CHAPTER (2)

GASEOUS STATE AND GAS LAW

1. Measurable Quantities of Gases
(i) Mass (ii) Pressure (iii) Volume (iv) Temperature

2. Pressure of the gas

The force acting on the unit area is known as the gas pressure.
Force
Pressure of gas =
Area
3. Temperature of the gas
At any low temperature, the particles of a gas are moving with a slow speed. If the temperature is
increased, they move faster resulting in the more frequent collisions on the container. Variation of
temperatures can affect the pressure and volume of the gas.

4. Boyle’s Law
When the temperature of a given mass of gas is kept constant, the volume of the gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure. Mathematical expression;
𝟏
Vα ( mass and temperature are kept constant)
𝐏
where, V = volume of the gas
P = pressure of the gas

5. Absolute Zero Temperature

The volume of the gas decreases with decrease of temperature. If the constant contraction rate is
continued, the volume of the gas will become zero at -273 ̊ C (or) 0 K. This temperature is taken as the
zero point of a new scale of temperature, (Kelvin temperature scale) and also known as absolute zero
temperature. Absolute zero temperature = -273 ̊ C (or) 0 K

6. Relation between Kelvin Temperature and Celsius Temperature

T K = t ̊ C + 273
7. Charles’ Law
When the pressure of a given mass of gas is kept constant, the volume of the gas is directly
proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale. Mathematical expression;
V α T (mass and pressure are kept constant)
where, V = volume of the gas
T = temperature of the gas

8. Relationship between Temperature and Pressure of Gases

When the volume of a given mass of gas is kept constant, the pressure of the gas is
directly proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale. Mathematical expression;
P α T (mass and volume are kept constant)
where, P = pressure of the gas
T = temperature of the gas
9. STP
STP means standard temperature and pressure.
Standard temperature = 0 ̊ C or 273 K
Standard pressure = 760 mmHg or 1 atm

10. Molar Volume of Gases

One mole of every gas occupies 22.4dm3 at STP. This volume is called molar volume of a gas.

11. Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes of Gases

At the same temperature and pressure, the volumes of reacting gases and gaseous
products are in simple ratios of small whole numbers.
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
3 moles + 1 mole → 2 moles
3 volumes + 1 volume → 2 volumes
volume ratio of H2 : N2 : NH3 = 3 : 1 : 2 ( simple ratio of small whole numbers)

12. Avogadro’s Theory

At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of
molecules.

13. Relative Density of Gas

Relative density of a gas can be defined as the ratio of the mass of a volume of gas at a certain
temperature and pressure to the mass of equal volume of hydrogen at the same temperature and pressure.
(OR) Relative density of a gas is equivalent to half of the relative molecular mass of the gas
1
Relative Density of gas = × Relative Molecular Mass of the gas
2

14. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

When the temperature is kept constant, the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the
partial pressures of different gases. Mathematical expression;
𝐏𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐏𝟏 + 𝐏𝟐 + 𝐏𝟑 + … (temperature is kept constant)
where, Ptotal = total pressure of gas mixture
P1 , P2 , P3 , … = partial pressures of different gases
Note: Dalton’s Law is used to the case where the gas do not react on mixing.

15. Diffusion of Gases

The process by which the molecules of one gas spreads through the spaces created between the
molecules of another gas is known as diffusion.

16. Graham’s Law of Gaseous Diffusion

At the same temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of the density of gas. Mathematical expression:
𝟏
r α ( at the same temperature and pressure)
√𝒅
where; r = rate of diffusion of gas
d= density of gas
 SUMMARY CHART
Laws Mathematical Mathematical Constant factors
expression equation
Boyle’s Law Vα
1 mass and
𝑃 P1 V1 = P2 V2 temperature
(m, T = constant)
Charles’ Law Vα T V1 V2 mass and
=
(m, P = constant) T1 T2 pressure
P-T relation Pα T P1
=
P2 mass and
(m, V = constant) T1 T2 volume
Combined Gas Vα
T P1 V1
=
P2 V2 mass
Law P T1 T2
(m = constant)
Avogadro’s Theory Vα 𝑛 - temperature and
(P,T = constant) pressure
Dalton’s Law of Ptotal = P1 + P2 + ⋯ - temperature
Partial Pressures
Graham’s Law of 1 𝑟1 √𝑑2 temperature and
r α = or
√𝑑 𝑟2 √𝑑1
Gaseous Diffusion pressure
(P,T = constant) 𝐫𝟏 √𝐌𝟐
asad

