200 YAMUNAGEOLOGICAL

JOURNAL SINGH AND SOCIETY

VEENA KRISHNA
OF INDIA
Vol.74, August 2009, pp.200-208

Rb-Sr Geochronology and Petrogenesis of Granitoids

from the Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of
Raikera-Kunkuri Region, Central India
YAMUNA SINGH and VEENA KRISHNA
Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research,
Department of Atomic Energy, Begumpet, Hyderabad - 500 016
Email: yamunasingh2002@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: The Precambrian Chhotanagpur granite gneiss complex (CGGC) terrain covers more than 80,000 sq km area,
and is dominated by granitoid gneisses and migmatites. Recent geochronological data indicate that the CGGC terrain
has witnessed five tectonomagmatic thermal events at: (i) 2.5-2.4 Ga, (ii) 2.2-2.0 Ga, (iii) 1.6-1.4 Ga, (iv) 1.2-1.0 Ga,
and (v) 0.9-0.8 Ga. Of these, the third and the fourth events are widespread. The whole-rock Rb-Sr isotopic analysis of
twenty granite samples from the CGGC of Raikera-Kunkuri region, Jashpur district, Chhattisgarh, Central India, yields
two distinct isochrons. The eleven samples of grey granites define an isochron age of 1005±51 Ma with moderate initial
87
Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7047±0.0065, which corresponds to the fourth tectonomagmatic event. On the other hand, the nine
samples of pink granites indicate younger isochron age of 815±47 Ma with a higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7539±0.0066
that matches with the fifth phase of the thermal event. The data suggest emplacement of large bodies of grey granite at
~1005 Ma that evolved possibly from precursors of tonalitic-granodioritic composition. Furthermore, the younger age
(~815 Ma) suggests the age of metasomatism, involving isotopic resetting, that resulted in genesis of pink granite bodies
of limited areal extent. By analogy, the age of metasomatism (~815 Ma) may also be taken to represent the age of
Y-mineralisation in the Raikera-Kunkuri region of the CGGC terrain.

Keywords: Rb-Sr Geochronology, Petrogenesis, Grey and Pink granitoids, Precambrian, Chhotanagpur granite gneiss
complex, Central India.

INTRODUCTION widespread and form large-scale bodies, whereas, the pink-

The Precambrian Chhotanagpur granite gneiss complex
(CGGC) terrain covers >80,000 sq km area in parts of
West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa states. It is dominated
by granitoid gneisses and migmatite; and enclaves of
different sizes, compositions, and metamorphic grades occur
within the gneisses. A major part of the terrain has attained
upper amphibolite facies metamorphism and the rest
greenschist facies. The gneissic rocks are interpreted to have
formed by ultrametamorphism, whereas, the granitoids are
believed to have formed from deformation and extensive
regional metamorphism and palingenetic melts (Sarkar,
1982, 1988; Majumdar, 1988).
The available data indicate that the atomic minerals in
the CGGC terrain are hosted mostly by grey and pink
granitoids, and related pegmatoids (Saxena et al. 1992; Sinha
et al. 1992; Singh and Rai, 1992; Singh and Singh, 1996;
Singh et al. 1999). Of the two types, the grey granitoids are
type forms small-scale bodies of limited areal extent. Due
to their widespread nature, the grey granitoids have been
studied in more detail in various parts of the CGGC terrain,
as compared to the pink-type. Even though the pink-type is
considered to represent the youngest phase in CGGC
(Saxena et al. 1992; Mahadevan, 1992, 2002), the exact
time-gap between the two types is not well-defined. It is
likely that the grey and pink varieties of granitoids represent
a single episode of felsic magmatism; and pink colour of
granitoids has been caused by flushing of post-magmatic
fluids.
The Rb-Sr isotopic systematic is known to be sensitive
to secondary processes like metamorphism, hydrothermal
alteration, and chemical weathering (e.g. Page, 1978; Weis
and Wasserburg, 1984; Singh and Chabria, 2002). It can
therefore serve as a sensitive indicator of secondary and
local thermal events. On the other hand, studies on
polymetamorphic gneisses and granites (Black, 1988;

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INDIA VOL.74, AUGUST 2009
 Rb-Sr GEOCHRONOLOGY AND PETROGENESIS OF GRANITOIDS FROM CGGC, CENTRAL INDIA 201

