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Experimental analysis of tribological properties of ultrasonically dispersed

garnet nanoparticles in SN500 grade lubricating oil

Article  in  Industrial Lubrication and Tribology · November 2016

DOI: 10.1108/ILT-02-2016-0034

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J. Sunil Rathinam Maheswaran

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 Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Experimental analysis of tribological properties of ultrasonically dispersed garnet nanoparticles in SN500
grade lubricating oil
Maheswaran R., Sunil J.,
Article information:
To cite this document:
Maheswaran R., Sunil J., (2018) "Experimental analysis of tribological properties of ultrasonically dispersed garnet
nanoparticles in SN500 grade lubricating oil", Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. 70 Issue: 2, pp.250-255, https://
doi.org/10.1108/ILT-02-2016-0034
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 Experimental analysis of tribological properties
of ultrasonically dispersed garnet
nanoparticles in SN500 grade lubricating oil
Maheswaran R.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India, and
Sunil J.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, V V College of Engineering, Tirunelveli, India

Abstract
Purpose – The optimal performance of the machinery is based on lubricants that require frequent monitoring and the analysis of characteristics
such as chemical content, contamination and viscosity. The application of nanoparticles dispersed lubricant in tribology has received remarkable
attention in recent years. This paper aims to investigate the tribological properties of SN500 grade lubricating oil containing garnet nanoparticles.
Design/methodology/approach – In this study, 45-nm-sized garnet particles are ultrasonically dispersed in SN500 grade base lubricant oil. The
effects of viscosity and additive concentration on tribological properties are investigated using a four-ball tester.
Findings – Rolling, reinforcing and film-forming behaviour of dispersed nano-sized garnet additives in the rubbing zone were investigated using
scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicate that the garnet additives can improve the wear
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resistance and resistance to relative motion and decrease the friction coefficient of rubbing steel interface by surface polishing and formation of
tribo-film containing Si, C and Mn.
Originality/value – Because of the complex two-phase solid–liquid mixture, there are still limited physical understandings of the friction and wear
reduction mechanisms. Therefore, the present research was undertaken to interpret the possible phenomena.
Keywords Wear resistance, Nanofluids, Lubricant oil, Tribofilm
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction surfaces owing to the dispersion of nanoscale materials as

The lubrication separates the moving surfaces of industrial
engineering components in mutual contact by a fluid film,
which mainly depends upon its resistance to change viscosity
over the period and operating conditions. It also serves as a
coolant to carry away the heat caused due to friction. The
sufficient thickness of oil film layer between the rubbing surfaces
mainly depends upon the kinematic viscosity of lubricant oil. In
recent years, the application of oil-based nanofluids in tribology
has received considerable attention to reduce friction and wear –
which depends upon the type of nanoparticles, concentration,
size (GU et al., 2008), shape (Xue et al., 1997; Kalin et al., 2012;
Tarasov et al., 2002; Qi et al., 2011; Olomolehin and Spikes,
2009; Liu et al., 2008), temperature (Huq et al., 2007) and the
defects on rubbing surfaces (Antusch et al., 2010). Zhang et al.
(Rapport et al., 1997) reported that the wear debris contributes
to the formation of a self-repairing layer over the worn out area
to reduce friction and wear.
Padgurskas et al. (2013) proved that different friction and
wear reduction mechanisms take place between rubbing
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on
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Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
70/2 (2018) 250–255
© Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 0036-8792]
[DOI 10.1108/ILT-02-2016-0034]
additives in liquid lubricants. Dwyer–Joyce et al. (1994) showed
that nanoparticles can provide a ball bearings effect between the
rubbing surfaces. Gu et al. (2008) found that the dispersed
nanoparticles in lubricating oil can deposit at rubbing surfaces,
which can weld and react to form a tribo-sintered layer
(Hernández et al., 2007; Song et al., 2012). The suspension of
nanoparticle increases the load carrying capacity and decreases
the friction coefficient of the SN500 grade lubricating oil (Hu
et al., 2000, 2002), which reduces the contact pressure of
rubbing surfaces (Padgurskas et al., 2013). Chinas–Castillo and
Spikes (2003) examined the action of nanoparticles in
lubricating oils and reported that dispersed nanoparticles can
penetrate and strengthen the rubbing contacts by mechanical
entrapment. The scuffing resistance and frictional power of
lubricating oil are enhanced when it is dispersed with 3 vol.
per cent of diamond nanoparticles (Chu et al., 2010).
The inorganic and rare earth nanoparticles as an additive in
lubricating oil have high thermal stabilities, self-repairing,
antioxidant and wear-reducing properties (Yu et al., 2007,
1998; Liu et al., 2010). In this work, garnet nanoparticles are
prepared by high energy ball milling and the SN500 grade
mineral lubricant oil is used as a base fluid. The different
concentrations of garnet–SN500 grade lubricant oil nanofluids
are prepared by dispersing nanoscale garnet particles using
ultrasonication (Tajik et al., 2012). The influence of kinematic
Received 24 February 2016
Accepted 22 July 2016

