NAME: Maryam khalid

JUWID: JUW05353
COURSE TITLE: Instrumental Techniques in Food
Analysis
COURSE CODE: FST 3051
COURSE INCHARGE: Miss sabahat
ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: Rules and regulation
related to sampling techniques
 RULES AND REGULATION RELATED TO SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION:
Sampling is carried out for a variety of purposes. The most important use is to estimate or
forecast the nature of a population. Studying each subject or thing is expensive and time-
consuming. Thus, sampling decreases them by picking a significant percentage, segment, or
component of the population that is most representative of it in order to draw conclusions
about its behavior and character. It is critical to remember that certain studies are harmful, and
that using all participants or items from the community for the research in such situations
would imply that the entire population would be annihilated. Sampling becomes necessary to
avert these acts of mass devastation. It is also beneficial. It's also worth mentioning right now
that not all studies require sampling. There is no need for sampling in situations where the
population is too tiny to handle. For example, if a researcher wants to investigate the chief
executive officers of 10 financial institutions in a certain country, the researcher may analyze
the entire population because it is so tiny.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
The process of picking a portion or percentage of a population that is most representative of it
in order to utilize it to make conclusions about the population is known as sampling. The
sampling technique refers to the method used to take a sample from a population .

TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:

There are three different forms of sampling.
1. Probability sampling: with this method, each sample has the same chance of being selected.
2. Non-probability sampling: the selection of elements from the sample population is not
based on probability theory.
However, non-probability kinds are more prone to bias than probability types since they are
dependent on the researcher's whims and caprices.

1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:

Because this method of sampling is based on probability, it assumes that all people or objects in
the population under study have an equal chance of being chosen for the sample. As a result,
the researcher's bias in selecting persons or items for inclusion in a sample is avoided or
reduced. There are several types of probability sampling techniques that are used to choose
samples from various populations in various scenarios. However, when conducting a research
study, it is necessary for the researcher to understand the population under consideration, as
well as the right sampling strategy to utilize and how to apply it in every case.
The following are thorough explanations of probability sampling techniques with examples:
Simple Random sampling
Stratified sampling.
Cluster sampling.
Systematic sampling

 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING:

This is the most frequent and basic sort of probability sampling, from which all others are
derived. Because it is a probability sampling approach, all of the population's topics or objects
have an equal chance of being chosen. Following the determination of sample sizes from the
population using the proper formula (see below), strategies are used to choose this size of item
from the population.

To choose a sample from the population using simple random sampling, essentially every
person or object in the population is allocated a number on a piece of paper. The numbers are
written on pieces of paper that are shuffled, and the needed number is selected one by one
from all of the papers until the total sample size is attained. Objects or subjects of the
population who are tagged with or assigned such numbers become objects or subjects of the
population chosen to make up the sample for a specific research.
A random number table can be used instead of writing numbers on pieces of paper and
allocating them to members of the population, which are then mixed and selected at random to
choose the sample.

 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

This is an example of probability sampling in action during batch manufacturing. This sampling
approach necessitates that, when a batch of products is made, every nth item be selected or
sampled for quality assurance testing before the product is released for sale to end consumers.
Assume a vehicle manufacturing business produces 1000 automobiles every day in batches, and
their corporate policy is to sample 20 cars from each batch for quality testing and inspection.
Given a population of 1000 automobiles and a sample size of 20, the researcher may use the
formula below to choose 20 cars for the sample from a population of 1000 cars.
Because the number 50 indicates movement throughout the manufacturing chain, every 50th
automobile in the chain should be sampled or selected as part of the sample. As a result, the
50th, 100th, 150th, 200th, etc. automobiles will be chosen until the sample of 20 cars is
complete.
For example, 20 cartons of beer are made at a brewery firm and are on a production line as
shown in the table, with the number of each carton shown as a right superscript of the cartons
represented as letters. Assuming that 10 of the cartons will be chosen for the sample, this