Kamineni et al. 1990) have indicated that a proper sampling
strategy, considering the scale of isotopic resetting, could
help recognising the times of primary crystallisation and
secondary (resetting) events. The Rb-Sr systematic of
grey and pink granites can therefore be expected to help
delineating events and contribute to an understanding
of the Proterozoic crustal evolution of the CGGC. In the
light of the fact that the signatures of magmatic to
post-magmatic changes would be reflected in Rb-Sr
systematics, the present study is undertaken, and results
of the same are presented and discussed in this
contribution.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The regional geological framework of the CGGC is
shown in Fig.1 (after Rai et al. 1991; Ghose, 1983, 1992).
The metasedimentary sequence, comprising cross-bedded,
pebbly-, and fine-grained-quartzites and sericite-, chlorite-,
biotite-, and hornblende-schists, contains the oldest
lithologies in the area. This sequence also contains
interbedded (and metamorphosed) mafic lava flows
including amphibolites and dolerite dykes. These are further
intruded by texturally different types of granites, displaying
grey and pink colours and related pegmatites and quartz
veins. At places, like Kunkuri, Raikera, a gradual transition
from granites to pegmatitic granites, and further normal and
zoned pegmatites are distinctly seen (Singh, 1988).
The granites show textural variations. They are either
biotite granite or two-mica granite, and are characterised
by hypidiomorphic granular texture together with perthitic
and myrmekitic intergrowths. Feldspars show alteration to
sericite, with alkali feldspars (microcline and orthoclase)
relatively less altered, in comparison to plagioclase. In
addition, chloritisation of biotite occurs. Locally, the pink
granites are dominated by alkali feldspars, some grains of
which are fresh, whereas, others are moderately altered to
sericite and kaolin. Locally, alkali feldspathisation of
plagioclase is pronounced in pink granite. Also, plagioclase
feldspars are partially replaced by quartz and white mica in
pink granite. In such cases, quartz is normally interstitial
and anhedral, and occurs as rounded inclusions in feldspar.
Such alterations are the manifestations of metasomatic/
hydrothermal activity.
The modal compositions of the investigated grey
and pink granites are given in Table 1. The data indicate
that there is no significant mineralogical variation between
the two types. However, the average modal abundance of
biotite (6.4%) is more than muscovite + sericite together
(4.4%) in grey granite, whereas, both tend to be in equal
proportion in pink granite (Table 1). Furthermore, cloudy
plagioclase and relatively higher abundance of sericite
characterize the pink granite. Based on IUGS recommended
parameters (Streckeisen, 1976), the granites could be named
as biotite granite, or two-mica (biotite-muscovite) granite.
However, to keep a distinction between the two types in the
field, the terms ‘grey’ and ‘pink’ granites have been retained.
Similar to modal compositions, the average chemical
compositions of both grey and pink types, with narrow
compositional range, also show minor variations (Table 2).
Compared to grey granite, pink granite shows subtle,
but distinctly elevated concentrations of Na (2.36-2.90,

80° 00' 84° 00'

Gondwana Supergroup Permo-

G
an Carboniferous
ga
R
.
nR

. Bhagalpur
Vindhyan Supergroup Middle upper
So

Varanasi
Bihar Mica Belt (BMB) Proterozoic

Gaya Lower
Panna Bijawar Group Proterozoic

Sidhi
24° Renukut Chhotanagpur granite
Hazaribagh Precambrian
00' gneiss complex

Rihand R.
Jajawal
Simdega Raikera-Kunkuri area
Jabalpur Ranchi
Ambikapur STB Purulia
Deo Kanyaluka
Siri
KOLKATA Delhi

Mumbai Kolkata
0 100 200 Km Study area
Bilaspur Sundargarh
Chennai

80° 00' 84° 00' 88° 00'

Fig.1. Regional geological map of CGGC (after Rai et al. 1991; Ghose, 1983, 1992).

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.74, AUGUST 2009

202 YAMUNA SINGH AND VEENA KRISHNA

Table 1. Modal (Volume%) composition of the representative grey and pink granites from CGGC of the study area

Grey granite Pink granite

Modal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Av. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Av.
composition