250
 Experimental analysis of tribological properties
Maheswaran R. and Sunil J.
viscosity on the tribological performances of SN500 grade base
lubricant oil, and different concentrations of garnet–SN500
grade lubricant oil nanofluids, are evaluated using a four-ball
wear tester. In addition, in situ investigations are performed at
the rubbing interfaces using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to
interpret the possible friction and wear-reduction mechanisms
with and without nanoparticles dispersion in base lubricant oil.
2. Materials and methods
Today, different nanomaterials are used as an additive for
improving the basic properties of lubricant oils. The
tribological properties of the garnet–lubricant oil nanofluids are
determined by using four-ball wear testing, where the circular
floating ball contact of lubricant oil is governed by the oil film
thickness. The film thickness depends upon the various factors
like the viscosity of lubricant, the concentration of additive,
applied load and the coefficient of friction. In general, oxide
nanomaterials have good thermal stabilities. Therefore, the
garnet, composed of different oxides, is chosen as a lubricant
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additive for the present work, and their tribological behaviour is
examined experimentally.
2.1 Materials and preparation of garnet–lubricant oil
nanofluids
The garnet–lubricant oil nanofluids are prepared by suspending
natural garnet mineral powders (V.V. Minerals, India) with
SN500 grade base lubricant oil. Nano garnet powders were
prepared by high energy ball-milling at room temperature. The
SEM morphology of the ball-milled particles show that the
average particle size is about 45 nm and is dispersed in SN500
grade lubricant oil by ultrasonic agitation (Sonics & Materials,
USA), which is shown in Figure 1. The chemical constitutions
of the garnet powder are given in Table I.
The base fluid used in this research is SN500 grade mineral-
based lubricant oil with a kinematic viscosity at 40°C is 78.2 cP
Figure 1 SEM image of garnet particles after ball-milling
Table I Chemical constitution of nano garnet particles
Chemical constitution TiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3
Percentage 7.68 31.30 18.80
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Volume 70 · Number 2 · 2018 · 250–255
and density at 29.5°C is 0.877 g/cc. The measured weight
percentages of garnet particle are separately added with the
lubricant oil. Further, the mixture is sonicated at 20 kHz for
15 minutes, and the nanofluids with different concentrations
are prepared.
2.2 Determination of density and kinematic viscosity
The density of the lubricant oil with and without nano garnet
particles suspension is measured using a pycnometer.
Furthermore, temperature and concentration-dependent
kinematic viscosity of garnet–lubricant oil nanofluids are
obtained from the ratio between the dynamic viscosity of
nanofluids with and without additive dispersion and its
corresponding density values.
2.3 Friction and wear test
According to ASTMD 5183-2005, the tribological tests were
performed in a four-ball friction and wear tester (Ducom
Instruments, USA) at ambient temperature (approximately
27°C) under the lubrication of SN500 grade raw lubricating
oil and the lubricating oil containing garnet nanoparticles.
Before and after each test, all the components in the test-
section were cleaned thoroughly using hexane solution, and
dried with hot air. The wear was evaluated according to the
average wear scar diameter on the three stationary steel balls.
The balls used for this study were made of chrome alloy steel
(AISI standard steel no. E-52100) with a diameter of
12.7 mm; the Rockwell C hardness is 64–66 HRC, and its
chemical composition is given in Table II. The morphology
of the rubbed surfaces was investigated using a scanning
electron microscope, and the chemical content of selected
friction spots were examined using EDS.
3. Results and discussions
Figure 2 shows the temperature-dependent density of the
lubricant oil with and without garnet nanoparticles dispersion.
The results show that the density of the lubricant oil increases
when additive concentration is increased, and decreases with
an increase in temperature. Furthermore, the suspended garnet
additives in the lubricant oil increased its kinematic viscosity
over the measured temperature range, while decreasing it with
an increase in temperature, as shown in Figure 3. However, the
effect of increased temperature decreased the kinematic
viscosity of garnet–lubricant oil nanofluids, which is higher
than the kinematic viscosity of base lubricant oil at the
measured temperature range. The failure of lubricant oil
between the rubbing surfaces is because of the drop of
kinematic viscosity during extreme pressure conditions.
Furthermore, the drop of the viscosity of garnet–lubricant oil
nanofluids owing to temperature variation is less than that of
additive free lubricant oil, which may provide comparably
better lubricity.
SiO2 V2O5 Cr2O3 P2O5 MgO MnO
33.10 0.06 0.053 0.034 6.38 0.55
251
 Experimental analysis of tribological properties
Maheswaran R. and Sunil J.
Table II Chemical composition of a ball used in four-ball wear test
Chemical constitution Cr C Mn Si P S
Percentage 1.488 1.053 0.44 0.186 0.011
Figure 2 Density of lubricant oil with and without additives
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Figure 3 Effect of temperature on the kinematic viscosity of garnet–
lubricant oil nanofluids
3.1 Effect of nano garnet particles concentration on
wear and friction
Wear scar diameters of four-ball wear test conducted at
different loads for raw lubricant oil, raw lubricant oil containing
different garnet nanoparticle concentrations are compared and
represented in Figure 4. The raw lubricant oil with the nano
garnet particles dispersion gives remarkably small wear scar
diameter than it does with the base lubricant oil. The larger the
wear scar diameter, the more intensive the wear. When the raw
Figure 4 The variation of wear scar diameter at different additive
concentrations
