Dr. Lê Xuân Đ I: Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: ytkadai@hcmut.edu.vn
HCMC — 2018.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 1 / 45
OUTLINE
1 PROBLEM
2 ALGEBRAIC FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBER
3 POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
4 POWERS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
5 COMPLEX EXPONENTS
6 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA
7 MATL AB

Problem
Complex numbers arise naturally in the

course of solving polynomial equations. For
example, the solutions of the quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, which are given by
the quadratic formula
p
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
are complex numbers if the expression

inside the radical is negative (b2 − 4ac < 0).
Algebraic form of complex number Definitions
To deal with the problem that the equation

x2 = −1 has no real solutions,
mathematicians
p
invented the imaginary
number i = −1, which
p
is assumed to have
the property i2 = ( −1)2 = −1.
DEFINITION 2.1
An expression of the form z = a + bi; (a, b) ∈ R2,
is called a complex number. The number a is
called the real part of z and is denoted by
Re (z), and the number b is called the
imaginary part of z and is denoted by Im (z).
DEFINITION 2.2
A complex number of the form z = 0 + bi, b 6= 0
whose real part is zero is said to be pure
imaginary. For example i, 3i, −i, ... are pure
imaginary.
DEFINITION 2.3
A complex number of the form z = a + 0i = a
whose imaginary part is zero is a real
number, so the real numbers can be viewed
as a subset of the complex numbers.
A complex number z = a + bi can be

associated with the ordered pair (a, b) and
represented geometrically by a point or a
vector in the xy−plane (complex plane).
Argand diagram
Algebraic form of complex number Operations
DEFINITION 2.4
Two complex numbers are considered equal
if and only if their real parts are equal and
their imaginary parts are equal; that is,
z1 = a1 + b1 i = z2 = a2 + b2 i
(1)
⇐⇒ a1 = a2 and b1 = b2 .
Remark. Unlike the real numbers, the order

symbols <, É, > and Ê are not used with
complex numbers.
EXAMPLE 2.1
Find the real numbers x, y such that
(1 + 2i)x + (3 − 5i)y = 5 − i
SOLUTION.
(1 + 2i)x + (3 − 5i)y = 1 − 3i
⇔ (x + 3y) + (2x − 5y)i = 5 − i

( (
x + 3y = 5 x=2
⇔ ⇔
2x − 5y = −1 y=1
DEFINITION 2.5
Let z1 = a1 + b1i and z2 = a2 + b2i. Complex
numbers z1, z2 are added, subtracted by the
formulas
z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 )i (2)
z1 − z2 = (a1 − a2 ) + (b1 − b2 )i (3)


EXAMPLE 2.2
Find the real and imaginary parts of the
complex number z = (2+3i)+(−3+4i)−(6−5i)
SOLUTION.
z = (2 − 3 − 6) + (3 + 4 + 5)i = −7 + 12i
⇒ Re (z) = −7, Im (z) = 12.

DEFINITION 2.6
Let z1 = a1 + b1i and z2 = a2 + b2i. Complex
numbers z1, z2 are multiplied in accordance
with the standard rules of algebra but with
i2 = −1.
z1 .z2 = (a1 .a2 − b1 .b2 ) + (a1 .b2 + a2 .b1 )i (4)

EXAMPLE 2.3
Let z1 = 1 + 2i, z2 = 2 + bi. Find all real
numbers b such that z1.z2 is a real number.
SOLUTION.
z1 .z2 = (1 × 2 − 2 × b) + (1 × b + 2 × 2)i =
= (2 − 2b) + (b + 4)i.
In order that z1.z2 is a real number, then
b + 4 = 0 ⇒ b = −4.

Algebraic form of complex number Complex conjugate
DEFINITION 2.7
If z = a + bi is a complex number, then the
complex conjugate of z is denoted by z (read
"z bar") and is defined by z = a − bi.

DEFINITION 2.8
The length of the vector z is called modulus
of z and is denoted by |z| or mod(z). The
modulus of z is defined by
p p p
|z| = z.z = (a + bi)(a − bi) = a2 + b2
(5)

EXAMPLE 2.4
p
Find the modulus of complex number 1 + i 3
SOLUTION.
p 2
q
|z| = 12 + 3 = 2.

