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Chord Substitutions: The Jazz Guitarist's Survival Guide
Chord Substitutions: The Jazz Guitarist's Survival Guide
It is easy to find chords with common notes with the help of a key
signature. Go ahead and examine the 7 chords in a given key. You will
find that every chord has an alternative. The way to find these is
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simple: each diatonic sub is separated by a diatonic third.
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In the context of a band, if you play Am7 while the bassist is playing
C root, it sounds like C major 6th. Pretty neat, right? Again, in a band
context, if you play Em7 while the bassist is playing C root, it sounds
like C major 9th. How is this happening, exactly? The following
diagram shows us that an Em triad is the same as Cmaj7 without the
root.
When you add the b7 to that Em, you get a D which is the 9th of C.
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Other chords in the key - or outside of the key, for that matter - may
offer interesting options for jazz guitar chord substitutions. They are
yours to discover. Analyze, research, explore to make sure it sounds
good to you! It is not as simple as merely knowing the musical math.
You have to figure out which voicings fit the best and which you
might want to avoid in certain situations.
Try it for yourself. Do you hear how each of these is a possibility over
G7b9?
Or, more simply, play a diminished 7th chord from the 3rd, 5th, b7th
or b9th of any dom7(b9) chord.
Caution: nothing works all of the time! Make sure you keep the
chord's functionality when it's needed in the context.
Jazz musicians play the II-V cadence most of the time when
resolving to the I chord. Therefore, the V-I can become II-V-I. This
concept is known as interpolation.
In this example, let's try adding the V's related IIm7 chord before it.
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This principle works fine even if there's no resolution to the I
chord. Simply add the appropriate II chord in front of the V. A good
place to try this is in the bridge for any "rhythm changes" tune. Each
dominant chord is a target for its previous chord! In other words,
they're all kind of acting as a I chord temporarily.
This concept is called back cycling. The added II-Vs each contain the
dominant of the next II chord. In other words, A7 is the V of D, G7 is
the V of C, and so on. Beyond the II-V to the tonic chord, these back
cycling progressions should be treated as minor II-V progressions. In
other words, m7b5 to dom7b9.
(see below)
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Naturally, other possibilities exist. Once again, the other chord
substitutions are yours to discover. Listen to pianists and guitarists
on jazz recordings and find your own favorite back cycling tricks.
Remember, dominant chords that are a tritone apart share the same
tritone! The presence of this tritone interval means that the bII chord
has the same function as the V chord. Why? The tritone interval,
present in both V and bII, tends to resolve the same way to the I
chord. Try it!
[The last example is present in the tune "Lady Bird" by Tadd Dameron.]
This one might seem a bit obvious but I want to talk about it briefly.
It's like the "cherry on top" for jazz chord substitutions.
Another really nifty technique is to simply use the bass note as the
focal point for your reharmonizations. It's actually really neat how
moving around one note can yield a bunch of different sounds. This
is usually up to the bass player, but if you're playing in a solo or duo
setting, you can take advantage of some of this stuff as well.
Let's try the same idea against a C major triad by adding A to the
bass. This one gives us Am7.
ACEG
So far, these have all been pretty standard and mostly based on
diatonic substitutions. Let's try something a bit more adventurous.
If you have a G major chord and you put an A in the bass - a whole
step up from the root - it gives you a cool sus type of sound. A G(7)
B(9) D(4)
AGBD
I definitely suggest exploring this idea and seeing what kind of cool
sounds you can come up with. Always analyze your findings and take
them through different keys to make sure you've got it!
Final Words
I established the basics on this page. Now it's your turn to go on and
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find out what kind of substitutions you like. Keep your ears wide
open and you'll always discover new fresh ideas.
Have fun!
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