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Volume 70 · Number 2 · 2018 · 250–255
lubricant oil is loaded to 98 N, 294 N and 588 N the average
wear scar diameters are 0.46 mm, 0.85 mm and 1.09 mm,
respectively. The raw lubricant oil containing 0.25 wt. per cent
0.006 of garnet nanoparticles reduced the average wear scar
diameters to 0.40 mm, 0.79 mm and 0.97 mm, respectively, for
the unaltered loadings. The reduction percentage of average
wear scar diameters of raw lubricant oil dispersed with 0.50 wt.
per cent of nano garnet particles is 39.13, 12.94 and 24.77
per cent, respectively, as compared to that of base lubricant oil.
This shows that the garnet additive significantly reduced the
friction and enhanced the wear resistance property of SN500
grade lubricant oil.
The friction coefficients of four-ball wear test samples
lubricated with raw lubricant oil with and without garnet
nanoparticle dispersions are compared to and exhibited in
Figure 5. The results showed that the friction coefficient of the
raw lubricant oil with nano garnet particles dispersion steadily
decreased when compared to the oil without garnet
nanoparticles dispersion. The coefficient of friction between
the rubbing interfaces at 588 N loading show smaller frictional
coefficient value than that of 294 N loading conditions. At
588 N loading condition the active garnet nanoparticles
between the rubbing pair may absorb a part of the frictional
force owing to metal–additive interaction, which contributes
the development of tribochemical reaction, and thus, the
frictional coefficient is reduced.
3.2 In situ observation metal–additive interaction
Figure 6 shows the intensity of wear according to the wear scar
diameter of the worn steel ball surface of the specimens
lubricated with the base lubricant oil [Figure 6 (a-c)] and the
garnet–lubricant oil nanofluid with 0.50 wt. per cent garnet
particles [Figure 6(d-f)] under different loading conditions,
indicating that the garnet–lubricant oil nanofluid exhibits much
smaller wear scar diameter than the base lubricant oil. Also, the
leading edge of the wear scar diameter is not as rough. It
indicates that the dispersed garnet additives easily enter the
rubbing interface and that it contributes in the friction and wear
reduction. In situ observation of wear scar diameter through
SEM images show the presence of micropores [Figure 6(a-c)],
which may propagate as the surface cracks and produces debris
because of the breakup of micropore edges. Consequently,
micropore reserves lubricant oil/nanofluid for lubrication.
Figure 7 represents the enlarged SEM morphologies of the
friction surface of the specimens lubricated with the base
Figure 5 Friction coefficient of the SN500 grade raw lubricant oil with
and without nanoparticles
252
 Experimental analysis of tribological properties
Maheswaran R. and Sunil J.
Figure 6 SEM macromorphology of wear scar diameter lubricated with base lubricant oil (a-c) and base lubricant oil dispersed with 0.50 wt. per cent
garnet nanoparticles (d-f) under different loads
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lubricant oil [Figure 7(a-c)] and the base lubricant oil with
0.50 wt. per cent garnet nanoparticles [Figure 7(d-f)] under
different loading conditions. In situ observation of Figure 7(a-c)
shows that the worn surface of the steel balls lubricated by
SN500 grade lubricant oil is abraded and have many sharp ball
processing traces in sliding direction owing to the lack of
lubricant oil between the rubbing surfaces. The in situ
observation of Figure 7(d-f) shows that the friction surface of
the steel balls lubricated by SN500 grade lubricant oil with
garnet additives has comparably fewer furrows and sharp
edges than that of the base lubricant oil, and that the area
between its blunted edges are polished. This demonstrates
that the spherical nature of the dispersed garnet additives
rolls – as well as embeds – in the micropores of rubbing
surfaces. It makes the rubbing surface smooth, which leads to
the decrease in frictional force. The blunted edges and the
nano polished area due to metal–additive interaction are
found on steel surfaces lubricated with garnet nanoparticles,
showing the direct influences of dispersed additives on the
reduction of friction.
3.3 Tribochemical reaction
Figure 8 shows the elemental analysis of the specimens
lubricated with the base lubricant oil [Figures 8(a-c)], and
the lubricant oil contains 0.50 wt. per cent garnet
253
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Volume 70 · Number 2 · 2018 · 250–255
nanoparticles [Figures 8(d-f)] under different loading
conditions. The EDS spectrum of the samples loaded to
98 N does not indicate any new emerged elements, which is
shown in Figures 8(a) and 8(d). Nevertheless, dispersed
garnet additives strengthened the C, Cr and Fe constitutions
by filling the micropores of rubbing surfaces. Figures 8(d-f)
show that the addition of garnet additives enhances the
surface strengthening process. Further, Figure 8(e) shows
the chemisorption of garnet additive during 294 N loading
forms a tribo-film containing Si. When the rubbing surfaces
are loaded to 588 N, the dispersed with nano garnet
additives in the lubricant oil decomposes and reacts with the
surfaces because of shearing, resulting in the formation of
boundary lubricating tribo-film containing C and Mn,
which is shown in Figure 8(f).
The durability of friction and wear reduction mainly
depends upon the number of additives entered between the
rubbing zones. According to the concentration and
the chemical constitutions of suspended additives in the
lubricant oil, the friction and wear reduction mechanism
varies in the rubbing zone. As provided in Table I, the
major chemical constitutions of nano garnet particles are
oxides, which roll and reinforce at micropores of rubbing
zone. These reinforcement actions convert the micropore
surface into smooth, and the rolling action involves in the
nano polishing. The transformed smooth rubbing spots
 Experimental analysis of tribological properties Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Maheswaran R. and Sunil J. Volume 70 · Number 2 · 2018 · 250–255

Figure 7 SEM macromorphology of the worn surface of specimens lubricated with base lubricant oil (a-c) and base lubricant oil dispersed with 0.50 wt.
per cent garnet particles (d-f) under different loads
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have less friction and wear owing to the addition of garnet

Figure 8 EDS spectrum of worn surface of the specimens lubricated
additives.
with base lubricant oil (a-c) and base lubricant oil dispersed with
0.50 wt. per cent garnet particles (d-f) under different loads
4. Conclusions
In this paper, nano garnet particles are ultrasonically
dispersed in the SN500 grade lubricating oil for enhanced
lubrication, and its feasibility as nanolubricants are
experimentally studied. On the basis of the results, the
following conclusions are made:
 Oil-based nanofluid containing nano garnet additives
significantly improved the friction and wear reduction
behaviour in the lubrication conditions. The average wear
scar diameters of raw lubricant oil dispersed with 0.15 wt.%
of nano garnet particles are reduced to 39.13, 12.94 and
24.77 per cent at 98N, 294N and 588N loading
conditions, respectively, as compared to that of the base
lubricant oil. Also, the addition of nano garnet particles
in the lubricant oil considerably reduced the coefficient
of friction.
 In situ observation of wear processes demonstrates that the
dispersed garnet additives converted the sharp edges of
the worn surface into blunted edges. Consequently, Si-,
C-, Mn-containing tribochemical film was found by the
EDS analysis owing to shearing effect of rubbing
interfaces with garnet additives.

254
 Experimental analysis of tribological properties
Maheswaran R. and Sunil J.
On the basis of the present study, it was confirmed that the
garnet additives improved the lubricant properties of SN500
grade base lubricant oil, not only in terms of their anti-wear
properties, but also their ability to reduce friction.
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Corresponding author
Sunil J. can be contacted at: sunil@vvcoe.org