Algebraic form of complex number Reciprocals and Division
DEFINITION 2.9
If z 6= 0, then the reciprocal of z is denoted by
1
and is defined by the property
z
1
·z = 1 (6)
z
1 1 1 z
⇒ · z.z = z ⇔ · |z|2 = z ⇔ = 2
z z z |z|

DEFINITION 2.10
z1
If z2 6= 0, then the quotient is defined by
z2
z1 z2 z1 z2
= · z 1 = (7)
z2 |z2 |2 |z2 |2
z1 a1 + b1 i (a1 + b1 i)(a2 − b2 i)
= =
z2 a2 + b2 i (a2 + b2 i)(a2 − b2 i)
z1 a1 a2 + b1 b2 a2 b1 − a1 b2
= + i.
z2 a22 + b22 a22 + b22
EXAMPLE 2.5
z1
Let z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 1 + 2i. Express z = in
z2
the form a + bi.
SOLUTION.
2 + 3i 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 1 × 3 − 2 × 2 8 1
z= = + i = − i.
1 + 2i 12 + 22 12 + 22 5 5

SOME BASIC PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE OPERATIONS
1
z + z = 2.Re (z), z − z = 2i.Im (z).
2
z.z = |z|2 .
3
z = z if and only if z is a real number.
4
z1 ± z2 = z1 ± z2 .
5
z1 .z2 = z1 .z2 .
z1 z1
6
= ·
z2 z2
7
z = z.
8
zn = (z)n , ∀n ∈ N
Polar Form of a Complex Number Definitions
If z = a + bi, z 6= 0, is a nonzero complex

number, and if ϕ is an angle from the real
axis to the vector z, then the real and
imaginary parts of z can be expressed as
a = |z| cos ϕ, b = |z| sin ϕ (8)

DEFINITION 3.1
The complex number z = a + bi can be
expressed as
z = r(cos ϕ + i sin ϕ) (9)
which is called a polar form of z, where

p b
r = |z| = a2 + b2 , tan ϕ = · The angle ϕ is
a
called the argument of z and denoted by
arg z.

REMARK
The argument arg z is not unique; any two

arguments of z differ by an integer multiple
of 2π. However, there is only one argument
whose radian measure satisfies
0 É ϕ < 2π or − π < ϕ É π.
This argument is called the principal

argument of z and denoted by Arg z

EXAMPLE 3.1
p
Express z = 1 − 3i in polar form using the
principal argument.
SOLUTION. The modulus of z is
p
q
|z| = 12 + ( 3)2 = 2
1
a = |z| cos ϕ ⇒ 1 = 2 cos ϕ ⇒ cos ϕ =
2p
p − 3
b = |z| sin ϕ ⇒ − 3 = 2 sin ϕ ⇒ sin ϕ =
2
The unique angle ϕ satisfies these

equations and whose radian measure
π
satisfies −π < ϕ É π, is − · Thus, the
3
π
principal argument is − · Therefore, a polar
3
form of z is
h ³ π´ ³ π í ³ π π´
z = 2 cos − + i sin − = 2 cos − i sin
3 3 3 3

Polar Form of a Complex Number Multiplication of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = r1(cos ϕ1 + i sin ϕ1) and

z2 = r2 (cos ϕ2 + i sin ϕ2 ). Multiplying, we
obtain
z1 .z2 = r1 .r2 cos(ϕ1 + ϕ2 ) + i sin(ϕ1 + ϕ2 )
£ ¤
(10)

Polar Form of a Complex Number Multiplication of Complex Numbers
EXAMPLE 3.2
Use polar forms ofpthe complex numbers to
compute z = (1 + i 3)(2 − 2i).
SOLUTION.
³ π π´ p h ³ π´ ³ π í
z = 2 cos + i sin .2 2 cos − + i sin − =
3 3 4 4
p h ³π π´ ³ π π í
= 4 2 cos − + i sin − =
3 4 3 4
p ³ π π´
= 4 2 cos + i sin .
12 12
Polar Form of a Complex Number Division of Complex Numbers
DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let z1 = r1(cos ϕ1 + i sin ϕ1) and

z2 = r2 (cos ϕ2 + i sin ϕ2 ). Dividing, we obtain
z 1 r1 £
cos(ϕ1 − ϕ2 ) + i sin(ϕ1 − ϕ2 ) , z2 6= 0
¤
=
z 2 r2
(11)

