World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

SJIF Impact Factor 8.074

Volume 7, Issue 16, 1671-1683. Research Article ISSN 2277– 7105

GC/MS DETERMINATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS FROM

CUMINUM CYMINUM L.

B. Arirudran1*, M. Augustus Oswin2 and R. Balabhaskar3

1
*Assistant Professor, P.G. Department of Biochemistry, SRM Arts and Science College,
Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu - 603203.
2
Postgraduate Student, P.G. Department of Biochemistry, SRM Arts and Science College,
Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu - 603203.
3
Assistant Professor, Head of the Department, P.G. Department of Biochemistry, SRM Arts
and Science College, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu - 603203.

ABSTRACT
Article Received on
22 July 2018, Background: Cuminum cyminum L. belonging to the family
Revised on 13 August 2018, Apaiaceae, is one of the old cultivated medicinal food herbs in Asia,
Accepted on 31 Sep. 2018
Africa and Europe. It is commonly used for culinary and flavoring
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr201816-13261
purposes and folklore therapy since antiquity in various countries.[24]
Aim: The objective of the present study is to determine the bioactive
*Corresponding Author
components from Cuminum cyminum L by using standard GC/MS
Dr. B. Arirudran
Assistant Professor, P.G. method. Result: Result of GC/MS analysis reveals that, methanolic
Department of extract of Cuminum cyminum L. reveals 2-isopropylidne 3-methylhexa
Biochemistry, SRM Arts 3,5-dienal, 4-carene, Isocyclocitral, Azetidine 2-methyl-1-phenyl,
and Science College,
Anisole, p-(1-ethylvinyl), 1,6,10-Dodecatriene 7,11-dimethyl-3-
Kattankulathur,
methylene, Gamma-Elemene, Cyclohexanecarboxamide N-hydroxy-
Kanchipuram district, Tamil
Nadu - 603203.
2(E)-2,4-pentadienyl, Alloaromadendrene oxide-(1), Oct-3-ene-1,5-
diyne, 3-t butyl-7,7-dimethyl, Thujopsene-(12),
Cyclopenta(c)pentalen-3(3aH)-one, 1,2,5a,6,7,8-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl, Undecanoic acid,
10-methyl-, methyl ester, 13,16-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, 8a-octahydronapthalene-
1-carboxylicacid, methyl ester, Lycoramine, 6-Amino-5-phenyl-1,3-diazaadamantane and
7,7-Dimethyl-bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-ol. Conclusion: This study offer a platform of using
Cuminum cyminum L seed as raw drug alternative for the current synthetic agents.

KEYWORDS: Cuminum cyminum L. GC/MS, Bioactive components.

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1671

Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

1. INTRODUCTION
Herbs and spices have been used as food for centuries. Spices are important bionutrients both
as functional food ingredients and nutritional supplements.[1] Cuminum cyminum L. is a
small, aromatic, annual, diploid cross pollinated herb of the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated
in arid and semi-arid areas, including India, Middle East, China and Mediterranean region.
Cuminum cyminum L is an active reservoir of numerous bioactive compounds with various
therapeutic applications.[2,3] Cumin seeds are used as a spice for their distinctive flavor and
aroma. It enhances the appetite, taste perception, digestion, vision, strength and lactation. It is
also used in the treatment of fever, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal distension,
edema and puerperal disorders.[3,4] The present study was mainly focused on, GC-MS
determination of bioactive components from seed of Cuminum cyminum L.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Collection of plant materials: Fresh dried seeds of Cuminum cyminum L. were
commercially purchased from Nilgiris market nearby Chengalpattu, Kancheepuram district,
Tamil Nadu. Sample was authenticated based on organoleptic, macroscopic examination and
certified by department staffs.

2.2 Preparation of extract: The extracts were prepared as described by the standard
method,[5] 500gm of dried clean Cuminum cyminum L. seeds were weighed accurately and
coarsely powdered. The dried powder 250gm was soaked with methanol for 72 hours with
intermediate shaking separately in two beakers. At the end of the extraction, it was passed
through Whatman filter paper No.1 (Whatman Ltd., England). Then the filtrate was
concentrated by distillation over boiling water bath and the last traces of solvent were
removed by transferring them into a china dish and allow heating the china dish using a sand
bath at normal temperature, carefully in order to prevent charring and denaturation of
compounds due to overheating. The yield of the methanolic extracts (5gm) was noted. Crude
extract was stored in dry clean container in refrigerator and used for my further study.