Quartz 28.6 31.3 28.2 27.1 27.4 27.2 29.9 27.3 28.4 29.3 30.2 26.5 28.3 24.3 27.9 20.1 27.5 38.3 28.0
K-feldspar 34.9 32.4 32.1 33.5 38.9 36.0 31.7 33.9 34.2 27.6 31.9 36.6 32.4 37.2 38.7 33.2 33.3 30.0 33.4
Plagioclase 24.6 25.7 25.4 26.4 22.5 23.5 24.8 24.4 24.7 30.3 18.6 24.8 24.8 30.4 25.7 32.2 25.9 20.0 25.9
Biotite 4.8 5.7 5.6 6.6 6.2 7.4 7.5 7.7 6.4 5.5 5.1 7.2 6.9 3.3 4.6 10.1 4.9 5.0 5.8
Muscovite+
5.7 3.1 7.5 3.8 3.0 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.4 5.8 11.5 3.4 5.0 3.7 1.9 1.2 6.6 6.0 5.0
sericite
Others 1.4 1.8 1.2 2.6 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.5 2.7 1.5 2.6 1.1 1.2 3.2 1.8 0.7 1.8

Analysts: P.K. Gupta and L.S.R. Reddy.

av. 2.65% Na2O), K (5 – 6%, av. 5.50% K2O), variable but METHOD OF STUDY
comparatively high K2O/Na2O ratio (1.79-2.36, av. 2.08), Fresh samples were collected from granite quarries
and relatively low average molar A/CNK ratio of 1.22; high- (Singh, 1988) for dating by the Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron
field strength elements like Y (53-76, av. 61 ppm) and Zr (WRI) method. The sample analysis was carried out in
(302-518, av. 384 ppm) also exhibit elevated concentration Geochronology and Isotope Geochemistry (GIG) Laboratory
(Table 2). Such geochemical variations in pink granite of the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and
of the Raikera-Kunkuri region of CGGC, compared to Research (AMD), Hyderabad. Samples were digested, using
grey-type, are considered to be due to metasomatism, concentrated HF and HNO3 in Teflon digestion bombs at
accompanied by elevated concentrations of Y and Zr in 130° C for 48 hours. This was followed by dissolution in
the former (Singh and Singh, 1996). HCl. Separation of Rb and Sr from dissolved rock-solutions

Table 2. Chemical compositions (Oxides in wt%, others in ppm) of the representative grey and pink granites from CGGC of the study area

Grey granites Pink granites

Oxide/Ratio/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Av. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Av.
Element

SiO2 71.59 72.24 72.87 71.90 72.06 72.88 72.06 71.75 72.17 72.58 72.72 71.50 72.06 71.89 72.37 71.06 72.06 72.56 72.08
Al2O3 14.96 14.96 14.96 14.56 14.56 13.97 14.56 14.56 14.64 16.24 14.96 13.83 14.17 13.83 14.56 13.63 14.56 13.63 14.37
Fe2O3 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.91 0.85 1.32 0.89 0.76 0.94 1.03 0.91 1.22 0.96 0.90 0.78 1.25 0.71 0.58 0.92
FeO 0.85 1.01 0.94 0.79 1.04 1.26 0.86 1.12 0.98 1.16 0.76 1.47 1.04 1.37 0.65 1.36 0.97 1.04 1.09
MgO 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.34 0.34 0.26 0.26 0.34 0.29 0.37 0.26 0.46 0.34 0.38 0.26 0.45 0.34 0.48 0.37
CaO 1.58 1.09 1.09 0.97 1.09 1.21 1.09 2.55 1.3 0.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 0.83 1.09 1.40 1.09 1.01 0.97
Na2O 2.36 2.36 2.53 2.53 2.53 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.55 2.80 2.36 2.67 2.53 2.67 2.69 2.90 2.69 2.53 2.65
K2O 5.25 5.10 5.10 5.25 5.25 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.15 5.00 5.56 5.64 5.25 5.64 5.25 6.00 5.25 5.93 5.50
TiO2 0.18 0.27 0.29 0.21 0.23 0.27 0.16 0.18 0.22 0.24 0.20 0.26 0.21 0.25 0.16 0.31 0.18 0.27 0.23
P2O5 0.36 0.43 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.19 0.19 0.26 0.29 0.37 0.38 0.15 0.19 0.12 0.30 0.18 0.30 0.07 0.23
MnO 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.05 0.003 0.05 0.003 0.04 0.003 0.05 0.004 0.02 0.024
H2O 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.13 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.04 0.20 0.08
Total 99.42 98.76 98.31 97.82 98.28 99.20 97.95 99.34 98.60 99.98 99.33 98.36 97.90 97.97 98.20 98.73 98.19 98.32 98.45
K2O/Na2O 2.22 2.16 2.02 2.08 2.08 1.90 1.90 1.90 2.03 1.79 2.36 2.11 2.08 2.11 1.95 2.07 1.95 2.34 2.08
A/CNK 1.23 1.35 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.17 1.26 1.02 1.24 1.60 1.29 1.11 1.23 1.15 1.24 0.99 1.24 1.10 1.22
Cr 20 25 22 17 20 19 22 20 20.6 47 17 40 20 55 17 47 21 57 35.7
Cu 4 4 3 3 3 2 5 2 3.2 7 3 7 3 7 2 6 2 6 4.8
Ga 20 21 11 15 21 16 15 18 17.1 18 13 17 18 18 15 19 21 16 17.2
Ni 6 6 7 <4 <4 11 <4 <4 - 6 4 10 <4 10 7 5 5 13 7.1
Pb 63 63 56 48 48 63 53 56 56.3 31 58 44 58 54 79 67 63 62 57.3
V <4 10 <4 <4 <4 6 9 <4 5.6 14 <4 14 7 15 <8 8 6 7 9.2
Y 21 28 30 23 27 31 42 31 29 53 57 76 53 56 57 60 61 73 61
Zr 176 161 187 173 161 214 222 195 186 302 358 518 472 437 332 331 358 345 384

Analysts: K. Satyanarayana, A.K. Singh, Girija Srinivasan, and P.V.S. Naidu.

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 Rb-Sr GEOCHRONOLOGY AND PETROGENESIS OF GRANITOIDS FROM CGGC, CENTRAL INDIA 203

was carried out by ion exchange chromatography, using Table 3. Rb-Sr whole-rock data of grey granites of the study area
AG 50WX12 cation exchange resin in clean lab under Sample Rb Sr 87
Rb/86Sr 87
Sr/86Sr
laminar flow. Quantitative estimation of these elements No. (ppm) (ppm) (atomic) (atomic)
was done by spiking a known amount of mixed 87Rb-84Sr GC-558 438.0 78.3 16.480±0.330 0.94660± 0.00095
tracer, prior to decomposition. Analysis for Rb and Sr GC-559 424.0 83.3 15.050±0.301 0.92288±0.00092
isotopic composition was carried out following conventional GC-560 462.0 85.6 15.954±0.318 0.92983± 0.00093
mass spectrometric isotopic dilution techniques, with a GC-562 482.0 80.7 17.710±0.354 0.96267± 0.00096
fully-automated, multicollector thermal ionisation mass GC-564 351 67.4 15.380±0.308 0.93120± 0.00093
GC-565 457.0 79.7 16.980±0.338 0.94669± 0.00095
spectrometer model VG 354. Rb and Sr were loaded as
GC-567 405.0 74.5 17.415±0.348 0.95870± 0.00096
chloride and nitrate, respectively, on the Ta ribbon single
GC-1101 219.9 167.1 3.827±0.077 0.76256±0.00038
filament beads with 1 µl drop of 1NH3PO4. The 87Rb and
87
GC-1197 233.0 92.7 7.366±0.147 0.81191±0.00041
Sr tracers used for determining Rb and Sr were calibrated GC-1198 305.0 122.9 7.240±0.145 0.80297±0.00040
against gravimetrically prepared solutions of J. M. salts. GC-1199 304.8 119.1 7.480±0.150 0.80305±0.00040
Appropriate fractionation corrections were applied to Errors (2V) 2% 1% 2% 0.05%
improve the accuracy. On the basis of replicate analysis,
the errors at 2ó level are 2% in 87Rb/86Sr and 0.05% in Table 4. Rb-Sr whole-rock data of pink granites of the study area
87
Sr/86Sr. The mean value for (87Sr/86Sr) ratio of SRM-987 87
Sample Rb Sr Rb/86Sr 87
Sr/86Sr
standard was 0.710241± 23 (N = 15). The isoplot 2.49 No. (ppm) (ppm) (atomic) (atomic)
version software (Ludwig, 2000) was used to calculate
GC-561 494.3 82.1 18.840±0.376 0.96103± 0.00096
slope and intercept of the isochrons. Errors in ages and GC-563 380.0 78.90 14.240±0.285 0.91909±0.00092
initial Sr-ratios quoted here are two standard deviations. GC-566 439.0 66.8 19.530±0.391 0.97242± 0.00097
More details of analysis are given elsewhere (Pandey et al. GC-569 496 72.8 20.240±0.404 0.98409± 0.00098
1997). GC-1100 392.2 78.5 14.770±0.295 0.92758±0.00046
GC-1102 472.6 98.6 14.158±0.283 0.92361±0.00046
GC-1103 190.1 66.2 8.420±0.168 0.85356±0.00043
RESULTS
GC-1104 206.1 148.8 4.040±0.081 0.80024±0.00040
Rb-Sr data for eleven (11) grey granite samples from GC-1105 412.9 84.8 14.387±0.288 0.93278±0.00047
Errors (2V) 2% 1% 2% 0.05%
Raikera-Kunkuri area are presented in Table 3, and for nine
(9) pink granite samples in Table 4. The entire data taken
together show scatter and do not define an isochron. On the time of emplacement of widespread granitic bodies in this
other hand, the plots of 87Rb/86Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of segment of the CGGC. Broadly, similar age has been
eleven grey granite samples (Table 3) define an isochron reported for similar grey granites (Pandey et al. 1986a) of
(Fig.2) corresponding to an age of 1005±51 Ma (2ó) with CGGC terrain around Jajawal (1100±20 Ma). Almost
an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (SrI) of 0.7047±0.0065 (2V), identical age of 1025±11 Ma for granites at Ekma in the
whereas, the plots of 87Rb/86Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of nine Gangpur Basin in Orissa, besides granites of Gumla
samples of pink granites (Table 4) yield another isochron (1048±138 Ma), is also known (Pandey et al. 1995). Granites
(Fig.3) age of 815±47 Ma (2V) and high SrI ratio of around Marne (1065±74 Ma) and alkali syenite (1059±
0.7539±0.0066 (2V). The mean square of weighted deviates 104 Ma) and diorite (1138±193 Ma) of Kailashnathgufa
(MSWD) are 3.7 and 3.9 respectively, for grey and pink area also yielded corresponding isochron ages (Krishna
granite samples and are within the limits, defined by et al. 1996). The relatively low SrI value of 0.7047 and low
experimental errors. In case of grey granites, the value of HFS element abundance of grey granite suggest that its
initial SrI is significantly less (0.7047), whereas, it is high precursors were probably tonalitic-granodioritic in
(0.7539) for pink granites. composition with short (<100 Ma) crustal histories.