Polar Form of a Complex Number Division of Complex Numbers
EXAMPLE 3.3
Use polar forms of
p the complex numbers to
1+i 3
compute z =
1+i
SOLUTION.
2 cos π3 + i sin π3
¡ ¢
z=p ¡ π π
¢=
2 cos 4 + i sin 4
p h ³π π´ ³ π π í
= 2 cos − + i sin − =
3 4 3 4
p ³ π π´
= 2 cos + i sin .
12 12
Powers of a Complex Number Powers of i
POWERS OF i
i1 = i, i2 = −1, i3 = i2 .i = −i, i4 = (i2 )2 = 1,
i5 = i4 .i = i, i6 = i4 .i2 = −1,
i7 = i4 .i3 = −i, i8 = (i4 )2 = 1
THEOREM 4.1
Suppose n be a natural number, then in = ir ,
where r is the remainder of division n by 4.
Powers of a Complex Number Powers of i
EXAMPLE 4.1
Evaluate i2011.
SOLUTION.
We have 2011 = 4 × 502 + 3. So i2011 = i3 = −i.

Powers of a Complex Number DeMoivre’s Formula
THEOREM 4.2 (DEMOIVRE’S FORMULA)

If r > 0 and n is a positive integer then
h in
r(cos ϕ + i sin ϕ) = r n (cos nϕ + i sin nϕ)
(12)
THEOREM 4.3
If n is a positive integer then
(cos ϕ + i sin ϕ)n = cos nϕ + i sin nϕ (13)

Powers of a Complex Number DeMoivre’s Formula
EXAMPLE 4.2
Find apminimum positive integer n such that
z = (− 3 + i)n is a pure imaginary.
SOLUTION.
p h in
z = (− 3 + i) = 2(cos 5π6
n
+ i sin 5π
6
) =
n 5nπ 5nπ
= 2 (cos 6 + i sin 6 ).
Therefore, in order to z is a pure imaginary
5nπ 5nπ π 3 + 6k
then cos =0⇔ = + kπ ⇔ n = .
6 6 2 5
In order to 3 + 6k is divisible by 5, the
minimum number k is k = 2 ⇒ n = 3.
Powers of a Complex Number Roots of a complex number
THEOREM 4.4
Let z = a + bi = r(cos ϕ + i sin ϕ) and let n be a
positive integer. Then z has the n distinct nth
roots
p p ϕ k2π ϕ k2π
µ ¶
n + +
z = wk = n r cos + i sin
n n
(14)
where k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1.

Powers of a Complex Number Roots of a complex number
EXAMPLE 4.3
p
Let z = 1 − i. Find 3 z.
SOLUTION.
p ³ −π −π ´
z = 1 − i = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
−π −π
p p + k2π + k2π
µ ¶
⇒ 3 z = 2 cos 4 + i sin 4
6
,
3 3
(k = 0, 1, 2)

Complex Exponents Euler’s Formula
THEOREM 5.1 (EULER’S FORMULA)
eiϕ = cos ϕ + i sin ϕ (15)
If z = eiϕ = cos ϕ + i sin ϕ then |z| = 1 and z−1 =

1 cos ϕ − i sin ϕ
= = =
cos ϕ + i sin ϕ (cos ϕ + i sin ϕ)(cos ϕ − i sin ϕ)
= cos ϕ − i sin ϕ.
So z−1 = z.

Complex Exponents Complex Exponent
DEFINITION 5.1
If z = a + bi is any complex number, then z
can be expressed in the complex exponent
form
z = a + bi = r(cos ϕ + i sin ϕ) = reiϕ (16)

Remark. Complex exponents follow the

same laws as real exponents.
THEOREM 5.2
If z1 = r1eiϕ1 and z2 = r2eiϕ2 are nonzero
complex numbers, then
1
z1 z2 = r1 r2 eiϕ1 +iϕ2 = r1 r2 ei(ϕ1 +ϕ2 )
z1 r1 iϕ1 −iϕ2 r1 i(ϕ1 −ϕ2 )
2
= e = e
z 2 r2 r2
3
zh1 = r(cos ϕ − i sin ϕ) =i
r cos(−ϕ) + i sin(−ϕ) = re−iϕ