Figure 1: Seeds of Figure 2: Soaking of Cuminum cyminum L. seeds in

Cuminum cyminum L. methanol for preparation of methanolic extract.

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1672

Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

2.3 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Analysis: GC/MS-a combination

of two different analytical techniques, Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry
(MS), is used to analyse complex organic and biochemical mixtures.[6] The gas
chromatography portion separates different compounds in the sample into pulses of pure
chemicals based on their volatility.[7] by flowing an inert gas (mobile phase), which carries
the sample, through a stationary phase fixed in the column.[6] Spectra of compounds are
collected as they exit a chromatographic column by the mass spectrometer, which identifies
and quantifies the chemicals according their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). These spectra can
then be stored on the computer and analysed.[7]

GC/MS analysis of this extract was performed using a Perkin Elmer GC Claurus 500 system
and Gas Chromatograph interfaced to a Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) equipped with Elite-1
fused silica capillary column (30m × 0.25mm ID ×1 ìMdf, composed of 100% Dimethyl poly
siloxane with 0.25μm film thickness), Agilent technologies 6890 N JEOL GC Mate II GC-
MS model. For GC/MS detection, an electron ionization system with ionization energy
of70eV was used. Helium as carrier gas (99.999%) was used as the carrier gas at a constant
flow rate of 1 ml/min and an injection volume of 2 ìl was employed (split ratio of 10:1).
Injector was operated at temperature 200 to 250°C; Ion-source temperature 250 to 280°C.

The column oven temperature was programmed from 110°C (isothermal for 2min.), with an
increase of 10°C/min, to 200°C, then 5°C/min to 280°C, ending with a 9min. isothermal at
280°C. Mass spectra were taken at 70eV; a scan interval of 0.5seconds and fragments from
45 to 450Da.; interface temperature of 250°C; mass range of 50-600 mass units. Total GC
running time was 36minutes. The relative percentage amount of each component was
calculated by comparing its average peak area to the total areas. Software adopted to handle
mass spectra and chromatograms was Turbo Mass Ver5.2.0.

2.4 Identification of components: The database of National Institute Standard and

Technology (NIST) having more than 62,000 patterns was used for the interpretation on mass
spectrum of GC-MS. The mass spectrum of the unknown component was compared with the
spectrum of the known components stored in the NIST library.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Isolation of bioactive components by GC/MS: The bioactive compounds from the plant
material are secondary metabolites and their derivatives like flavonoids, saponins, quinines,

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1673

Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, anthroquinones, and phenolic compounds etc, which are used
as drugs,[8] as curative agents for many diseases.[9] Food, beverage, flavor and fragrance
analysis.[10,11] Forensic and criminal cases,[12,13] biological and pesticide detections[14] security
and chemical warfare agent detection,[15,16] academic research, industrial application, energy
and fuel application.[17, 18, 19] The Figure 1(a to s) shows that when methanolic extract of seeds
from Cuminum cyminum L. subjected to GC/MS analysis and it was observed that seven
compounds were identified based on active principles with their Retention time (RT),
Molecular formula and Molecular weight (MW).

Figure 4(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, I, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s): Total ionic chromatogram

(GC/MS) of methanol extract from seeds of Cuminum cyminum L. obtained with 70eV
using a Elite-1 fused silica capillary column with He gas as the carrier.

Figure 4 (d): 2-isopropylidne-3-methylhexa-

Figure 4 (a): 4-carene
3,5-dienal

Figure 4 (b): Isocyclocitral Figure 4 (e): Anisole, p-(1-ethylvinyl)

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1674

 Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Figure 4 (f): 1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11-

Figure 4 (c): Azetidine, 2-methyl-1-phenyl
dimethyl-3-methylene

Figure 4 (j): Oct-3-ene-1,5-diyne, 3-t butyl-

Figure 4 (g): γ-Elemene
7,7-dimethyl

Figure 4 (h): Cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-

Figure 4 (k): Thujopsene-(12)
hydroxy-2(E)-2,4-pentadienyl

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1675

 Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Figure 4 (l): Cyclopenta(c)pentalen-3(3aH)-

Figure 4 (i): Alloaromadendrene oxide-(1)
one, 1,2,5a,6,7,8-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl

Figure 4 (m): Undecanoic acid, 10-methyl-,

Figure 4 (p): Lycoramine
methyl ester

Figure 4 (n): 13,16-Octadecadienoic acid, Figure 4 (q): 6-Amino-5-phenyl-1,3-

methyl ester diazaadamantane

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1676

 Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Figure 4 (o): 2,5,5,8a-Tetramethyl-

Figure 4 (r): 7,7-Dimethyl-bicyclo 2.2.1)
1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronapthalene-1-
heptan-2-ol
carboxylic acid, methyl ester

Figure 4(s): Isolation of active principle components from methanolic extract of cuminum
cyminum L.

