K KVF A /U D Lue M :: TNPSC Group Ii : ) B K V /U D V V D: Ku /L - U /, D, W D, /va K V

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>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >


VD : ]B kV \uD VVD
z] : ]B VVD \uD V|
ku\l_ u\, D, WD, \Va kV|

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.


gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
]B kV \uD VVD

ku\l_ u\

mikg;igf; fhz KbahJ. gy;NtW


 gue;j ekJ ghuj Njrk;
tifg;gl;l jl;gntg;g epiyfisAk;>
epytpay; mikg;G> ,dk;> Gtpapay; mikg;GfisAk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> rkak;> xU Gwk; nropg;ghd rpe;J fq;ifr;
rKjha mikg;G> nghUshjhuk;> rkntspiaAk; mNj Neuj;jpy; kWGwk;
uh[Gjd> rpe;J ghiytdq;fisAk;
tho;fifr; rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk;
fhz;fpNwhk;. nropg;ghd gs;sj;jhf;Fg;
rk;gpujhaq;fshy; NtWgl;l gFjpfSk; Nklhd gPlG+kpfSk; cs;sd.
$Wfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; Mz;L KOJk; kio ngWfpd;w Nkfhyah
‘,e;jpah” vd;w xUikg;ghl;L khepy rpuGQ;rpAk;> kioNa fhzhj
czh;T kf;fsplk; twz;l njd;dpe;jpag; gFjpfSk; cs;sd.
fLq;FspUk;> NfhilAk; khwp khwp epytp
ePz;lfhykhfNt epytp
tUtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,j;jifa
tUfpd;wJ. epytpay; NtWghLfs; ek; ehl;by;
 ,jidNa Ntw;Wikapy; epyTfpd;wd.
xw;Wik vd;fpNwhk;. ,e;j
‘Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik” vd;Dk; ,d NtWghL
gok; ngUk; ehlhfpa ekJ ehl;by;
cahpa Nfhl;ghNl ,e;jpa
gy;NtW ,dq;fisr; rhh;e;j kf;fs;
ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; jdpr; rpwg;G tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj
vdyhk;. ,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs; njhif kpFe;J
Ntw;Wikf; $Wfs; fhzg;gl;ljhfNt mwpfpNwhk;. ekJ
epytpay; Ntw;Wikfs; ehl;by; fpNuf;f> rhf;fpa> `_d> F\hd>
ekJ ehL gue;j ehL. ,j;jifa muhgpa> JUf;fpa Mg;fhdpa ,dkf;fisf;
gue;j ehl;by; xNu rPuhd ,aw;if fhz;fpNwhk;. ,d;iwa #oypy; ,d;Dk;


]B kV \uD VVD

goq;FbapdiuAk;> ehfhpfj;jpy; %o;fpa rKjha mikg;gpy; Ntw;Wikfs;