Age of Metasomatism and Y-Mineralisation

DISCUSSION
Age of Granite Emplacement
The whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron (Fig.2) age of 1005±51
Ma (MSWD 3.7) with SrI of 0.7047±0.0065 for the grey
granites of Raikera-Kunkuri region possibly represents the
The group of nine (9) samples of pink granite defines
distinctly younger isochron (Fig.3) age of 815±47 Ma
(MSWD 3.9), with high SrI of 0.7539±0.0066. Samples that
do not plot on the isochron represent metasomatic/
metamorphic disturbances. This pattern is quite likely in

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.74, AUGUST 2009

204 YAMUNA SINGH AND VEENA KRISHNA
Fig.2. Rb-Sr isochron of grey granites of CGGC in the study area.
view of the fact that metamorphic processes and attendant
metasomatism are known to alter initial strontium isotopic
composition of the involved rocks (Field and Raheim, 1979;
Cliff, 1985; Singh and Chabria, 2002). Interestingly, the
CGGC terrain is already known to have undergone polyphase
metamorphism, ranging from low-grade greenschist facies
to upper-amphibolite to granulite facies (Mahadevan, 2002;
Patel et al. 2007; Maji et al. 2007). The metamorphism and
attendant metasomatism undergone by the metamorphites
of the CGGC region reached a temperature of 640-8000C
and a pressure of 3-6 Kb (Bhattacharyya, 1988; Sarkar, 1988;
Ghose, 1983, 1992). Accordingly, late thermal imprints
might be responsible for resetting of Rb-Sr isotopic system
with more SrI of 0.7539. However, it is difficult to decide
whether the younger age really represents the age of
Fig.3. Rb-Sr isochron of pink granites of CGGC in the study area.
metasomatism or the age of emplacement. Nevertheless,
field observations such as the limited areal extent of the
pink granites, and their transitional and irregular gradations
into other variants, seem to support the fact that the
investigated pink granites of the area are the product of
metasomatic activities (Singh, 1988). Furthermore, the small
anhedral inclusions of quartz, imparting a turbid appearance
to the plagioclase feldspar, might have formed by reactions
between plagioclase and silica-bearing metasomatic fluids
(cf. Haapala, 1997). In addition, based on the petrographic,
mineralogical and geochemical evidences, metasomatic/
hydrothermal activities have also been documented in the
investigated pink granites of the area (Singh and Singh,
1996), besides those from other parts of the CGGC terrain
(Mahadevan, 1992; Singh and Rai, 2008). Therefore,
~815 Ma age of the investigated pink granites could reveal
a regime and time of metasomatism and hydrothermal
activities. Interestingly, based on the mineralogical and
geochemical study, earlier it was interpreted that the
metasomatism is responsible for Y-mineralisation associated
with the pink granites of the Raikera-Kunkuri area (Singh
and Singh, 1996). Therefore, by analogy, ~815 Ma age of
metasomatism may also be taken to represent the age of
Y-mineralisation in CGGC terrain of the Raikera-Kunkuri
region.
Age of Rare Metal Mineralisation
It may be pertinent to note that, with compared to the
younger age of 815 Ma, ~100 Ma still older ages in the
range of 890 to 940 Ma are known from pegmatitic mica of
Dumhat (Pandey et al. 1986a). Interestingly, monazite,
samarskite, and columbite-tantalite minerals from the
intrusive granitic-pegmatites of the Bihar Mica Belt (BMB),
which lies along the northern margin of the CGGC (Fig. 1),
have also yielded almost matching ages of 910±19 Ma to