Table 2: Isolation of active principle components of methanol extract from seeds of

Cuminum cyminum L. based on Retention time, Molecular formula, Molecular weight
by using (GC/MS).
Molecular
Name of the compound RT MW g/mol Structure
formula

4-carene 6.13 C10H16 136.24g/mol

Isocyclocitral 8.08 C20H32O2 304.47g/mol

Azetidine, 2-methyl-1-phenyl 8.93 C13H10N 225.31g/mol

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1677

 Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

2-isopropylidne-3-
9.57 C10H14O 150.22g/mol
methylhexa-3,5-dienal

Anisole, p-(1-ethylvinyl) 10.52 C11H14O 162.23g/mol

1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11-
11.63 C15H24 204.35g/mol
dimethyl-3-methylene

γ-Elemene 11.9 C15H24 204.35g/mol

Cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-
12.58 C17H13NO 209.28g/mol
hydroxy-2(E)-2,4-pentadienyl

Alloaromadendrene oxide-(1) 13.53 C15H24O 220.35g/mol

Oct-3-ene-1,5-diyne, 3-t butyl-

14.57 C14H20 188.30g/mol
7,7-dimethyl

Thujopsene-(12) 15.52 C15H24 204.35g/mol

Cyclopenta(c)pentalen-
3(3aH)-one, 1,2,5a,6,7,8- 16.17 C13H18O 190.281g/mol
hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl
Undecanoic acid, 10-methyl-,
17.07 C12H22O2 198.30g/mol
methyl ester
13,16-Octadecadienoic acid,
18.8 C19H34O4 294.47g/mol
methyl ester
2,5,5,8a-Tetramethyl-
1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-
20.53 C16H24O3 264.36g/mol
octahydronapthalene-1-
carboxylic acid, methyl ester

Lycoramine 21.87 C17H23NO3 289.37g/mol

6-Amino-5-phenyl-1,3-
23.75 C15H21N3 243.35g/mol
diazaadamantane

7,7-Dimethyl-
7.45 C9H16O 140.22g/mol
bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-ol

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1678

 Arirudran et al.
Table 3: GC/MS Isolated active principle components and their IUPAC name, structure
along with nature of compounds methanol extract from seeds of Cuminum cyminum L.
Name of the compound
4-carene
Isocyclocitral
Azetidine, 2-methyl-1-phenyl
2-isopropylidne-3-methylhexa-
--
3,5-dienal
Anisole, p-(1-ethylvinyl)
1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11-
dimethyl-3-methylene
γ-Elemene
Cyclohexanecarboxamide, N-
hydroxy-2(E)-2,4-pentadienyl
Alloaromadendrene oxide-(1)
Oct-3-ene-1,5-diyne, 3-t butyl-
7,7-dimethyl
Thujopsene-(12)
Cyclopenta(c)pentalen-
3(3aH)-one, 1,2,5a,6,7,8-
hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl
Undecanoic acid, 10-methyl-,
methyl ester
13,16-Octadecadienoic acid,
methyl ester
2,5,5,8a-Tetramethyl-
1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-
octahydronapthalene-1-
carboxylic acid, methyl ester
Lycoramine
6-Amino-5-phenyl-1,3-
diazaadamantane
7,7-Dimethyl-
bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-ol
www.wjpr.net
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
IUPAC Name Nature of compounds
3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo
Used in perfume
[4.1.0] hept-4-ene
-- No specific activity had been reported
Treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease,
Azetidine
Parkinson's Disease
No specific activity had been reported
Used as a solvent, an intermediate in making
Anisole
of dyes, fragrances and pharmaceuticals
-- No specific activity had been reported
(1S,2S)-1-ethenyl-1-
methyl-4-propan-2- Anti-proliferative effects toward some cancer
ylidene-2-prop-1-en-2- cell types
ylcyclohexane
Cyclohexanecarboxamide Cooling agents
-- No specific activity had been reported
-- No specific activity had been reported
(1aS,4aS,8aS)-2,4a,8,8-
tetramethyl-1,1a,4,5,6,7-
Antimicrobial agents
hexahydrocyclopropa[j]n
aphthalene
-- No specific activity had been reported
-- No specific activity had been reported
Long-chain dicarboxylic acid normally not
found in humans that have been identified in
Octadecadienoic acid blood serum in Reye's syndrome
patients hence it is very useful in diagnostic
purposes.
-- No specific activity had been reported
Cholinesterase inhibition by galanthamine
1,2-Dihydrogalanthamine
and lycoramine
New group of compounds can serve as a base
1,3-Diazaadamantane
for the development of new drugs
Useful for the synthesis of a variety of chiral
Dimethylbicycloheptenol
natural products.
Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1679
Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

