Norms:

● Be on time with work

● Respond to messages
● Treat others with respect
● Communicate with group members
● Listen to each other
Consequences:

Timeline:
1920 (Briana)- Women were granted the right to vote given the ratification of the nineteenth
amendment after a series of protests important figures can include Susan B. Anthony and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
1921(Briana)- The suffragist movement continued on with the suffragette publishing their works
and meeting with President Harding for discussing ideas on the equal right bill.
1922 (Briana)- The final orders are put in for the nineteenth amendment as it is passed in the
supreme court
1923 (Ashley))- First proposed by the National Woman’s political party in 1923, the Equal Rights
Amendment was to provide for the legal equality of the sexes and prohibit discrimination on the
basis of sex
1924 (Ashley)- Determined that woman suffrage would not be proved a flop, in 1924 the League
of Women Voters began massive campaigns of advertising and education to "Get Out the Vote"
(Figure 2), a program that, by the end of the decade, would evolve into the organization's main
mission.
1925 (Ashley)- Inter-Parliamentary Union of Women meets in Washington, D.C., for conference
organized by NWP to discuss international aspects of feminism.
1926 (Diego)- Rose Schneiderman was an influential figure during the fight for womens’ rights.
She believed that women deserved bread (basic human rights) but also roses (proper education
and representation). She was elected president in 1926 for the WTUL or Women’s Trade Union
League.
1927 (Diego)- “Deputation of NWP officers, including Jane Norman Smith, Sara Bard Field, and
Frances Roberts, meets with President Coolidge to ask support for ERA and encourage
appointment of more women to high-ranking federal positions. “
1928-(Miriam)
1929- (Miriam)

https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/women-of-protest/images/detchron.pdf
^if you guys are having trouble finding info on your year this has a large list

To do:
Have all quotes found by monday before class
Gender Ideas:
Masculinity:
● Women Didn’t get the same education as men?
● Men are tough and powerful while women are not
 ● Men don’t have emotions they are insensitive
● Men are expected to look tall and muscular
● The ideal for men was to provide for an entire family

Femininity:
● Women did the household stuff while men didn’t
● Women are sensitive and have a lot of emotions
● Women are powerless
● Women are expected to hold much more high regards to their appearance such as
looking thin and such
● Womanhood was redefined after the suffrage movement and had a more independent
role in society
● “Today the easily recognized image of the flapper symbolizes the 1920s for many
people. The flapper—with her short skirts, short hair, noticeable makeup, and fun-loving
attitude—represented a new freedom for women” (Women in the 1920s in North
Carolina”
Masculinity:
● His unsatisfactory sexual capacities, however, as a man castrated by his own all too
dominant wife, make him a very vulnerable and insecure creature. David Gilmore
(CARABÍ, Àngels, and ARMENGOL, José M. (2005). Debating Masculinity (DVD),
Audiovisuals. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona.) states that in every society, different
tests of masculinity exist. Because there is no clear mark for masculinity – as opposed to
femininity where a girl’s first periods serve as a transition event– men feel the need to
prove their masculinity to stop feeling insecure. Francis thinks a way of displaying his
manliness to himself, his wife, and other men, is to go on a safari to Africa and shoot
some animals. The fact that he, as one of the few white men, is served by black
gun-bearers, validates Lynne Segal’s claim that, to remain in power, the white
heterosexual man tries to diminish the value of other cultures by maintaining the
stereotypes of the dominant Western culture (SEGAL, Lynne (1997) Slow Motion.
Changing Masculinities. Changing Men, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.
J.).
●

Social customs, media, etc:

● “After the war, the word would become synonymous with the new breed of 1920s
women who bobbed their hair above their ears, wore skirts that skimmed their knees,
smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol while dancing in jazz clubs, always surrounded by
admiring male suitors.”
https://www.history.com/news/flappers-roaring-20s-women-empowerment- (talks about a
lot of social customs for women such as work wise/ and sexuailty)
● “Nearly a third of working women in the 1920s were domestic servants, while the rest
were clerical workers, factory workers, store clerks and other “feminized” professions.
“Women are working, but they're working in what are called 'women's jobs,’” says Lynn
Dumenil, professor emerita of history at Occidental College and author of The Second
 Line of Defense: American Women and World War I.”
https://www.history.com/news/flappers-roaring-20s-women-empowerment-
● “It was the decade of the “New Woman,” and one in which only 10% of married
women worked outside the home. It was a decade in which new technologies
decreased time requirements for household chores, and one in which standards
of cleanliness and order in the home rose to often impossible standards”
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ushistory2ay/chapter/the-new-woman-2/
● “ Towards the end of the decade, some feminists would argue that women’s
great achievement in the 20s was learning to value their individuality.”
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/feb/05/the-1920s-young
-women-took-the-struggle-for-freedom-into-their-personal-lives

