.n.fm %
-_ =

y =
63 -5

A. A yin of copper is 63-5

Calculate the mass of magnesium metal contained in

4- 2 moles of the metallic sample .

03/01/20222
RELATIVE FORMULA MASS

Refers to the sum of relative atomic masses of

atoms in a compound .

Relative formula mass is used for Ionic compounds

while relative molecular mass is used for
foment compounds .

Examples .

calculate the R f. m
-

of magnesium sulfate ?
( sulfate 5042 )
-

= .

Mg 504
2 -1 2-
 tags 04
R.fm of
19g 504 =
(24×1)+(32×1) 1-(16×4)
=
24+32 + 64
= 120
The relative formula mass of Mgs-04 is 120

2 Calculate R.fm of the following compounds

the .

① copperCID nitrate Initiate NOJD

-
=

④ Aluminium sulfate ( sulfate =

SOFT .

iii) sodium oxide .

Civ) potassium hydroxide ( Hydroxide = OH) .

4) Magnesium phosphate .( Phosphate =

POP ] .

3 Calculate the r.mn of

d) Water .

Ciii) Ammonia gas

Carbon dioxide
 0310142022
Moles and chemical reactions .

- The coefficient in chemical equations shows the

number of moles -

211190 Hcaq, + Has 04 Naas 04 saz, +21-1204 .

In the above equation ;

2 Moles of NaOH react with
1 mole of 11-2504 to give off
1 mole of Naas 04 and 2 moles
of water .

CONCEPT OF MOLARITY
THE .

Molarity refers to the number of moles of a substance

contained in one litter of solution .

10000Mt = 1.0dm
's
= 1.01 .

I
[cubic centimeter Kubic decimeter] [ liter] .

The unit for molarity is M or moles per litre(molle)

Molarity is a measurement of concentration .

Concentration Refers to the amount of a substance

in a
given volume .

standard
primary
concentration is
-
This
known
is a

.
solution whose

HOW TO PREPARE STANDARD SOLNTWNS .

Molarity = moles
volume

1 Explain how a 2.014 solution of KOH can be prepared

It is prepared by dissolving 2 moles of

KOH in 1 litre of water .

The mass of KOH contained in 2 moles

is measured in the laboratory .

Moles =
Mass ; Mass =

112g
R -
f -
m
In order to prepare a 20th
Mass = moles ✗ R f M - -

solution of KOH 112g of solid ,

= 2×(139×1) (16×1)+4×111
+ KOH is dissolved 1in 1- liter of
a- 24/39+16+1 ) water .

= 2 ✗ 56
 ]
of NaOH dissolved of
2 20.0g were in 400cm
water .
Calculate the concentration of this
solution in moles per liter ( molle ) .

solution ,

step 1 .
step 2 .

""i
Molarity = moles
volume cm? we should
↳ Hint .
Convert it to liters .

tale have been given check the convection

the volume ( 400cm )
?
scale above] .

the mass (
and
20.0g] You will realize that . . .

but not the moles .

1000am
's
1.0 litres .

so we should then
calculate for moles first 's
400cm
¥-11400
.

Moles =
Mass = 400

Pr f- Me
- .
1000
>
= 0^41 or O' 4dm
= 20.0 Nex time if given volume
>
(23×1)+(16×1) +GXD in cm just divide it by
'
0-5 1000cm to convert to litas
Moles =

step 3
Remember the formby

,yangnyang,mµ,①
1m01 arity = moles
volume

:÷
=

= I -25

above.is/-25M0#

3 A solution of sodium chloride was preparedby

solid
dissolving
crystals in
9-09
1000ms og
of
water .
sodium chloride

Calculate the concentration of this sowtuin .

Molarity moles R f m of
=
molarity o
- -

volume NaCl (23×1)-1 =

too

But moles mass = (35.5×1) sooo

R-f.in = 58-5 = 0.15

Ma CL mores = 9. o o -
I

1-1 1- 58.5 tho) arty = 1.5 MOI / 2

NaCl moles =
0115
 0311412022 .

ANOTHER UNIT OF CONCENTRATION -

- Mollo is one of the units used , the other is grams

per liter .

Examples .

of Ca ( Mos), of water
]
dissolved
14g were in 250cm .

Calculate the concentration of this Sorokin

in
(a) Mol / l
(b) g / 1
solution .

(a) Concentration is same as

molarity .

Molarity = moles i.
Molarity = 0.08

volume
2%6
But mores =
mess
R -
f -
M .

= 0-08

= 1 -4g 0-25
(40×1)-1 (14×2)+(16×6)
= 0 -
32
= 1-4

401-28+96 The concentration is 0.32 Molk

= 114

164

= 0 '
08 moles

(b) To calculate concentration in grams per liter ,

we use the same formula as above bot with

mass Instead of moles .

Molarity = mess = 5. 6

volume .

= I 4•
Concentration is
5.bg/f
( Eto)
Note :
When solution , two substances
preparing a
key
are Involved ;
A solvent The substance . that dissolves another .

Most but not always , water is the solvent .

A- Solute .
The substance that gets dissolved in the
 solvents e.
g. salt in water .

→Bo& The term concentrated is used to mean a sownon

with a high amount solute per litre of the southern
s

_→• The term dilute is used to mean a solution

with a low amount of a solute per litre .

FB Both concentrated and dilute are relative

terms .
 APPLICATIONS OF CONCEPT OF CONCENTRATION -

I
making of commercial
•
drinks e. g. beverages
like Coca Cola - .

2 .
Used in batch production of medicines
All pills should have the same concentration of the
active ingredient .

3 •
used in batch production of dyes / pigments e.
g. paint #
ink

4 Used determining in the concentration of unknown

substances e. g. poisons .

Mole ratios and titration .

Mole ratio refers to the fraction of moles of any two

substances in a chemical reaction .

Titration Is a technique used to determine the

concentration of a substance involved in
a chemical reaction .

A
primary standard Is always used in titration reactors .

determining amount of substances using mole ratios .

1 When propane is bomb carbon dioxide gas is given

,
off well as as water .

Calculate the amount of CO2 produced when

10.0g of
propane is burnt .

solution .

1. Write a balanced chemical equation .

↳ Hscg)-1502cg, → C 02cg, -14ha Oi ,

2. Determine the mole ratios .

of propane to of
1 mole reacts give off 3 moles

CO2 .

3. Convert the moles to

grams .

I mole of propane ( ↳ Hs) weighs

'

(12×3)+(1×8)
36 + 8
.
 3 moles of CO2 weigh
3£02]
=3 [(12×1)+(16×2)]

=3 (121-32)
= 3 ( 44)

132g
Therefore, '

44g of propane react to give

132g of CO2 .

1g
4¥)g
-

10g -

⇐
132 to
)

logofpoopaneread-tog.IE#3Ogofoa
a cement is a key raw material in construction .

is made
It by decomposing limestone which is
calcium carbonate
chemically known as .

Heat
Ca Cosas, Ca Ocs , CO2
'

+
(g)
Limestone .
Lime .

Lime is what is actually used to make cement .

Calculate the maximum amount of time that

can be extracted from 2 tonnes of limestone .

solution-

1 mole of limestone decompose to give 1 mole of lime .

Mass of 1 mole =
(40×1) + (12×1)+(16×3)
of Ca coz
= 40 + 12 c- 48 .

=
100g
 Also Mass of 1 mole (40×1)+(16×1)
-

of Ca 0 = 40+16
=
56g
Therefore ,
100g of Caco, give off 56g of Cao

This is the same as

100 tonnes of Caco, decomposing to give off

56 tonnes of CaO

How about the 2 tonnes being asked .

(58×2)
=

= 1-12 tonnes .

A maximum of 1-12 tonnes of cement is produced

3 Ammonia toxic gas that was used

gas is a
in World War I as a chemical weapon . .

Ammonia is produced as shown below .

Na +3 Ha 2MHz
(a) Balance the chemical equation above .

(b) How many grams of ammonia can be pootoced if

reacts with
82g of hydrogen excess nitrogen .

c Ammonia is used in the manufacture of fertilizers

according to the
following reaction .

2MHz + Has 04 (NH-412504

Ammonia sulfuric Fertilizer .

acid .

C) Balance the equation of reaction above .

(e) calculate the of fertilizer made

maximum amount
when
62g of ammonia react with excess sulfuric acid .

Ammonia -
Fertilizer .

2 moles of ammonia react to give Inde of

fertiliser -
 2 mores of MHz weigh = 2 [MHz]
2 [(14×1)+(1×3)]
2. [14+3]

= 2117 )

=
34s

1 more of (1×11-4) 2504 weighs = ④ 4×17+(1×4)] +(32×17+116×4)

2

= 2( I 8) t 32+64
=
132g

34g of ammonia react to give off 132g of fertilize

1g of
(}f-)g of fertiliser
ammonia word sine

62g of ammonia give

(32-4×62)

t240.7-goffedihze.ru
The equation shows reaction between magnesium and
dilute satiric acid .

14g + Has 04 Mgs 04 + Ha

calculate the maximum amount of Mgs 04

.

that
will be formed if 12g of magnesium are
reacted with sulfuric acid .

5 Magnesium carbonate decomposes to form

magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide gas .

Write a balanced equation for this reaction

[ Carbonate = Conga] .

what mass of magnesium oxide is formed when

21 of magnesium carbonate are completely
og
-

decomposed .
 PERCENT YIELD .

The expected amount substance in reactions

of is
known as a theoretical yield .

practically it is almost Impossible to achieve the

,
theoretical yield .

Reasons why theoretical yield can be

hardly achieved
• Not all reactants may end up reading
•
Some products may be lost as vapor
or stuck in equipment used .

•
Some reactions are reversible Part of .

products may become reactants once

again .

Percent yield refers to the amount of product made

compared to the predicted amount expressed
as a percent .

percent yield = Actual yield ✗ soo

theoretical
yield

Examples

A teacher burned 20g of magnesium in oxygen

forming magnesium oxide

(a) Write a balanced equation for the above reaction

214g + 02 219g

(b) Calculate the maximum amount of magnesium the leeches

can expected from the above reaction .
(C) If
the teacher actually produced 27g of
Magnesium oxide .
What was the percent yield ?

2. APharmaceutical company carried out a test

reaction aiming to make 1.0g of a new cancer
drug The reaction only produced 0.7g of the drug
.
.

Calculate the percentage yield ?

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION .

Refers to the percentage mass of an element in

a compound .

Percentage = RA 'M Of On @tenement ✗ Number of atoms

composition R.fm of a compound .

Examples

1 . What percent by of nitrogen is in ammonia 1MHz)

mass

step 1: work out the R f M of the compound

-
-
.

NH }
(14×1)+(1×3)
= 17

step 2: work out the percent by mass of Nitrogen

% of Nitrogen in NH = R A M
,
- -

of Nitrogen✗ Number of
Nitrogen in
N Hs 100$
R -

f. M Of MHz
2. klhat is percentage by
the mass of oxygen in
sulfur dioxide ( Soa) ?

R .
M M -

of 502=(32×1)+116×27

=
32+32
= 64

% of oxygen = 16×2
✗ 100
64
= 32 ✗ 100
62

-50%
-

3 Mineral ions are key requirements for Plant

growth Nitrogen is one of the main requirements
.
.

The more nitrogen in a given fertilizer the better .

A farmer is set to make a decision about the

following fertilizers .
Which one should they choose
for their pumpkin project .

Name of fertilizer chemical formula .

MEGA pumpkin NH4N 03

super gro ( NH 4)as 04

plant -
B- big . CON 211-4