The table 2 and 3 shows the prevailing compounds of methanolic extract of seeds from
Cuminum cyminum L. when subjected to GC/MS analysis, it was observed that eighteen
compounds were identified based on active principles with their retention time (RT),
molecular formula, molecular weight (MW) and concentration (%). They were mention as
follows 4-carene, Isocyclocitral, Azetidine-2-methyl-1-phenyl, 2-isopropylidne-3-
methylhexa-3-5-dienal, Anisole-p-(1-ethylvinyl), 1-6-10-Dodecatriene-7-11-dimethyl-3-
methylene, γ-Elemene, Cyclohexanecarboxamide-N-hydroxy-2(E)-2-4-pentadienyl,
Alloaromadendrene oxide-(1), Oct-3-ene-1,5-diyne-3-tbutyl-7-7-dimethyl, Thujopsene-(12),
Cyclopenta(c)pentalen-3(3aH)-one-1-2-5a,6-7-8-hexahydro-6-6-dimethyl, Undecanoic acid,
10-methyl-methylester, 13-16-Octadecadienoicacid-methylester, 2-5-5-8a-Tetramethyl-1-4-
4a-5-6-7-8-8a-octahydronapthalene-1-carboxylicacid-methylester, Lycoramine, 6-Amino-5-
phenyl-1-3-diazaadamantane, 7-7-Dimethyl-bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-ol respectively. Each and
every compound has a unique property and is uses and natures were collected from PubMed.
The compounds obtained GCMS has a wide range of medicinal properties.

Early reports say that oil of cumin was used in perfumery and as a seasoning in curry
powders, soups, stews, sausages, cheeses, pickles, meats and chutneys.[20] Characteristic
aroma of volatile oil, obtained from dried cumin seeds are attributed to the presence of 3p-
menthen-7al, β–pinene, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, p-mentha-1, 3-dien-7-al, p-mentha-1 and
cuminaldehyd e in combination with other related aldehydes.[2] Cuminum cyminum L.
essential oil has a wide range of application, such as anti-nociceptive,[21] anti-inflammatory[22]
antimicrobial[2] and antioxidative.[23]

Cuminum cyminum L. seeds were used for their therapeutic effects on gastrointestinal,
gynecological and respiratory disorders, and also for the treatment of toothache, diarrhea and
epilepsy. The seeds were also documented as stimulant, carminative and astringent.[24]
Presence of phytoestrogens in Cumin has been reported which related to its anti-osteoporotic
effects. Some compounds obtained from methanolic extract of Cumin showed a significant
reduction in urinary calcium excretion and augmentation of calcium content and mechanical
strength of bones in animals.[25] The isolated compounds were anti-proliferative effects
toward some types of cancerous cell, used in perfume, used for making of dyes, fragrances
and pharmaceuticals, used as cooling agents, antimicrobial agents and for diagnostic agent for
Reye’s syndrome. Used for treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's Disease,
Useful for synthesis of variety of chiral natural products. Hence this result of GC/MS

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1680

Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

analysis reveals that compounds like lycoramine, gamma elemene, anisole and thujopsene
found in methanolic extract of seeds from Cuminum cyminum L. are well known for their
medicinal properties. The isolated compounds were anti-proliferative effects toward some
cancer cell types, antimicrobial agents, and useful for the synthesis of a variety of chiral
natural products. Used as a solvent, an intermediate in making of dyes, fragrances and
pharmaceuticals, as cooling agents, and used in perfume. Used for treating or preventing
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease in nature.

4. CONCLUSION
From the above study it may be concluded that Cuminum cyminum L. contains many
important phytochemical like lycoramine, γ-elemene, anisole and thujopsene may prove to be
a potent anticancer, antimicrobial agent. This result may provide scientific support for the
folklore claims on the usage of the plant materials for treatment of numerous diseases in
traditional medicine. Further investigations on health promoting aspects in in-vitro as well as
in-vivo were under progress.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Head of the Department and other faculty members, P.G.
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Arts and Science College, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram,
district, for providing me the laboratory facilities and support.