efuthrpfisAk;> fhz;fpNwhk;. Nfus kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; czT>
kyghh; thopd kf;fs; jPh;f;fkhd cil> mzpfyd;fs;> gof;f tof;fq;fSk;
Kfg;nghypTlDk;> fh\;kPh; kf;fs; ey;y khWgl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. thOk;
epwj;ijAk; moifAk; ngw;wth;fsha; Kiwapy; NtWghLfs; cs;sd. tl
,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. m];]hkpah;fs;
,e;jpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw njd;df
,j;jifa $Wfs; Njitg;gLk; tpjj;jpy;
kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwapypUe;J
,Ug;gijAk; fhz;fpNwhk;. vdNt lhf;lh;
khWgl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. Mil
];kpj; ,e;jpahit ‘,d mUq;fhl;rpafk;”
vd;fpwhh;. mzpfyd;fis mzpAk; Kiw> czTg;
nghUs;fis cz;Zk; Kiw Mfpatw;wpy;
nkhop NtWghL fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs; ntspg;gilahfj;
ekJ ehL ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;]; njhpfpd;wd. kf;fspd; kuG KiwfSk;
Nghd;w ehLfisg; Nghy xNu nkhopiag; rKjha mikg;Gfspy; NtWghLfs;
NgRk; ehL md;W. ek; ehl;by; Vwj;jho 845 ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
nkhopfs; epytp tUfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; rpy
nkhopfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. rk];fpUjk;>
jkpo;> `pe;jp> tq;fhsp> gQ;rhgp> F[uhj;jp> nghUshjhu Ntw;Wik
kuhj;jp> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; ve;j xU ehl;bYk; xNu rPuhd
Nghd;wit rpythFk;. nghUshjhu tho;f;if epiyiaf; fhz
nkhopfisg; NghyNt vOj;J ,ayhJ . ekJ ehLk; mjw;F tpyf;fd;W.
tbtq;fspYk; ,j;jifa NtWgl;l ,q;Fk; xU rhuhh; cz;Zk; czTf;F
mikg;Gfs; cs;sd. xNu rPuhd Vq;fpAk;> xU rhuhh; cz;Zk; czit
vOj;J Kiw ,y;iy. gz;ila ghyp> tPzbj;Jk; thOk; epiy cs;sJ. khl
Njtehfhp> fpue;jk; Mfpa nkhopfspd; khspiffspy; tho;gth; xUGwkpUf;f>
vOj;JKiw; ,d;iwa nkhopfspd; Xiyf; FbirfspYk; xz;l Kbahky;
vOj;JKiwfspdpd;W Kw;wpYk; khWgl;L
jtpf;Fk; kf;fs; kWGwk; vdg; nghUshjhu
cs;sd.
Ntw;Wikiaf; fz;$lhff; fhzyhk;.
rka NtWghL
,e;jpahtpy; thOk; kf;fs; xw;Wikf; $Wfs;
midtUk; xNu rkaj;ijg; epytpay; mikg;gpy; xw;Wik
gpd;gw;Wtjpy;iy. cyfpd; jiy rpwe;j epytpay; $Wfspy; vj;jifa
rkaq;fshd ,e;J rkak;> rkz rkak;> Ntw;Wikfs; fhzg;gbDk; Guhz
ngsj;j rkak;> ,Ryhkpa rkak;> fpwpj;jt fhye;njhl;Nl ek;ehL ‘ghuj ehL” vd;Dk;
rkak;> ghh;rp rkak;> Mfpait ,e;jpahtpy; ngahpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. epytpay;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. mbg;gilapy; tpe;jpa rhj;G+uh kiyj;
NkYk; ,k;kjq;fspy; gy cl;gphpTfs; njhlh;fs; ek; ehl;il tl ,e;jpah vd;Wk;
,Ug;gijAk;> mtw;iwAk; kf;fs; gpd;gw;wp njd;dpe;jpah vd;Wk; gphpg;gJ Nghd;W
tUtijAk; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. fhzg;gbDk; ek; ,e;jpa ehL ‘ghuj


