exi‡kÖô gyÝx Avãyi iDd cvewjK K‡jR

e¨envwiK imvqb 2q cÎ
e¨envwiK m~wP
cixÿv_©x - 2022

µwgK
cixÿvi bvg ZvwiL
bs

0.1 M ev †Wwm‡gvjvi Na2CO3 Gi cÖgvY `ªeY cÖ¯‘ZKiY|

01

cÖgvY 0.1 M Na2CO3 `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ mieivnK…Z H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbY©q|
02

cÖgvY 0.1 M Na2CO3 `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ mieivnK…Z HCl `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbY©q|
03

‰Re †hŠ‡M Kvh©Kix g~jK (-COOH, -CHO, >CO, -OH ) mbv³KiY|

04

0.02 M KMnO4 `ªeY e¨envi K‡i ARvbv NbgvÎvi `ªe‡Y FeSO4 Gi cwigvb wbY©q|
05

cwiKíbvq:
†gvt Rmxg DwÏb (cÖ`k©K, weGgGAviwcwm)
mvBd DwÏb (cÖ`k©K, weGgGAviwcwm)
cixÿY bs - 01
cixÿvi bvgt 0.1 M ev †Wwm‡gvjvi Na2CO3 Gi cÖgvY `ªeY cÖ¯‘ZKiY|
g~jbxwZ: Abv`ª© †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU GKwU cÖvBgvix ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_©| ZvB mvavib wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ wbw`©ó cwigvb Na2CO3 cwigvc K‡i AvqZwbK d¬v‡Kª
wb‡q Gi cÖgvY `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| Avgiv Rvwb, wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq 1L ev 1000 mL ev 1 dm3 `ªe‡Y †Kvb c`v‡_©i 1 mol cwigvb c`v_© `ªexf~Z
_vK‡j `ªeYwUi NbgvÎv nq 1M.
1 mol Na2CO3 = 106 g

1000 mL AvqZ‡bi 1M `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Na2CO3 = 106 g

100 𝑋 0.1 𝑋 106 𝐶𝑀𝑉

100 mL “ 0.1M “ “ “ = ( )
1000 1000

= 1.06 g Na2CO3

myZivs 100 mL AvqZ‡bi d¬v‡Kª 0.1M Na2CO3 Gi cÖgvY `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ 1.06 g Na2CO3 cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡e|
ZvwË¡Kfv‡e wbw`©ó cwigvb fi cwigvc Kiv Kómva¨| ZvB wbw`©ó cwigvb Gi Kg ev †ewk fi cwigvc K‡i mvavibZ cÖgvY `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Ges
wb‡¤œv³ mgxKiY Øviv kw³gvÎ ev NbgvÎv wbY©q Kiv nq|

Na2CO3 Gi M„nxZ IRb

`ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv= × wbw`©ó NbgvÎv
Na2CO3 Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq IRb

cÖ‡qvRbxq ivmvqwbK e¯‘: 1. weï× Abv`ª© Na2CO3 2. cvwZZ cvwb

cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ: 1. 100 mL AvqZwbK d¬ªvKª 2. dv‡bj 3. mvaviY wbw³ ev wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ 4. Iqvk †evZj 5. IRb †evZj
Kv‡Ri aviv:

K) wWwRUvj e¨vjv‡Ý 1.06 gm Na2CO3 cwigvc :

e¨vjv‡Ý Off / On m~BP press K‡i 0.0000 bv _vK‡j O/T Button press K‡i K¨vwj‡eªkb K‡i †bB| GKwU IRb †evZj ev GK UzKiv KvMR
c¨vb G †i‡L c~bivq O/T Button press K‡i 0.0000 K‡i †bB| GLb 1.06 gm MÖvg bv nIqv chšÍ© ¯ú¨vPzjv w`‡q IRb †evZj ev KvM‡R ax‡i
ax‡i Na2CO3 †bB|

L) `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ :

100 ml AvqZb gvcbx d¬v‡· GKwU dv‡bj †i‡L Zv‡Z 1.06 gm Na2CO3 ‡X‡j †bB| GKwU Iqvk †evZj †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i cvwb dv‡b‡j †X‡j Ges
†b‡o d¬v‡·i wbw`©ó `vM ch©šÍ c~Y© Kwi| cÖ¯‘ZK…Z `ªeYwUB 0.1M Na2CO3 `ªeY|

djvdj: cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Na2CO3 Gi kw³gvÎv n‡jv 0.1M

mZK©Zv:
1. Na2CO3 Aek¨B weï× I Abv`ª© n‡Z n‡e|
2. mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Na2CO3 Gi IRb cwigvc K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
3. dv‡b‡ji g‡a¨ †X‡j †bIqvi mgq mg¯Í Na2CO3 cvwZZ cvwb Øviv ay‡q d¬v‡Kª wb‡Z n‡e|
4. LyeB mZK©Zvi mwnZ Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í , cÖ‡qvR‡b Wªcv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ AvqZwbK d¬v‡Kªi wbw`©ó `vM ch©šÍ c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e|
cixÿY bs -02
cixÿvi bvgt cÖgvY 0.1 M Na2CO3 `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ mieivnK…Z H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbY©q|

g~jbxwZ: Abv`©ª Na2CO3 GKwU cÖvBgvix ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_©|ZvB , Abv`©ª Na2CO3 Gi 0.1 M cÖgvY `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z K‡i mieivnK…Z H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi

mv‡_ cÖkgb wewµqv NwU‡q H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbY©q Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e wg_vBj A‡iÄ (Methyl orange) e¨envi Kiv nq|

cÖkgb wewµqvwU wb¤œiyc: Sa= H2SO4 Gi NbgvÎv = ?

Na2CO3+ H2SO4 ═Na2SO4+ CO2+H2O Sb= Na2CO3 Gi NbgvÎv= 0.1 M

1 mol ≡ 1 mol
Va = H2SO4 Gi AvqZb= ?
NbgvÎv wbY©‡qi mgxKiYwU wb¤œiyc:
Vb = Na2CO3 Gi AvqZb= 10 mL
Sa X Va na (Gwm‡Wi †gvj msL¨v)
na= Gwm‡Wi †gvj msL¨v = 1
Sb X Vb nb (ÿv‡ii †gvj msL¨v)
cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ: KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹, wc‡cU, ey¨‡iU, ÷¨vÛ I K¬v¤ú, exKvi| nb =ÿv‡ii †gvj msL¨v= 1

cÖ‡qvRbxq ivmvqwbK e¯‘: cÖgvY 0.1 M Na2CO3 , mieivnK„Z H2SO4 `ªeY, wg_vBj A‡iÄ wb‡`©kK|

Kv‡Ri aviv:

1. cÖ_‡g H2SO4 `ªeY‡K GKwU ey¨‡i‡U wb‡q K¬¨v‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ ÷¨v‡Û fv‡jvfv‡e ¯’vcb Kwi| Gici ey¨‡iU †_‡K 1g cvV wjwce× Kwi|

2. wc‡c‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ 10 mL Na2CO3 KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹ †bB|

3. Gici 1 A_ev 2 ‡duvUv Methyl orange indicator KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹ ‡hvM Kwi| G‡Z `ªe‡Yi eY© njy` nq|

4. Gici ey¨‡iU †_‡K ‡duvUv ‡duvUv H2SO4 `ªeY †hvM Kwi hZÿY ch©šÍ bv `ªe‡Yi eY© (nvjKv jvj) cwieZ©b nq|(cÖkgb ev Zyj¨Zv we›`y wbY©q Kwi)
`ªe‡Yi eY© nvjKv jvj nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ey¨‡iU †_‡K GwmW †hvM eÜ Kwi Ges ey¨‡iU †_‡K 2q cvV wjwce× Kwi|

5. 2q cvV I 1g cv‡Vi cv_©K¨ n‡Z H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi AvqZb cwigvc Kwi|

6. Abyiæcfv‡e GKBfv‡e cÖwµqvwU (2, 3, 4 bs ) Av‡iv `yBevi m¤úbœ Kwi|

7. UvB‡Uªk‡bi cÖvß WvUv wb‡¤œi mviwY‡Z wjwce× Kwi|

Na2CO3 `ªeY Øviv H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv cÖwgZKiY Gi QK

ey¨‡iU cvV (mL)
mieivnK…Z Na2CO3 H2SO4 Gi AvqZb
cvV `ªe‡Yi AvqZb (mL) H2SO4 Gi Mo
msL¨v 1g cvV 2q cvV AvqZb
(mL) (V2 - V1)
V1 V2

3
MYbv I wnmve :

𝑺𝒃 𝐗 𝑽𝒃 𝟏𝟎 𝑿 𝟎.𝟏
Sa = =
𝐕𝒂 ?

djvdj : mieivnK„Z H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv ev kw³gvÎv-

mZK©Zv:

1. ey¨‡i‡U H2SO4 †hvM Kivi mgq Lye mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. ey¨‡iU †_‡K H2SO4 Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AbeiZ bvo‡Z n‡e|

3. eY© cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ H2SO4 †hvM Kiv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. j¤^b KªywU cwinvi K‡i cvV †`L‡Z n‡e|

cixÿv bs -03
cixÿvi bvgt cÖgvY 0.1 M Na2CO3 `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ mieivnK…Z HCl `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbY©q|

g~jbxwZ: Abv`©ª Na2CO3 GKwU cÖvBgvix ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_©|ZvB , Abv`©ª Na2CO3 Gi 0.1 M cÖgvY `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z K‡i mieivnK…Z HCl `ªe‡Yi

mv‡_ cÖkgb wewµqv NwU‡q HCl `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbY©q Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e wg_vBj A‡iÄ (Methyl orange) e¨envi Kiv nq|

cÖkgb wewµqvwU wb¤œiyc:

Sa= HCl Gi NbgvÎv = ?
Na2CO3+ 2HCl ═2NaCl+ CO2+H2O
1 mol ≡ 1 mol Sb= Na2CO3 Gi NbgvÎv= 0.1 M
NbgvÎv wbY©‡qi mgxKiYwU wb¤œiyc:
Va = HCl Gi AvqZb= ?
Sa X Va na (Gwm‡Wi †gvj msL¨v)
Vb = Na2CO3 Gi AvqZb= 5 mL
Sb X Vb nb (ÿv‡ii †gvj msL¨v)
na= Gwm‡Wi †gvj msL¨v = 2
cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ: KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹, wc‡cU, ey¨‡iU, ÷¨vÛ I K¬v¤ú, exKvi|
nb =ÿv‡ii †gvj msL¨v= 1
cÖ‡qvRbxq ivmvqwbK e¯‘: cÖgvY 0.1 M Na2CO3 , mieivnK„Z HCl `ªeY, wg_vBj A‡iÄ wb‡`©kK|

Kv‡Ri aviv:

1. cÖ_‡g H2SO4 `ªeY‡K GKwU ey¨‡i‡U wb‡q K¬¨v‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ ÷¨v‡Û fv‡jvfv‡e ¯’vcb Kwi| Gici ey¨‡iU †_‡K 1g cvV wjwce× Kwi|

2. wc‡c‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ 5 mL Na2CO3 KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹ †bB|

3. Gici 1 A_ev 2 ‡duvUv Methyl orange indicator KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹ ‡hvM Kwi| G‡Z `ªe‡Yi eY© njy` nq|

4. Gici ey¨‡iU †_‡K ‡duvUv ‡duvUv HCl `ªeY †hvM Kwi hZÿY ch©šÍ bv `ªe‡Yi eY© (nvjKv jvj) cwieZ©b nq|(cÖkgb ev Zyj¨Zv we›`y wbY©q Kwi)
`ªe‡Yi eY© nvjKv jvj nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ey¨‡iU †_‡K GwmW †hvM eÜ Kwi Ges ey¨‡iU †_‡K 2q cvV wjwce× Kwi|

5. 2q cvV I 1g cv‡Vi cv_©K¨ n‡Z HCl `ªe‡Yi AvqZb cwigvc Kwi|

6. Abyiæcfv‡e GKBfv‡e cÖwµqvwU (2, 3, 4 bs ) Av‡iv `yBevi m¤úbœ Kwi|

7. UvB‡Uªk‡bi cÖvß WvUv wb‡¤œi mviwY‡Z wjwce× Kwi|

Na2CO3 `ªeY Øviv HCl `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv cÖwgZKiY Gi QK

ey¨‡iU cvV (mL)

mieivnK…Z Na2CO3
cvV `ªe‡Yi AvqZb
HCl Gi AvqZb (mL)
msL¨v 1g cvV 2q cvV HCl Gi Mo AvqZb
(V2 - V1)
(mL)
V1 V2

3
MYbv I wnmve :

𝐒𝒃 𝐱 𝐕𝒃 𝐱 𝟐 𝟓 𝒙 𝟎.𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
Sa = =
𝐕𝒂 ?

djvdj : mieivnK„Z HCl `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv ev kw³gvÎv-

mZK©Zv:

1. ey¨‡i‡U HCl †hvM Kivi mgq Lye mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. ey¨‡iU †_‡K HCl Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AbeiZ bvo‡Z n‡e|

3. eY© cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ HCl †hvM Kiv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. j¤^b KªywU cwinvi K‡i cvV †`L‡Z n‡e|

cixÿY bs t 04
cix¶vi bvg t ˆRe †hