Unit 20

Matter: Mixtures and Solutions

Learning Objectives

After studying this unit, students will be able to:

 Define a mixture.
 Distinguish between different types of mixtures.
 Give examples of mixtures from daily life.
 Distinguish between true solutions, suspensions and colloids.
 List the properties of true solutions, suspensions and colloids.
 Prepare a true solution, suspension and colloid.
 Calculate the concentration of a solution in terms of m/m%, m/v% and v/v%.

 Suggest suitable purification techniques to obtain a given product.

 Differentiate between physical and chemical changes.
 Give examples of physical and chemical changes.

Introduction

In Unit 18, you have studied about matter. Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass. Elements, compounds, and mixtures are all matter.

Mixtures and solutions are a common occurrence in our everyday lives. They are the air we
breathe, the food and drink we consume and the fabrics we wear. By studying how chemists
distinguish pure substances from mixtures and solutions, students will start to appreciate how
matter is organised at the atomic level. With this knowledge, we can manipulate matter to
improve our health and quality of life.
Can you look around and find mixtures around you?

Did you know?

The knowledge of chemical mixtures prevented a major incident in the London

Underground. When an accidental leak of wet, quick-drying concrete flooded London’s
Victoria underground station control room, engineers’ quick thinking and chemical
knowledge prevented total disaster. They mixed large amounts of sugar into the concrete,
slowing down the setting process, and allowing them time to clear up the spill.

(Source: https://edu.rsc.org/soundbite/tubes-and-wet-concrete-dont-mix/2000537.article)
Let us understand mixtures in detail.

What is a mixture?

Mixture is a form of matter made up by mixing two or more pure forms of matter physically.
For example, sugar can be mixed in water just by stirring. This sugar solution thus formed
may be separated into sugar and water by the physical process of evaporation. However,
sugar cannot be separated into its constituent elements just by heating.

How is a mixture formed?

Mixing two or more elements, like a mixture of sulphur powder and iron fillings
Mixing two or more compounds, like a mixture of salt and sugar
Mixing two or more elements and compounds, like a mixture of iron fillings and salt

Mixture of elements Mixture of compounds Mixture of an element and a compound

What are the different types of mixtures?

A mixture may be classified into two types based on their composition.

Homogeneous mixture – A mixture having a uniform composition throughout. The
boundary between the constituent particles cannot be differentiated. For example – lemonade,
salt and water, etc.
Heterogeneous mixture – A mixture having a non-uniform composition. Boundaries of
constituent particles can be identified. For example – Soil and sugar, Sulphur powder and
Iron fillings, etc.

Check your Progress

1. Identify the following as:

 Element
 Compound
 Mixture of elements
 Mixture of element and compound
 Mixture of compounds
Direction: Correctly label each of the picture for what it is representing. Remember,
each shape symbolizes an element. If two different elements are connected, then that
object symbolizes a compound.
 2. Identify the following mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Choco chip cookies Vinegar

Oxygen gas cylinder Air

 A slice of pizza Sandwich

Cold drink with ice Wine

What are the characteristics of a mixture?

A mixture shows the following properties.

 The components of a mixture retain their properties.
 The composition of a mixture may or may not be uniform throughout.
 The components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods.
 The proportion of components in a mixture is variable.
Organization of matter

MATTER

Is it uniform throughout?

No Yes

Heterogeneous Mixture Homogeneous

Suspensions Colloids
Can it be separated by
physical methods?

No
Yes

Pure Substance Homogeneous Mixture

True solutions
Can it be decomposed into
simpler substances?

No Yes

Element Compound
 Homogeneous Mixtures

A homogeneous mixture is one in which the constituents are uniformly mixed throughout. A

homogeneous mixture in which one substance, the solute, dissolves completely in another
substance, the solvent, may also be called a true solution or simply a solution. Usually the
solvent is a liquid, however the solute can be either a liquid, solid, or a gas. A solution may
also have one than one solute present in it. In a solution, the particles of solute are spread
evenly among the solvent particles.
For example, a mixture of alcohol in water forms a solution where alcohol is the solute and
water is the solvent.
Hence, Solution = Solute + Solvent
Generally, the solute is present in lesser quantities while the solvent is present in excess.

Given below are some examples of true solutions.

Name of the solution Solute Solvent

Sugar solution Sugar Water
Tincture of iodine Iodine Alcohol
Aerated drinks Carbon dioxide gas Water
Air Oxygen and other gases Nitrogen

Properties of a true solution

 It is a homogeneous mixture.
 The properties and composition of a true solution are same throughout.
 The solute particles are very small of the order of about 10-10 m.
 It is clear and transparent.
 The solute particles do not scatter light.
 A true solution is stable, i.e., the solute particles do not settle down and cannot be
separated from the solvent by filtration.

Did you know?

A homogeneous mixture created by mixing two or more metals or

a metal and non-metal is referred to as an alloy.
Combinations of metals and other elements can also be used to
create alloys. The properties of alloys are usually different from
their constituents. When compared to pure metals, alloys have
greater strength and hardness. They are also called solid
solutions.

For example, in the automotive industry, alloy wheels are made (Source: momo.com/en-gb)

from an alloy of aluminium or magnesium. 
Concentration of a solution

Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute (mass or volume) present in a given

amount of solution (mass or volume).

Let us do a simple activity to understand the concentration of a solution.

___________________________________________________________________________

Do it yourself!
 Take 2 glasses containing the same volume of water.
 Label them as A and B.
 Add two spoons of salt in glass A and dissolve it completely.
 Add one spoon of salt in glass B and dissolve it completely.
 Taste the two solutions.

Which solution is saltier?

The solution in glass A is saltier as it contains more amount of salt (solute).
___________________________________________________________________________

In the activity above, what we get is a qualitative idea of concentration. There are different
ways of expressing the concentration of a solution quantitatively. Let us look at them one by
one.

 Mass by mass percent (m/m %)

m/m % = mass of solute (g) X 100

mass of solution (g)

 Mass by volume percent (m/v %)

m/v % = mass of solute (g) X 100

volume of solution (mL)

 Volume by volume percent (v/v %)

v/v % = volume of solute (mL) X 100

volume of solution (mL)

Solved Examples:

1. A solution contains 10 g of sugar in 100 g of water. Calculate m/m % of the solution.

Mass of solute (sugar) = 10 g

Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent
 = 10 + 100 = 110 g

m/m % = mass of solute (g) X 100

mass of solution (g)

= 10 X 100
110

= 9.09 %

2. Calculate m/v % of 350 mL solution prepared by dissolving 35 g of glucose in water.

Mass of solute (glucose) = 35 g

Volume of solution = 350 mL

m/v % = mass of solute (g) X 100

volume of solution (mL)

= 35 X 100
350

= 10 %

Heterogeneous Mixtures

A heterogeneous mixture is a non-uniform mixture in which the components are not mixed
uniformly throughout. They may be classified as colloids or suspensions. Let us understand
each of them separately.

Suspensions
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which some of the particles settle out of the
mixture upon standing. The particles in a suspension are bigger than those of a solution and
thus gravity is able to pull them down out of the solvent. Particles of a suspension are visible
with the naked eye. For example – sand in water, Chalk powder in water, etc.

Properties of a suspension
 It is a heterogeneous mixture.
 The properties and composition of a true solution are non-uniform.
 The solute particle size is over 1000 nm.
 It is opaque or translucent.
 The solute particles usually block light but may scatter light when the particles are
suspended. This scattering of light is called Tyndall effect.
 A suspension is unstable, i.e., the solute particles settle down when left undisturbed
and can be separated from the solvent by filtration.
Did you know?

The sea is clear on some days, but not on others. On a calm day,
the sea is clear and smooth. Fish and under water plant life is
clearly visible without any obstruction. On a stormy day, the
sand at the bottom of the sea stirs up. The water becomes turbid
and nothing is clearly visible in water. The sand forms a
suspension in water. As the storm settles, the water clears up
slowly and the sea gain appears clear.

(Source: U.S.Navy)

Colloids
Colloids are mixtures in which the particles are larger than most simple molecules; however,
colloidal particles are small enough that they do not settle out upon standing.For example –
milk, clouds, cheese, etc.

The components of a colloid are dispersed phase and dispersion medium. Dispersed phase is
the solute like component which is suspended in solvent like component called the dispersion
medium.
Hence, colloid = Dispersed phase + Dispersion medium

A colloid may be classified into different types based on the physical states of the dispersion
medium and the dispersed phase.

Dispersion Dispersed Phase Type of Colloid Example

Medium
Solid Solid Solid Sol Gemstones, coloured glasses
Solid Liquid Solid emulsion/ Cheese, Jellies
Gel
Solid Gas Solid foam Pumice stone, Sponge
Liquid Solid Sol Starch in water, Paints
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream
Liquid Gas Foam Whipped cream, Soap lather
Gas Solid Aerosol Smoke, Dust in air
Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog, mist

Properties of a colloid
 It is a heterogeneous mixture but appears homogeneous.
 The properties and composition of a true solution are same throughout.
 The solute particles range between 1 – 1000 nm in diameter.
 It is opaque or translucent.
 The dispersed phase particles scatter the beam of light and make its path visible.
 A colloid is stable, i.e., the dispersed phase particles do not settle down as they
continuously move in zig-zag motion. This is called Brownian motion.
 The components cannot be separated from the by filtration as a colloid is stable. But,a
special technique of separation called centrifugation is used.
Tyndall effect
Tyndall effect is the scattering of the visible light by the colloidal particles. It is named after
an Irish Physicist John Tyndall. When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution,
where the size of the constituent particles is comparable to that of the wavelength of the light
beam, the beam of light is scattered in such a way that its path or trajectory becomes visible.
Tyndall effect is observed in colloidal solutions and some fine suspensions. Higher is the
interaction between the particles and the light beam, more is the scattering of light and higher
is the probability of observing the tyndall effect. Some common examples of tyndall effect
are:
 When the sunlight hits the dust particles, the path of the light becomes visible.
 During foggy weather, the light rays emitted from the headlight of a car strike the
particles in the fog and get scattered away, thereby making the path of the light visible
 When laser light is made to shine through a container that is filled with a mixture of
milk and water, its path is clearly visible.
 When the sunlight strikes the particles of gases like oxygen and nitrogen, the colours
having smaller wavelengths, i.e., blue and violet, get much more scattered.

(Source: ThoughtCo.)

Do it Yourself!

 Take a transparent colourless glass containing 100 mL water.

 Add 2 spoons of flour to it.
 Mix it well.

What do you observe?

Normally, flour is off-white (slightly yellow). The liquid appears slightly blue because the
particles scatter blue light more than red.
_____________________________________________________
Brownian motion
Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas)
resulting from their collision with the fast-moving atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid.
The particles move in a zig-zag fashion and do not settle down. This is the reason for the
stability of colloidal particles. A true solution can be distinguished from a colloid with the
help of this motion. Some examples of Brownian motion are:
 The motion of pollen grains on still water
 Diffusion of pollutants in the air
 Diffusion of calcium through bones

(Source: nagwa.com)
Watch the simulation here:http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/HTML5/brownian_motion.html

Know the Scientist!

Robert Brown (1773 – 1858)

(Source: https://www.britannica.com)

In 1827, a Scottish botanist Robert Brown observed a chaotic motion of tiny particles ejected
from pollen seeds suspended in water for the first time. The explanation justifies the movement
of pollen particles (so called Brownian particles) by their collisions with much smaller water
molecules. These chaotically moving molecules collide with the particle in all directions and
when the acting force is stronger from one direction, the water molecules accelerate the particle
in that direction and everything then repeats in a new location. The resulting motion is therefore
disordered and abrupt. Brownian motion is considered one of the experimental proofs that
particles in matter constantly move in a disordered fashion.
Check your Progress

1. The solvent and solute present in the tincture of iodine are:

(a) Water and alcohol
(b) Alcohol and iodine
(c) Water and iodine
(d) Water and salt

2. Sol and Gel are examples of

(a) Solid-solid colloids
(b) Sol is a solid-liquid colloid and Gel is liquid-solid colloid
(c) Sol is a solid-solid colloid and Gel is a solid-liquid colloid
(d) Sol is a liquid-solid colloid and Gel is a solid-liquid colloid

3. The correct order which describes the true solution, colloidal solution and suspension
in the order of their increasing particle size is:
(a) Suspension < Colloidal solution < true solution
(b) Colloidal solution < true solution <Suspension
(c) True solution < Colloidal solution < Suspension
(d) Colloidal solution < Suspension < True solution

4. Fill in the blanks:

A solution forms when particles of a solid, (the __________) split up and nestle
between the particles of a liquid, (the solvent). There are only so many ____________
for the particles of solute to fit onto. Once these spaces are full the particles of solute
settle to the bottom – like the last sweet mouthful you discover at the bottom of a mug
if you have put too much ____________ in your tea.

Missing words: sugar spaces solute

5. A student was given three powdered materials, which were sugar, soil and starch
powder in three packets and forgot to label them. He did not want to taste them as it
was dangerous. He took boiled water in three beakers and started to add these
materials into the beakers. He puts a small amount of contents of packet I in beaker I,
those of packet II in beaker II and those of packet III in beaker III. He stirred the
contents of each beaker without keeping it undisturbed and observed that beaker I
gave a translucent solution, beaker II gave a transparent solution while content of
beaker III was opaque. Which of the following conclusions will you draw?

Option Packet I Packet II Packet III

(a) Sugar Soil Starch Powder
(b) Starch Powder Sugar Soil
(c) Soil Starch Powder Sugar
(d) None of the above

6. How much water should be added to 15g of salt to obtain 15% salt solution?

7. During an experiment students were asked to prepare a10 % solution of sugar in

 water. Ramesh dissolved 10g of sugar in 100 g of water and Sarika dissolved 10g of
sugar in water to make 100 g of solution. Are the two solutions of the same
concentration? Give reasons.

Separation of Mixtures

Most of the substances that we see around us are mixtures. Mixtures need to be separated into
their constituentsto get the useful substances from a mixture or to get a particular substance
from the mixture or to identify substances present in a mixture.

Mixtures can be separated by physical methods. Different separation techniques are

employed to segregate different kind of mixtures. The method used is based on the properties
of constituent particles like, size, density, viscosity, solubility in a solvent, boiling points, etc.

Separation of Mixtures
 MIXTURES

Solid in Solid Solid in Liquid Liquid in

Liquid

Solid soluble Solid insoluble

in Liquid in Liquid

One solid soluble Two or more solids Bigsolid particles Small solid
in Liquid soluble in the same insoluble in Liquid particles insoluble
solvent in Liquid

Miscible liquids Immiscible liquids

Difference in boiling Difference in boiling

points > 25ºC points <25ºC

Solid in Solid mixtures

Solid components of a mixture can be separated by the following methods.

 Handpicking
Principle - Itis used to separate those mixtures where one of the components is in
small quantity.
Examples – separation of stones from rice or pulses, separating chana – rajma
mixture, etc.

Handpicking (Source: nextgurukul.in)

 Magnetic separation
Principle - It is used to separate those mixtures where one of the components
possesses magnetic properties.
Examples – separation of iron fillings from sulphur powder, etc.

Magnetic separation (Source: alamy.com)

 Sieving
Principle – Itis used if there is a difference in the size of the solid particles.
Examples– separation of coarse gravel from fine gravel, etc.
 Sieving (Source: https://www.elementaryengineeringlibrary.com)

 Sublimation
Principle – It is used if there is a difference between the sublimable and non-
sublimable nature of solids.
Example – separation of ammonium chloride from salt, separation of camphor from
sugar, etc.

Sublimation (Source: quora.com)

Solid soluble in Liquid mixtures

 One solid soluble in liquid

Soluble solids can be separated from liquids by the following methods:

(i) Evaporation to dryness
Principle – It is used to separate the soluble solid from the solvent as solids do
not vapourise easily but liquids do.
When a solution is heated, the solvent evaporates leaving behind the dissolved
solids as residue.
Examples – separating salt from water, separating ammonium chloride from
water, etc.
This method is not suitable to separate sugar and water as sugar decomposes
on heating.
 Evaporation (Source: geeksforgeeks.org)

(ii) Crystallisation
Principle – It is used to separate solute from the solid in pure crystalline form.
The concentrated solution is heated till the volume reduces to half and is left to
cool. The pure solid crystallises out.
Examples – Obtaining pure salt from salt solution, obtaining pure copper
sulphate from copper sulphate solution, etc.

Crystallisation(Source: meritnation.com)

(iii) Simple distillation

Principle – Thismethod is used if the solvent has a much lower boiling point
than the solute.
This process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapour that is
subsequently condensed back to liquid form.It is collected as the distillate.
Example – Separation of salt from water. Salt is left behind. Both solute and
solvent can be obtained by this method.

Simple distillation
  Two or more solids soluble in the same solvent

Two or more solids soluble in the same solvent can be separated by the method of
chromatography. The name chromatography is derived from Greek word Kroma
meaning colour. This technique was first used for separation of colours, so this name
was given.
Principle –Thecomponents of the mixture separate themselves based on their
solubilities in the same solvent.
The solvent is moved on a filter paper. A drop of mixture solution is spotted near one
end of the paper and then dried. The end of the paper, nearest the spot, is then dipped
into the solvent without submerging the spot itself. Different components of the
mixture get separated at different levels on the filter paper.
Examples – Separation of black ink into its constituent dyes, separation of
colourful components present in leaf, etc.

Chromatography

Solid insoluble in Liquid mixtures

 Big solid particles insoluble in liquid

Big solid particles insoluble in liquids can be separated using the following methods.

(i)Sedimentation and decantation

Principle –It is used to separate mixtures where the solid component which is
insoluble in the mixture and is heavier than the liquid settles down due to gravity.
The supernatant liquid, that is, the clear liquid that lies above the solid residue
after sedimentation is decanted off.
Examples – sand and water, chalk powder and water, etc., can be separated by this
method.

Sedimentation & Decantation(Source: Sarthaks.com)

(ii) Filtration
Principle –Itis used to separate mixtures where the solute particles are insoluble
in the solvent.
In this process,the suspended solid matter is suspended from a liquid, by passing
the solution through a filter paper. The liquid that is obtained after filtration is
called the filtrate while the solid left on the filter paper is the residue.
Examples – While making tea, a sieve (filter) is used to separate tea leaves from
the liquid, separation of sand and water, etc.

Filtration(Source: eschooltoday.com)

 Small solid particles insoluble in liquid

Small insoluble solid particles can be separated from the liquid by the method of
centrifugation.
Principle – Thismethod is used if the insoluble solid is very light and does not settle
under the influence of gravity.
The denser particles are forced to the bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top
when spun rapidly. Centrifugation is generally carried out in a centrifuge, a device
that can rapidly spin, just like a mixer grinder or a washing machine.
Examples – it is used to take butter out of cream, squeeze water from clothes, etc.
 Centrifugation

Separating miscible liquids

The technique employed for separation if miscible liquids is based on the difference in the
boiling points of the components. They can be separated by the following methods.

 Simple distillation
Principle –Fora mixture of two miscible liquids with difference in boiling points >
25°C, the method of simple distillation can be used.
The mixture is heated, and the most volatile component vaporizes at the lowest
temperature. The vapour passes through a condenser, where it condenses back into its
liquid state. The condensate that is collected is called distillate.
Examples – a mixture of acetone and water can be separated by simple distillation.
Acetone being more volatile vapourizes at 56°C and is collected as distillate. Water is
left behind.

Simple distillation

 Fractional distillation
Principle –Fora mixture of miscible liquids with difference in boiling points < 25°C,
the method of fractional distillation can be used.
The process is same as that of simple distillation. The only difference is that a
fractionating column is placed between the distillation flask and condenser. The
fractionating column is a tube packed with glass beads. The beads provide the surface
for vapours to cool and condense continuously. Quick cooling of vapours is required
as the components of the mixture have less difference in their boiling points.
Examples – separation of components of air, separation of petroleum into its
components, separation of ethanol and water, etc.
Fractional distillation

Separating immiscible liquids

A mixture of two immiscible liquids can be separated by using a separating funnel.

Principle –The immiscible liquids separate into layers depending on their densities.
The mixture is poured into the separating funnel and the layers are allowed to separate. The
denser layer is formed at the bottom and the lighter one floats at the top. The denser layer is
drained out by turning on the stopcock at the bottom of the funnel.
Examples – Separation of oil and water, etc.

Separation using separating funnel (Source: meritnation.com)

Check your progress

1. What is the best method to separate water from aqueous copper sulphate solution?
2. Hexane and octane are liquids that differ slightly in their boiling points. Suggest a
method to separate these two components.
3. What is the best method to separate the components of blood?
4. Dye A and dye B have different solubilities in water. What is the best technique to
separate these two?
5. What criteria can be used to test the purity of a substance.
6. Name the separation technique used to separate the following:
a. Butter from milk b. Oil from water
Also, mention the principle of the technique used.
7. Liquids P and Q are immiscible and have boiling points 200 K and 250 K
respectively. Which separation technique will you use to separate a mixture of liquids
P and Q?

Physical and Chemical Changes

Changes in matter occur due to change in kinetic energy of molecules. When a substance
absorbs enough energy, then its atoms or molecules move around rapidly. They collide
frequently with each other and the state of matter changes. This results in a physical change.

However, if there are different types of molecules or atoms, they may collide with each other
on increasing energy. This results in the formation of a new substance. Such a change results
in a chemical change.

Listed below are the differences between physical and chemical changes.

Physical Change Chemical Change

No new substance is formed, i.e, the
composition and the chemical nature of the
substance remains the same.
They are generally reversible.
Example –Boiling of water, melting of
popsicle, breaking of glass, etc.
A new substance is formed, i.e., the
composition and the chemical nature of the
substance changes.
They are generally irreversible.
Example – Growing of tree, burning of
leaves, cooking food, etc.

In some cases, both chemical and physical changes occur together. For example, during
burning of a candle, the wax melts which is a physical change and the wick of the candle
burns which is a chemical change.

Let’s Recap

 Most of the matter around us in the form of mixtures. Mixtures contain more than one
components, combined physically in any proportion.
 The components of a mixture retain their properties.
  Mixtures may be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogeneous
mixtures have a uniform composition while the heterogeneous mixtures have non-
uniform composition.
 Mixtures may be composed of two or more elements, two or more compounds or two
or more elements and compounds.
 A true solution is a homogeneous mixture. The major component of a true solution is
the solvent and the minor component is the solute.
 The concentration of a solution is the mass of solute present per unit mass or per unit
volume of the solution.
 Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures that appear homogeneous. The particle size in
colloids is too small to be seen with the naked eye. The major component of a colloid
is called the dispersion medium while the minor component is the dispersed phase.
 Suspensions are heterogeneous in nature. Particles of a suspension are big in size and
can be seen with the naked eye.
 Mixtures can be separated into their components on the basis of the properties of the
constituent particles like size, density, viscosity, boiling points, melting points, etc.
 Changes around us may be physical or chemical in nature. No new substances are
formed in physical changes. New substances are formed in chemical changes.

Exercises

1. Which of the following will show Brownian motion?

(a) Salt solution
(b) Milk
(c) Copper sulphate solution
(d) Starch solution

2. A mixture of sulphur and iron fillings is

(a) heterogeneous and shows Tyndall effect
(b) homogeneous and shows Tyndall effect
(c) heterogeneous and does not show Tyndall effect
(d) homogeneous and does not show Tyndall effect

3. In milk, the dispersed phase and dispersion medium are

(a) Liquid, Solid
(b) Solid, Liquid
(c) Liquid, Liquid
(d) Solid, Gas

4. The correct sequence for separating a mixture of sand, salt and iodine is
(a) Filtration  Sublimation  Evaporation
(b) Sublimation  Filtration  Evaporation
(c) Sublimation  Evaporation  Filtration
(d) Filtration  Evaporation  Sublimation

5. Whichofthefollowingisnotamixture?
(a)  Soap solution
(b)  Blood
 (c)  Oxygen
(d)  Coal

6. The size of particles of true solutions is

(a) < 1 nm
(b) Between 1 nm to 100 nm
(c) > 100 nm
(d) > 1000 nm

7. Petrol is obtained from petroleum by

(a) distillation
(b) fractional distillation
(c) steam distillation
(d) distillation under reduced pressure

8. Cream is obtained from milk

(a)  Filtration as milk is liquid andhence it can be filtered out
(b)  Filtration as cream is solid and hence it can be easily filtered out
(c)  Centrifugation, as cream and milk have difference in chemical formula
(d)  Centrifugationasparticlesofcream and milk have difference in their density

9. Classify the following as physical and/or chemical change:

(a) Burning of a candle
(b) Boiling of water
(c) Fading of color on clothes
(d) Mixing Iron filings and sulphur

10. Suggest a separation technique for the following mixtures:

(a) Blue dye in water
(b) Cream from milk
(c) RBCs in blood
(d) Two miscible liquids with large difference in boiling points
(e) Air

In each of the questions given below (11-16), there are two statements marked as
Assertionand Reason. Mark your answer as per the codes provided below:
(a) A is true but R is false
(b) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(c) A is false but R is true
(d) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(e) Both A and R are false

11. Assertion: Mixture of peanuts, puffed rice, potatoes and salt is homogeneous.
Reason: The components are distributed uniformly throughout the mixture.

12. Assertion: Mixture of salt and sugar is a mixture of compounds.

Reason: Both salt and sugar are compounds.

13. Assertion: A mixture of clay and water is separated by centrifugation.

Reason: Clay particles are big in size and settle at the bottom.
14. Assertion: To obtain both water and sugar from the mixture, filtration is used.
Reason: Water is more volatile than sugar.

15. Assertion: Cutting of tree is a physical change.

Reason: No new substance is formed when a tree is cut.

16. Assertion: Alcohol mixed with water can be separated using a separating funnel.
Reason: A separating funnel is used to separate two immiscible liquids.

17. Crystallization is better technique than simple evaporation technique. Justify.

18. Rashmi has a mixture of salt, sand and water. She wants to separate this mixture and
obtain all the three back. Explain the different separation techniques she should use.

19. Asolidmeltsbetween234–240°C.Isthis solid likely to be pure or impure? Give a reason

for your answer.

20. Sea water can be considered both a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture.
Comment.

21. Tincture of Iodine is a mixture of X and Y. X is a liquid and Y is a solid which gets
converted to vapour on heating by a process called P?
(a) Name substance X
(b) Name substance Y
(c) Name and explain the process P

22. A solution is prepared by dissolving 5g of salt and 8g of sugar in 77g of water.

Calculate the mass percent of each component of the solution.

23. 350g of 10% (m/m) sugar solution is mixed with 150 g of 20% (m/m) salt solution.
Calculate the m/m% of the new solution.

24. Liquid A has a boiling point of 74°C. Liquid B has a boiling point of 49°C. Describe
with the aid of a diagram how you would obtain purified samples of liquid A and B
from a mixture of liquids A and B.

25. Think of planning your experiment as a learning journey. What steps will you take to
make pure salt? Use the footprints to write your method.

How to get pure salt from rock salt

 KEY WORDS
Solution
Soluble
Insoluble
Filter
Filter paper
Filter funnel
Evaporating basin
Tripod
Round bottomed flask
Condenser

26. Case Study

If a homogeneous solution placed in dark is observed in the direction of light, it
appears clear and, if it is observed from a direction at right angles to the direction of
light beam, it appears perfectly dark. Colloidal solutions viewed in the same way may
also appear reasonably clear or translucent by the transmitted light but they show a
mild to strong opalescence, when viewed at right angles to the passage of light, i.e.,
the path of the beam is illuminated by a bluish light. This effect was first observed by
Faraday and later studied in detail by Tyndall and is termed as Tyndall effect. The
Tyndall effect is due to the fact that colloidal particles scatter light in all directions in
space. This scattering of light illuminates the path of beam in the colloidal dispersion.
(Source: Chemistry for Grade XII, NCERT)

(i) A solution is observed from a direction at right angles to the direction of light
beam. It appeared to be perfectly dark. The solution could be
(a) Starch solution
(b) Egg albumin in water
(c) Chalk powder in water
 (d) Salt in water

(ii) A solution showed opalescence when viewed at right angles to the beam of light.
The solution could be
(a) Salt solution
(b) Sugar solution
(c) Milk
(d) Tincture of iodine

(iii) The size of particles that show tyndall effect is

(a) < 1 nm
(b) Between 1 nm to 100 nm
(c) > 100 nm
(d) > 1000 nm

(iv)Tyndall effect is not shown by

(a) Air
(b) Whipped cream
(c) Cheese
(d) Fog