960±50 Ma (Vinogradov et al. 1964; Krishna et al. 2003).
Another almost similar Rb-Sr age of 855±25 Ma (Pandey
et al. 1986b) for mica separates from 1590 Ma old granite
is also known from Bhallupahari-Nirupahari area of CGGC
terrain. Therefore, the ~100 Ma older ages (890-960 Ma),
as against the reported younger age of 815 Ma, perhaps
indicate the time of emplacement and age of the rare metal
mineralisation associated with the granitic-pegmatites in
BMB. Accordingly, the reported younger age of 815 Ma,
which is also similar to younger K-Ar date of 810 Ma (from
the eastern part of the CGGC) yielded by muscovite
separates of leucogranite from the Purulia shear zone
(Baidya and Chakravarthy, 1988), could possibly indicate
the time of the last metamorphic event in the Raikera-
Kunkuri region.
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 Rb-Sr GEOCHRONOLOGY AND PETROGENESIS OF GRANITOIDS FROM CGGC, CENTRAL INDIA 205

Relations with Regional Tectonomagmatic Activities

Recent literature indicates that there is no distinct
lithological boundary or stratigraphic break between the
CGGC and Singhbhum Group (SG) supracrustals (Misra,
2006). It is further supported by the continuity of tectonic
and metamorphic processes in both the terrains
(Bhattacharyya et al. 1990). In fact, both the cratonic parts
are considered to constitute together a single crustal
block in the eastern Indian shield, that evolved from a
common sedimentary precursor along with volcanics over
a period of ~2500 Ma, between ~3.55 and 1.0 Ga (Misra,
2006). The inferred common precursor is interpreted to be
like a sandstone-siltstone-iron formation-limestone-bearing
sedimentary assemblage with mafic igneous rocks (Misra,
2006). Accordingly, an examination of the available
radiometric dates from both the terrains may be relevant
here for a better understanding of crustal growth in this

Table 5. Selected whole-rock isochron (WRI) ages and initial ratios (SrI) of granites (and minerals) from parts of CGGC and SG supracrustals
Terrain Area Rock Method Age (Ma) Initial Ratio Reference

Phase I: 2.5-2.4 Ga

SG Jaikan-Mouldih-Nandup Soda Granite Sm-Nd Tdm 2520 - Pandey et al. (1986c)

SG Nilgiri Granite Rb-Sr WRI 2366±126 0.7253±0.0083 Vohra et al. (1981)

Phase II: 2.2-2.0 Ga

SG Simlipal Granite Rb-Sr WRI 2084±70 0.7080 Iyengar et al. (1981)

SG Rampahari Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1895±46 0.7652±0.0043 Vohra et al. (1981)

Phase III: 1.6-1.4 Ga

CGGC Bhallupahari-Nirupahari Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1590±30 0.7150±0.0080 Pandey et al. (1986b)
SG Jaikan-Mouldih-Nandup Soda Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1420±17 0.7393±0.0011 Pandey et al. (1986c)
SG Mosabani Soda Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1633±6 0.7449±0.0009 Sarkar et al. (1986)
SG Mosabani Soda Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1677±11 0.7314±0.0011 Sarkar et al. (1986)
SG Sankadih-Bangurdih Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1677±80 0.7142±0.0072 Pandey et al. (1996)
SG Bhatin-Surda-Rakha Uraninite U-Pb Min 1600 - Rao et al. (1979)
CGGC Nagam Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1331±42 0.7056±0.0028 Krishna et al. (1996)
CGGC Dubha Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1754±116 0.7043±0.0110 Dhurandhar et al. (2005)
SG Sankadih-Bangurdih Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1677±80 0.7142±0.0072 Pandey et al. (1996)

Phase IV: 1.2-1.0 Ga

CGGC Jajawal Granite-gneiss Rb-Sr WRI 1100±20 0.7150±0.0020 Pandey et al. (1986a)
CGGC Binda-Nagnaha Granite-gneiss Rb-Sr WRI 1242±34 0.7150±0.0020 Pandey et al. (1986a)
CGGC Marne Pink Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1065±74 0.7059±0.0016 Krishna et al. (1996)
CGGC Kailashnathgufa Alkali Syenite Rb-Sr WRI 1059±104 0.7075±0.0014 Krishna et al. (1996)
CGGC Kailashnathgufa Diorite Rb-Sr WRI 1138±193 0.7068±0.0012 Krishna et al (1996)
CGGC Chianki Gneissic granite Rb-Sr WRI 1119±24 - Sarkar et al. (1986)
CGGC Gumla Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1048±135 0.7040±0.0170 Pandey et al. (1995)
CGGC Ekma Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1025±11 0.7150±0.0037 Pandey et al. (1996)
CGGC Raikera-Kunkuri Granite Rb-Sr WRI 1005±51 0.7047±0.0065 This work

Phase V: 0.9-0.8Ga

CGGC Dumhat Pegmatite Rb-Sr mica 886, 932 - Pandey et al. (1986a)
(N=3) and 941
CGGC Bhallupahari-Nirupahari Granite Mica Rb-Sr min 855±25 - Pandey et al. (1986b)
CGGC Pichili pegmatite etc Pegmatite Cb-Ta, Pb-Pb 960±50 - Vinogradov et al. (1964)
S, M
CGGC Dhajua pegmatite etc. Pegmatite Cb-Ta U-Pb, Pb-Pb 910±19 - Krishna et al. (2003)
min
CGGC Belamu-Jaipur Leucogranite K-Ar 810 ±40 - Baidya and Chakravarthy
Muscovite (1988)
CGGC Raikera-Kunkuri Pink Granite Rb-Sr WRI 815±47 0.7538±0.0016 This work

Tdm: model age; min: mineral age; Cb-Ta: columbite-tantalite (S = Samarskite, M = monazite)