]B kV \uD VVD

fz;lk;” vd;Nw toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j


XNu ngaNu xw;Wik czh;Tf;F Kf;fpar; rka xw;Wik
rhd;W MFk; . ,f;fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;;s rkaq;fs;
jhd; jha; ehlhfpa ghuj ehl;il jhahf gytw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit xU flTs;
cUtfk; nra;J ‘ghuj khjh” vd Nfhl;ghL> Md;;khtpd; moptw;w jd;ik>
midtUk; nfhz;lhb tUfpNwhk;. mtjhuf; Nfhl;ghL> tPLNgW vd;W gy
fUj;Jfspy; xj;j jd;ikAiladthf
clyikg;gpy; xw;Wik cs;sd. rkar; rlq;FfspYk;> gof;f
Mhpah;fs;> rhf;fpah;fs;> `_ tof;fq;fspYk; mbg;gilahd jd;ikfs;
dh;fs; vd gy;NtW ,dj;jth;fs; xd;whfNt cs;sd. tl ,e;jpah;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; FbNawpdh;. ehsiltpy; njw;Nf ,uhNk];tuk; tiu Gdpjg;
,e;jpah;fSld; KOikahff; fye;J gazq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
jq;fs; jdpj;jd;ikia ,oe;jdh;. ,e;jpah KOikf;Fk; ,uhkhazk;>
,Ryhkpah;fSk;> fpwpj;jth;fSk; ,q;Nf kfhghujk; Mfpa ,U ,jpfhrq;fSk;
te;J jq;fp tho;e;jdh;. ,e;jpahtpNy tPufhtpaq;fshf jpfo;tJld; ftpij
tho;e;J> ,q;Fs;s czTg; nghUs;fis tbtpy; gf;jpg; ngUf;Fld; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
cz;L> xNutpjkhd jl;gntg;g epiyfspy; ek; ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; midj;J
tho;e;J md;whl flikfis epiwNtw;wp rkaq;fspd; ikaf; Nfhl;ghL gf;jp>
may;ehl;ltUk; ehsiltpy; ,e;jauhapdh;. m`pk;ir> tPL NgW. ,ij miltjw;Fhpa
MfNt ,q;F thOk; kf;fs; midtUk; Md;kpf newpfSk; mwf;Nfhl;ghLfSk;
,e;jpag; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;jhy; xNu ,e;jpah; midtUf;Fk; Vw;Giladthf
MSikg; gz;igAk; ngw;W tho;e;J cs;sikahy; kjey;ypzf;fk; ek;kpilNa
tUfpd;wdh;. xsph;tijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,j;jifa gy;NtW epiyfspy;
Ntw;Wikfs; xt;nthd;Wk; gz;ghl;L xw;Wik
xw;Wikia epiyehl;Lk; mk;rq;fshf
nray;gLfpd;wd. gy;NtW ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j kf;fs;
xUq;Nf $b tho;e;J cahpa gz;ghl;il
nkhop xw;Wik cyfwpar; nra;Js;sdh;. ,e;jpag;
mNrhfUila fhyj;jpy; gz;ghl;il gpujpgypf;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Gj;jkjf; fUj;Jfs; kf;fSf;F vspjpy; gytw;wpy; xNu rPuhd gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs;>
tpsq;Fk;’ghyp” nkhopapy; gug;gg;gl;ljhf rpe;jidfs; ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
mwpfpNwhk;. rk];fpUj nkhop> `pe;jp >
XNu rPuhd ,yf;fpaf; fUj;Jfs;>jj;Jt
kuhj;jp> F[uhj;jp> tq;fhsp nkhopfs; ,e;jpa
xw;Wikf;F cuk; Nrh;j;jd. jf;fhzj;jpy; newpfs; kuGfs;> tho;f;if Kiwfs; ehL
jkpo;> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> JS KOtjw;Fk; xNu khjphpahf ,Ug;gijf;
vd;Dk; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gythapDk; fhz;fpNwhk;. rKjha tho;tpd; gz;ghl;L
mtw;wpw;fpilNa fUj;njhw;Wik epytpaJ mbj;jskhf cs;s rkar; rlq;Ffs;>
vd;gJ Vw;GilajhFk;. rKjha tho;f;if Kiw> tpohf;fs;>
tho;tpay; newpfs; Mfpait xNu


]B kV \uD VVD

jd;ikAld; ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,e;jpaf; FbauRld; ,ize;J ,e;jpaf;