EXAMPLE 5.1
p
−1 + i 3
Express the complex number z = in
1−i
the complex exponent form.
SOLUTION.
p 2π
−1 + i 3 2ei 3 p i 2π −i −π
z= = p −π = 2e 3 4 =
1−i 2ei 4
p 11π
= 2ei 12

EXAMPLE 5.2
Express complex numbers of the form
z = e2+iy , y ∈ R on complex plane.
SOLUTION.
z = e2+iy = e2 .eiy = e2 (cos y + i sin y).
Since y is a arbitrary real number then the

set of all complex numbers of the form
z = e2+iy , y ∈ R is the circle with center at
origin O and radius of r = e2.
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
THEOREM 6.1
The equation
an xn + an−1 xn−1 + . . . + a1 x + a0 = 0
(n ∈ N∗ , an 6= 0, ai ∈ C, i = 1, n) has exactly n
roots (real, complex and multiple roots).

THEOREM 6.2
If x = α is a root of the equation
an xn + an−1 xn−1 + . . . + a1 x + a0 = 0,
(n ∈ N∗ , an 6= 0, ai ∈ R, i = 1, 2, . . . , n),
then x = α is also a root of this equation.

EXAMPLE 6.1
Solve the equation z4 + z3 + 3z2 + z + 2 = 0 in
the set of complex numbers C if z = i is a root
of this equation.
SOLUTION. Since z = i is a root of the
equation then z = −i is also a root of this
equation. Therefore
z4 + z3 + 3z2 + z + 2 = 0 ⇔ (z2 + 1)(z2 + z + 2) = 0
"
z = ±i p
⇔ 3
z = −1±i2
MatLab
MATL AB
1
To find a real part of complex number z :
real(z)
2
To find a imaginary part of complex
number z : imag(z)
3
To find modulus of complex number z :
abs(z)
4
To find the principle angle ϕ of complex
number z : angle(z)
5
To find complex conjugate of complex
number z : conj(z)
MatLab
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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COMPLEX NUMBERS

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

2 ALGEBRAIC FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBER

3 POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

4 POWERS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

6 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 2 / 45

Complex numbers arise naturally in the

are complex numbers if the expression

To deal with the problem that the equation

A complex number z = a + bi can be

Remark. Unlike the real numbers, the order

⇔ (x + 3y) + (2x − 5y)i = 5 − i

z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 )i (2)

z1 − z2 = (a1 − a2 ) + (b1 − b2 )i (3)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 9 / 45

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 10 / 45

⇒ Re (z) = −7, Im (z) = 12.

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 11 / 45

z1 .z2 = (a1 .a2 − b1 .b2 ) + (a1 .b2 + a2 .b1 )i (4)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 12 / 45

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 13 / 45

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 14 / 45

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 15 / 45

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 16 / 45

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 17 / 45

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 19 / 45

SOME BASIC PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE OPERATIONS

If z = a + bi, z 6= 0, is a nonzero complex

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 21 / 45

z = r(cos ϕ + i sin ϕ) (9)

which is called a polar form of z, where

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 22 / 45

The argument arg z is not unique; any two

This argument is called the principal

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 23 / 45

The unique angle ϕ satisfies these

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 25 / 45

Let z1 = r1(cos ϕ1 + i sin ϕ1) and

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 26 / 45

DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Let z1 = r1(cos ϕ1 + i sin ϕ1) and

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 28 / 45

i1 = i, i2 = −1, i3 = i2 .i = −i, i4 = (i2 )2 = 1,

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 31 / 45

THEOREM 4.2 (DEMOIVRE’S FORMULA)

(cos ϕ + i sin ϕ)n = cos nϕ + i sin nϕ (13)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 32 / 45

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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 35 / 45

THEOREM 5.1 (EULER’S FORMULA)

eiϕ = cos ϕ + i sin ϕ (15)

If z = eiϕ = cos ϕ + i sin ϕ then |z| = 1 and z−1 =

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 36 / 45

z = a + bi = r(cos ϕ + i sin ϕ) = reiϕ (16)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 37 / 45

Remark. Complex exponents follow the

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 38 / 45

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Since y is a arbitrary real number then the

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) COMPLEX NUMBERS HCMC — 2018. 41 / 45