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.74, AUGUST 2009

206 YAMUNA SINGH AND VEENA KRISHNA
region. Available ages (Table 5) of both the sectors (see
also Misra, 2006) point out broadly five tectonomagmatic
activities. They are: (i) 2.5-2.4 Ga event, representing
Sm-Nd model ages for the crustal material that formed
source for the soda granites of Singhbhum shear zone
(SSZ), and the Rb-Sr age as the emplacement of the
Nilgiri granite, (ii) 2.2-2.0 Ga activity, evidenced by Rb-Sr
isochron ages of granites and granophyres of Simlipal,
(iii) 1.6-1.4 Ga event, corresponding to emplacement of
soda granites in SSZ and granites of BMB, (iv) 1.2-1.0 Ga
event matching with the emplacement of many large-scale
granitic bodies in various parts of CGGC in the Satpura
orogenic belt, and (v) 0.9-0.8 Ga events that are represented
by Rb-Sr mineral ages and U-Pb age of radioactive minerals
of CGGC and BMB. Among these, the 1.6-1.4 Ga and 1.2-
1.0 Ga events are widespread with fairly adequate records
of 0.9-0.8 Ga activities, in the CGGC terrain (see Table 5;
and also Misra, 2006). The reported older age (1005 Ma)
of the granites of the Raikera-Kunkuri area is comparable
with the 1.2-1.0 Ga phase of granitic activity in the CGGC.
Whereas, the younger age of 815 Ma broadly post-dates
the emplacement of the rare metal-bearing granitic
pegmatites of the BMB.
Generation of Felsic Melt
Interestingly, from generation of felsic melts in syn-
tectonic environment point of view, the reported older age
(1005 Ma) of grey granite is coeval to F3 deformation and
M3 metamorphism during 1000-850 Ma that is reported to
be responsible for the formation of massive granites and
related adjustment processes (Sarkar, 1982, 1988). This
event post-dates F1 deformation and M1 metamorphism
dated at ~2000-1600 Ma, and evolution of granite gneisses
at ~1500-1170 Ma, and the deformation cycles F1 and F2
reported from central and eastern parts of the CGGC
(Sarkar, 1982, 1988). Furthermore, the structural geometry
of the CGGC and BMB sequence is broadly similar,
implying that both the rock sequences were affected by
similar deformation (Bhattacharyya, 1988). Comparatively
younger events of extensive high-grade regional
metamorphism, attended by migmatite development during
900 ± 100 Ma in various parts of the CGGC, such as, Muri,
Ranchi, Gurpa, Latehar (Ghose, 1983), probably denote the
intensive thermal metamorphic events of the Satpura orogeny
in this part of the Indian shield (Bhattacharyya, 1988).
Source Characteristics
The available SrI ratios for most of the CGGC and SG
supracrustals (Table 5) are appreciably variable (0.7040-
0.7652). The low to moderate values of SrI (0.704-0.72)
suggest a contribution from juvenile crustal sources, with
short crustal residence time for the genesis of granitic bodies
around Simlipal, Bhallupahari-Nirupahari, Sankadih-
Bangurdih, Nagam, Dubha, Jajawal, Binda-Nagnaha,
Marne, Gumla, and Ekma, including the investigated grey
granites of the Raikera-Kunkuri region. On the other hand,
like the investigated pink granites of the Raikera-Kunkuri
region, granites from Nilgiri, Rampahari, Jaikan-Mouldih-
Nandup, and Mosabani areas have significantly higher SrI
(0.72-0.76) than the reported value for the contemporary
upper mantle source (0.700; Dickin, 1997 and Faure and
Mensing, 2005). All these higher values of SrI of granites
suggest that such felsic bodies of the CGGC and SG were
derived mainly from the reworking of much older sialic
crustal materials. Also, high SrI indicate that sufficient
magma contamination took place in the magma chamber,
due to prolonged interaction of the magma with the crustal
materials, prior to its emplacement.
CONCLUSIONS
Whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron study of granitoids from the
CGGC of the Raikera-Kunkuri region, leads to the following
conclusions.
1. The Rb-Sr isochron age of 1005±51 Ma for the grey
granite represents the time of emplacement of
widespread granitic bodies in Raikera-Kunkuri region
of the CGGC. The relatively low SrI value (0.7047)
and HFS element abundance of grey granite suggest
that its precursors were probably tonalitic-granodioritic
in composition.
2. The younger isochron age of 815±47 Ma with high
SrI (0.7539) of pink granite defines the age of
metasomatism and resetting of Rb-Sr isotopic system
in response to late metamorphic processes in the
Raikera-Kunkuri region.
3. Synthesis of available whole-rock and mineral ages of
CGGC and BMB points out ~900 Ma age as the time
of emplacement, and age of rare metal mineralization
associated with the granitic-pegmatites in the BMB.
4. Scrutiny of radiometric dates from CGGC and
Singhbhum Group (SG) supracrustals, which are
considered to constitute together a single crustal
block in eastern Indian shield (Misra, 2006), broadly
point out five tectonomagmatic activities: 2.5-2.4 Ga,
2.2-2.0 Ga, 1.6-1.4 Ga, 1.2-1.0 Ga, and 0.9-0.8 Ga. Of
these, two events, viz. 1.6-1.4 Ga and 1.2-1.0 Ga, are
widespread. The reported older age of 1005 Ma of grey
granite is comparable with 1.2-1.0 Ga phase of the
granitic activity. On the other hand, the younger age of
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.74, AUGUST 2009
 Rb-Sr GEOCHRONOLOGY AND PETROGENESIS OF GRANITOIDS FROM CGGC, CENTRAL INDIA
815 Ma broadly post-dates emplacement of rare metal
pegmatites in BMB.
5. From generation of felsic melts in syn-tectonic
environment point of view, the reported older age (1005
Ma) is coeval to F3 deformation and M3 metamorphism
during 1000-850 Ma, which is known to be responsible
for the formation of large-scale granitic bodies (Sarkar,
1982, 1988). The younger age of 815 Ma could possibly
represent the youngest age of metamorphism and
attendant metasomatic activity in the Raikera-Kunkuri
region.
6. Available SrI ratios for granitoids of the CGGC and
SG terrain are appreciably variable. The low to
moderate values of SrI ratios (0.704-0.720) suggest a
contribution from juvenile crustal sources, with short
crustal residence time. On the other hand, higher SrI
ratios (0.72-0.76) indicate the reworking of older
crustal material and magma contamination.
7. The record of isotopic signature of metasomatism in
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