jPghtsp> jruh> nghq;fy;> fpU\;z FbauR ehlhf ,d;W cyfpy; jpfo;fpwJ.
n[ae;jp> ru];tjp G+i[> tpehafh; rJh;j;jp>
gz;ghl;L xw;Wikia tsh;f;fj;
,uk;[hd;> fpwp];Jk];> kfhtPh; n[ae;jp
JizGhpe;j fhuzpfs;
kw;Wk; Gj;j G+h;zpkh Nghd;w gz;biffs; ek; ghuj ehl;bd; rPhpa
ek; gz;ghl;L xw;Wikia cyfwpr; Nfhl;ghlhfpa ‘Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik”
nra;fpd;wd. vt;thW kpsph;fpwJ vd mwpe;Njhk;. ,dp
xw;Wikia tsh;f;fpd;w fhuzpfisf;
murpay; xw;Wik fhz;Nghk;.
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; ‘rf;uth;j;jp”
vd;Dk; rPhpa nrhy; kpfj; njspthf ,e;jpah Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; nra;jpj; njhlh;Gk;
xNu murh; Mz;l epiyia tpsf;FfpwJ. Mq;fpNyah; fhyj;jpy;
vdNt murpaYk; ehL KOikf;Fk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ,Ug;Gg; ghijfs;>
xw;Wik czh;it Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. jghy; kw;Wk; je;jp Kiw> njhiyNgrp>
NkYk; ek; ehl;il Mz;l kd;dh;fs; thndhyp> thd Ch;jp> NgUe;Jfs;>
KiwNa ,uh[hjp uh[d;> mjpuh[d;> rhiyfs; Nghd;wit gaz Neuj;ij
Vf;uhl;> rhk;uhl;> tpuhl;> rh;tngskh Fiwj;jJld; ghJfhg;ghd gazj;jpw;F
Nghd;w gl;lq;fisg; ngw;W rPUk; rpwg;Gkhf cjtpaJ> nra;jpj; njhlh;ig mspj;jJ>
Mz;lij tuyhw;why; mwpag;gLfpwJ. gz;ghl;L xw;Wikf;F tpj;jpl;lJ. ,d;W
,e;jpah KOikiaAk; ntw;wp nfhz;L tsh;e;J tUk; mwptpay; njhopy; El;gj;jpd;
Mz;likia ,g;gl;lq;fs; njspT fhuzkhd njhiyf;fhl;rp> fzpdp>
gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; murh;fs; ,uh[#ak;> kpd;dZ mQ;ry; Kiw (Email) njhiy
mRtNkjk;> th[Ngak; vd;w Nts;tpfisr; efyp (Fax) ,tw;wpd; gad;ghLfis mwpe;J
nra;jjhf mwpfpNwhk;. murpay; xw;Wik NkYk; xUtUld; xUth; neUq;fpa
epytpdhy; kl;LNk ,j;jifa Nts;tpfis njhlh;G nfhz;L tho;fpd;Nwhk;.
nra;a ,aYk;. vdNt Ntjfhye; njhl;Nl
murpay; xw;Wik ,e;jpahtpy; epytpaJ. >EB \V|
,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Mz;l
nkhfyha;g; Nguurh;fshd mf;gh;>  Gtpapay; mikg;G>
xsuq;frPg; Nghd;Nwhh; ,e;jpah mjidnahl;ba kf;fspd;
KOikf;Fk; xNu kj;jpa eph;thf mikg;ig tho;f;ifKiw> gyjug;gl;;l gof;fq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ehL KOikf;Fk; xNu
rPuhd rl;lq;fs;> nghJ ehzaq;fs;> rka ek;gpf;iffs;> nkhop> czT>
mYtyf nkhopahf ghurPf nkhop> cilfs; Nghd;wtw;why; kf;fs;
ePz;l neLQ;rhiyfs; vd cUthf;fp NtWgLfpd;wdh; . ,Ug;gpDk; >
xw;Wikia epiyehl;bdhh;. Mq;fpNyNah;
ehL KOikf;Fk; nghJthd ,uapy;
,e;jpahtpd; ghuk;ghpaj;jpdhy;
ghijfs;> jghy; je;jp ,yhfh vd xw;Wik xd;WgLfpd;wdh;. kdpjhgpkhdk;>rka
czh;it tsh;f;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Mz;ldh;. czh;T> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> el;G> midj;J
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd; RNjr rk];jhdq;fs;


]B kV \uD VVD

kjj;ijAk; rfpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik nfhb kw;Wk; Njrpa fPjk; Nghd;witAk;


Nghd;wit ,e;jpah;fs; xw;Wik Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;fpd;wd.
kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;Lld; tho top xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T> gphpe;jhy;
nra;fpd;wd. tPo;r;rp vd;w czh;T ,e;jpa xUikg;
 ,e;jpah;fs; midtUk; ghl;bw;F toptFf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa
rNfhju> rNfhjhpfs; vd;w vz;zk; ,e;jpa xw;Wik rpe;Jrkntsp
kw;Wk; czh;T ,e;jpa xUikg;ghl;il fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu ,e;jpa
tsh;f;f nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. ,J fyhr;rhuj;jhy; epiy ehl;lg;gl;L
jtpu Njrpar; rpd;dq;fs;> Njrpaf; tUfpwJ.

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