Dr.

Effendi Mohamad
Tel: 06-3316450/ 012-3745208
effendi@utem.edu.my
•Know-how applied to the production and
delivery of goods and services and involving
the application of scientific knowledge.
•Technology is created capability, it
manifests itself in artefacts, the purpose of
which is to augment human skill.
•Technology is the result of the systematic
harnessing of all knowledge and experience
to produce something practical and
commercially useful – a product, a
manufacturing process, a system, a
service, a methodology.
• Science concepts - Laws of
thermodynamics
• Technology - Refrigerator, IC engine.
 Scientific knowledge is the highest
theoretical knowledge and with widest
potential applications.
 Technological development is specific –
particular application of scientific knowledge.
 Artificial split – the two co-exist.
 Technology is oldest tradition with longest
continuity but is influenced by scientific
method/discovery.
 Artifacts usually distinguish technology from
science.
 Allergy :Society’s rejection of a particular
technology.
e.g. Nuclear Power.
 Deviation :Partial acceptance – Significant
restructuring.
e.g. Home computers – Computer games.
 Enforcement : Enforced emplacement of a
technology by a powerful agency.
e.g. Nuclear power in France.
 Synergy : Enthusiastic acceptance by society.
e.g. Electronic gadgets in households.
Current issues:-
Environment
Ethics
 Predictability
Time to
Knowledge Durability
Technology Commercial
competitive R&D Commercial
Maturity - Technical Reward
R&D Costs advantage
sation

Embryonic 7-15 years Poor Poor Fair Poor High

Growth 2-7 years Fair-moderate Fair High Moderate Moderate

Mature 1-4 years High High High High Fair

Very Very
Ageing 1-4 years High Very High Short
High High
• Its degree of technical uncertainly which tends to be
highest for embryonic technologies and lowest for
mature and ageing technologies.
• The level of interest and creativity around that
technology which tends to be a maximum at the growth
stage.
• The breath of it’s potential applications
• The technical nature of the work needed to develop it
further.
• It’s productivity pattern – i.e. it’s cost benefit outlook
• It’s patent activity.
• The technical prerequisites for having access to the
technology.
• It’s general availability.
• Consider a product.
• List the various technologies involved.
• Based on the major technology of the
product, discuss the ‘technology maturity’
concerned.
• Risk and uncertainty.
• Reward
• Competitive activity
• Probability of success.
• Management expectations
• Accountability
• Market investment strategies
• R&D Strategies
  Technologies that although necessary to the
 Base Technology business, they no longer offer a competitive
advantage.

 Technologies that offer the greatest

competitive impact and are essential if a firm
 Key Technology
is going to develop distinctive and
indispensable skills.

 Technologies that have the potential to

 Pacing Technology change the entire basis of competition but as
yet do not have many applications.

 Emerging  Those technologies that hold promise for

Technology competition in the long term future.
• Base Technology
 extensively used in the industry.
 readily available.
 necessary for market entry, but not sufficient for competitive advantage.

• Key Technology
 currently has highest impact on competitiveness.
 mastery indispensable for companies wishing to take a leadership position.

• Pacing technology
 Still in development stage.
 Few applications currently.
 Could become key technologies.

• Emerging technology
 hold promise for competition in the long term future.
 Those which are central to firms competitive position,
CRITICAL
which are proprietary to some degree and which distinguish
TECHNOLOGIES
it from the competition.

Those which are not proprietary to the same degree, are

ENABLING broadly available to all members of the industry but are
TECHNOLOGIES essential to the delivery of the company’s product, process,
or service and to it’s quality.

Those which can be emerging or already existing

STRATEGIC technologies whose prominence arises from their ability to
TECHNOLOGIES provide new competitive opportunities when combined with
or substituted for existing critical or enabling technologies.
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 Essential for long term survival.
 Unique to organization.
 Very difficult to imitate.
 Very difficult to acquire.
 Reside in an organization for a long time.
 Not visible to the competition.
 Integrate multiple technologies.
 Potential access to a very wide range of markets.
 Few in number.
 Are actively exploited for benefit.
1. Technology is know-how applied to the production
and delivery of goods and services and involving
the application of scientific knowledge.
2. Technology can be classified according to the
function it performs or it’s ability to create
competitive advantage.
3. Classification based on competitive impact or
strategic focus enable a company to develop
appropriate business strategies and capabilities.
4. Science provides the basic laws that underpin
technology.
5. The two traditions, scientific and technological co-
exist. Knowledge flows in both directions, from
technology to science and back.
6. Technological improvements often take place in
advance of scientific understanding.
7. Core competences are the essential technological
capabilities that are required for long term and
short term survival and are unique to an
organization. They are few in number.
• Engineering which can be regarded as
formulating instructions, designing,
and manufacturing, draws on
technology to provide the know-how to
create products, methods and
systems.
• A profession in which the knowledge of
mathematics and the natural sciences is applied
with discretion and judgment in order to use
economically the materials and forces of nature for
the benefit of mankind.

• Concerned with the creation of structures, devices,

and systems for human use.
 Science
Improved
Resources Efficiency:
Energy Technology Body
Information Senses
Intellect

Design &
manufacture
Needs
(& construction)

KNOWLEDGE
 Scientists
 Their work Increase/enhance knowledge.
 Carry out research in systematic manner.
 Output may/may not be immediately applicable.

 Engineers
 Use scientific knowledge in the design and
development of devices, structures and
processes.