indicates that using the formula ,

 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

This approach is also a probability strategy that is used when the population under
consideration is made up of several groups, and a representative sample must be created by
taking into account all of the groupings. Strata refers to groupings, hence stratified sampling
refers to group sampling. When studying the behavior of first-year mechanical engineering
students at a university, this type of sample approach might be used. If the programme lasts
four years, students will be divided into four groups: first year, second year, third year, and
fourth year As a result, the population may be divided into four groups depending on the
students' academic levels, with a sample taken from each group then bulked together to
produce the representative sample. Assume there are 400 mechanical students in the
university, with 100 students from each level. The proper formula is used to get the sample size
for the population, which is then split into four. Consider the case of selecting a sample of 100
people. The 100 would be split by four to get 25, implying that 25 students would be chosen
from each of the four tiers. A basic random sample procedure is employed to choose 25
students from each of the 100 students that make up each group. Once the researcher has
picked the 25 students from each group, the sample for the population understudy is formed by
combining all 25 students from each group.
The table below shows how stratified sampling is accomplished.
  CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
It is a type of probability sampling in which samples are chosen depending on their
categorization into different categories. It's virtually the same as stratified sampling, except that
with the latter, the population is divided into groups before sampling, whereas with the former,
the population is divided into regions before sampling. In the hypothetical event of a researcher
wishing to investigate the garages in Accra, the researcher would have to divide Accra into
zones or districts due to the large number of garages distributed around the city. Accra may
therefore be split into four zones: northern, southern, western, and eastern. Once the
population of Accra's garages is established, the proper formula may be used to calculate the
sample size, which must be divided into four or dependent on the number of locations from
which samples will be selected. After determining the amount of samples to be obtained from
each location, basic random sampling procedures are used to sample from each area sample
numbers, which are then grouped to make the representative. Assume a total population of
200 garages in Accra, with 50 in each zone, and an 80-person sample size. Cluster sampling is
seen in the table below. May be used to accomplish this:

 MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
Multistage sampling is used when the population is huge, diverse, and dispersed, making it
nearly hard to get a representative sample. Sampling with only one sampling For a
representative sample of the population, this means Several phases of sampling would be
required to acquire the population, and As a result, the term "multistage sampling approach"
was coined. If a researcher needs to sample mechanical engineering students in Ghana, the
population size must first be estimated, and the sample size must then be computed using the
proper method as described before. Because there are so many universities and polytechnics
that train Engineering students, the first stage of sampling may be to sample the identified
training institutions by location or area, which results in cluster sampling; the next stage may be
sampling within the samples obtained via clustered sampling to obtain samples that consist of
students divided into year groups or streams in the various institutions, i.e. first year, second
year, and final year via stratigraphy. The third step used basic random sampling to create a
representative sample for the intended population.

2. NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:

This category includes all deterministic sampling strategies that do not follow any probability.
The objective for which the researcher is conducting the study; the researcher's convenience;
his judgment; the quota of the researcher's choice of sampling; and so on influence the sample
selection
Following are the types of non-probability sampling techniques:
Convenience sampling
Judgmental sampling
Quota sampling
Voluntary response sampling
Purpose sampling

 PURPOSE SAMPLING
Purposive sampling is when a researcher picks a sample from a population depending on the
study's objective. This is non-probability because not everyone in the population has an equal
chance of being chosen for the sample. If the researcher's target group is Accra Polytechnic's
most intellectual students, he might opt to sample using the students' cumulative grade points,
therefore picking those with the highest grade point.
Another researcher may claim that some programmes are more challenging than others, and
instead of utilising the whole polytechnic, he or she would pick students with the highest grade
point from those programmes to form his or her sample. This kind of sampling incorporates
bias into the research yet allows the researcher to sample based on the study's objectives

 CONVENNCE SAMPLING
This is also a non-probability sampling method in which the researcher chooses a sample from a
population based on personal preference. Consider the case of a researcher who is based in
Accra and want to undertake study on Ghana's polytechnic programmes. The population under
consideration in this scenario is the Polytechnics in Ghana, and because the researcher is
stationed in Accra, he or she might pick Accra Polytechnic to be part of the sample based on its
proximity to him or her.

 JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING
In this sampling strategy, the researcher's judgment is used to select the sample, rather than
chance. The researcher's judgment determines the sample size. Assume a professor is required
to research the academic achievements of students who are scheduled to be put on scholarship
to pursue a new programme. The professor might select pupils from the student population
based on his or her expertise and assessment of the students.

 QUOTA SAMPLING:
Non-probability sampling is referred to as quota sampling. It's when a researcher gathers
samples from a population based on a quota set by the researcher. Unlike stratified sampling,
this sampling strategy allows the researcher to pick any quota from year one, year two, and
year three without any formula or even the quota to be utilized as the sample size if the
researcher is studying Mechanical students at Accra Polytechnic.

 VOLUNATRY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

This is a strategy in which respondents volunteer to be considered for inclusion in a sample of a
certain targeted group. It is non-probability since the sample members are chosen depending
on their willingness to participate. If a researcher wishes to investigate the environmental
conditions in a certain location, individuals of the community might freely volunteer to be part
of a sample picked from the population to be questioned about the current situation or
concerns at hand
PLAGIRISM:

REFERENCE:
Practical Approaches to Measurements, Sampling Techniques and Data Analysis

Author: Felix Kutsanedzie, Sylvester Achio, Edmund Ameko

Publisher: Science Publishing Group

file:///C:/Users/YM/Downloads/978-1-940366-58-6_Chapter04.pdf