●
L.J. Holton, “Now Shall We Commence”, Life magazine, June 2, 1927. New York
Historical Society Library.
This would represent the media of women in the 1920 aka as flappers, “These images
demonstrate how the mass media viewed the flapper. On one hand, the women in these
images are engaging in behaviors that were common at the time: drinking alcohol,
dating, going to college, smoking, and wearing “boyish” clothing. On the other hand, they
are a male fantasy of a female stereotype. These illustrations poke fun at young women.
The humor factor demonstrates the challenges young women faced. Their
independence was considered fleeting and nonthreatening. Instead of representing a
significant shift in women’s sexual and social identities, flappers were often perceived as
comical side effects of youth.” -
https://wams.nyhistory.org/confidence-and-crises/jazz-age/flappers-in-media/
Pictures:
 Source: Give me Liberty textbook

Picture made in 1923 criticizing the low minimum wage set on working women during the 1920s

“The fact that femininity was presented as a constant threat and as an antithesis of masculinity
was the means by which masculinity would be kept in check through 1920s patriarchal
discourses” (The representations of masculinities in 1920s American literature)

Masculinity was prevalent during the 1920s among the American society. Masculinity was
viewed as a goal for men to achieve and if they did not achieve attributes that are associated
with masculinity, they are perceived as feminine. This scale of more feminine or more masculine
was what controlled the male and female gender roles of the time. Men were in separate
spheres than women where each followed their path of accomplishing their gender’s agenda.
What would be perceived as feminine during the 20s would be what the male gender of the era
would avoid.

"Femininity — being lady-like — implies needing a man as witness and seducer; but masculinity
celebrates the exclusive company of men. That is why it is so grotesque; and that is also why
there is no manliness without inadequacy — because it denies men the natural friendship of
women.” (Being a Man)

The quote helps to further support the idea of the two separate gender spheres during the 20s.
Femininity was viewed as polar opposite to masculinity with no in between. These benchmarks
are what produced inequalities between each gender during the time. One man could not
maintain a feminine attribute and be considered maculine which is what damaged the gender
integrity during the 1920s

“Today the easily recognized image of the flapper symbolizes the 1920s for many people. The
flapper—with her short skirts, short hair, noticeable makeup, and fun-loving
attitude—represented a new freedom for women” (Women in the 1920s in North Carolina)\

"If a woman’s clothing is tight or revealing (in other words, sexy), it sends a message — an
intended one of wanting to be attractive, but also a possibly un intended one of availability. If her
clothes are not sexy, that too sends a message, lent meaning by the knowledge that they could
have been. There are thousands of cosmetic products from which women can choose and
myriad ways of applying them."(Unmarked women)

The Quote from Tannen’s unmarked women represents the importance of physical
representation of women. Every single detail of a woman’s appearance helps to portray a
message about the particular woman due to their unmarked nature in society. Since women
leading up to the 1920s have been restricted with exclusions from political positions and
economic roles, how they expressed themselves was important.

“Today the easily recognized image of the flapper symbolizes the 1920s for many people. The
flapper—with her short skirts, short hair, noticeable makeup, and fun-loving
attitude—represented a new freedom for women” (Women in the 1920s in North Carolina)

Leading into and during the 1920s women began advocating and accomplishing equal rights
such as female suffrage and jobs in the workforce. With the continuing fight for gender equality
women became more comfortable with breaking gender norms. They did so by wearing “short
skirts” “short hair” and “noticeable make-up”. These physical appearances made women stand
out even more during a time period where they have been promoting ideals that went against
the stereotypes of weak women. Their ability to break the restricting fashion of the time gave
women a sense of empowerment during the 1920s.