=
𝐫𝟐 √𝐌𝟏

(R.M.M) g 1 mole 22.4dm3 at STP

(only gas)

6.02×1023 molecules

mass of gas
- Density of gas =
volume of gas
1
- Relative Density of gas = × Relative Molecular Mass of gas
2
- 1 mole of gas weighs (R.M.M) g.
- 1 molecule of gas weighs (R.M.M) amu.
- 6.02 × 1023 molecules of gas weighs (R.M.M) g or (6.02 × 1023 × R.M.M ) amu
CH-2
1. A certain mass of gas occupies 950cm3 at 20℃. At what temperature in ℃ will the gas occupy 350cm3
at the same pressure?
2. The volume of a certain mass of gas occupies 968cm3 at 515 mmHg. What is the volume under 768
mmHg at the same temperature?
3. The pressure of a gas at 27℃ is 770 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas at 88℃ at constant volume?
4. At 25℃ and 740 mmHg, a gas occupies 380 cm3. What is the volume of the gas at STP?
5. Derive the combined gas law equation.
6. At 20 ℃ and 740 mmHg, a gas occupies 380 cm3. What will be the volume of the gas when the
temperature is doubled and the pressure is halved?

7. 4.0g of oxygen gas is given. Calculate the amount of oxygen in (i) moles (ii) molecules (iii) volume in
dm3 at STP (iv) amu (v) density of gas at STP and (vi) relativity density of gas. (O =16)
8. What is the mass of SO2 enclosed in 5.6 dm3 at STP? (S=32)
9. A gas with the relative density of 32 is given.
(i) Find the relative molecular mass of the gas.
(ii) What is the mass of two moles of the gas in grams?
(iii) What volume at STP would the gas occupy by 32g of the gas?
10. How many molecules are there in 16g of sulphur? (S=32)
11. One mole of a gas occupies 25 litres and its density is 1.82 gl-1 at a particular temperature and pressure.
What is its molecular weight? What is the density if the gas at STP?

12. What will be the volume of hydrogen chloride gas when 100 cm3 of hydrogen and 150 cm3 of chlorine
gas are mixed? (All gases are measured at the same conditions).
13. What will be the volume of ammonia gas when 75 cm3 of hydrogen and 25 cm3 of nitrogen are
completely mixed? (All gases are measured at the same condition)

14. Find out the molecular mass of the gas that diffuses 4 times as fast as sulphur dioxide. What is the molar
mass of the gas? What is relative molecular mass and relative density of the gas? (S=32, O=16)
15. What is the relative rate of diffusion of helium and sulphur dioxide? (He=4, H=1, S=32, O=16)
16. If it takes 3 minutes for 150 cm3 of oxygen to diffuse through a pin hole, how long will it take for the
same volume of hydrogen to diffuse through the same hole? (O=16, H=1)
17. Which one diffuse faster in each of the following pairs under comparable conditions?
(i) 𝑁2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑂 (ii) 𝐶𝑂2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝐻3 (iii) 235UF6 and 238UF6

18. 0.2g of a gas occupies a volume of 185cm3 measured over water at 756 mmHg and 22℃. Vapour
pressure of water at 22℃ is 21.3 mmHg. What is the volume of dry gas at STP? What is the
approximate molecular mass of the gas?
19. 10g of calcium carbonate is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. The liberated gas measured at STP is
1.661dm3. Find the percentage purity of calcium carbonate. (C=12, O=16, H=1, Ca=40)
20. How many grams of zinc will have to be treated with dilute hydrochloric to liberate 5 dm3 of hydrogen
at 30℃ and 500 mmHg? (Zn=65)
21. Which one is lighter than air CO2 or NH3? Why?