REFERENCES
1. Lai, P., & Roy, J. Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices.
Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2004; 11: 1451-146.
2. Hajlaoui H, Mighri H, Noumi E, Snoussi M, Trabelsi N, Ksouri R and Bakhrouf A.
Chemical composition and biological activities of Tunisian Cuminum cyminum L.
essential oil: a high effectiveness against Vibrio spp. strains. Food and Chemical
Toxicology, 2010; 48(8/9): 2186-2192.
3. Johri RK. Cuminum cyminum and Carumcarvi: An update. Pharmacogn Rev, 2011; 5:
63–72.
4. Mnif S, Aifa S. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) from traditional uses to potential
biomedical applications. Chem Biodivers, 2015; 12: 733–742. doi:
10.1002/cbdv.201400305 PMID: 26010662.
5. Sofowara A. Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd,
Ibadan, Nigeria, 1993; 289.

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1681

Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

6. Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Crouch SR. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 6th Edition.
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Chapters, 2007; 11, 20, 26, 27.
7. Oregon State University (2012). GC-MS: How does it Work? Environmental Health
Sciences Center Corvallis OR 97331 http://www.unsolvedmysteries.oregonstate.edu/MS_
05.
8. Rao MM, Kingston DGI. Plant anticancer agents. XII. Isolation and structure elucidation
of new cytotoxic quinones from Tabebuia cassinoides. J Nat Prod, 1982; 45: 600–604.
9. Akerle Heywood OV, Synge H. The conservation of medicinal plants. Cambridge, 1991.
10. Alon T, Amirav A. Isotope abundance analysis methods and software for improved
sample identification with supersonic gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid
Commun Mass Spectrom, 2006; 20: 2579-2588.
11. Robert P, Dr. Adams. Identification of Essential Oil Components By Gas
Chromatography/Mass spectrometry. 4th edition, Allured Pub Corp, 2007.
12. Stein SE, Scott DR. Optimization and testing of mass spectral library search algorithms
for compound identification. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 1994; 5: 859-866.
13. Handley AJ, Adlard ER. Gas chromatographic techniques and Applications. Sheffield
Academic, London, 2001.
14. Thermo Fisher Scientific. Pesticides Method Reference. 2nd edition, Austin, TX, USA,
2011.
15. Eiceman GA (2000) Gas Chromatography. In Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of
Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory, and Instrumentation. Chichester: Wiley.
16. Kitson FG, Larsen BS, McEwen CN. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry: a
practical guide. Academic Press, Boston, 1996.
17. Lakshmi HimaBindu MR, Angala Parameswari S, Gopinath C. A Review on GC-MS and
Method Development and Validation. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality
Assurance, 2013; 4: 42-51.
18. Priya V, Jananie RK, Vijayalaxmi K. GC/MS Determination of Bioactive Components
Pleurotus Ostreatus. Int Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2012; 3: 150-151.
19. Choi MH, Chung BC. Bringing GC-MS profiling of steroids into clinical applications.
Mass Spectrom Rev, 2014.
20. Farrell KT. In: Spices, Condiments and seasonings. The AVI Publishing Co., Inc.,
Westport, Connecticut, 1985; 98–100.
21. M. Sayyah, A. Peirovi, M. Kamalinejad, Anti-nociceptive effect of the fruit essential oil
of Cuminum cyminum L. in rat. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 2002; 6: 141-145.

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1682

Arirudran et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

22. S.I. Shivakumar, A.A. Shahapurkar, K.V. Kalmath, B. Shivakumar, Antiinflammatory

activity of fruits of Cuminum cyminum Linn. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2010; 2: 22-24.
23. M. Moghaddam, S.N.K. Miran, A.G. Pirbalouti, L. Mehdizadeh, Y. Ghaderi, Variation in
essential oilcomposition and antioxidant activity of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) fruits
during stages of maturity. Industrial Crops and Products, 2015; 70: 163-169.
24. Zargari A. Medicinal Plants. 5th ed. Vol. 2. Tehran: Tehran University Publications, 2001.
25. Shirke SS, Jadhav SR, Jagtap AG. Methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminumL. Inhibits
ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Exp Biol Med, 2008; 233: 1403-10.

www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 16, 2018. 1683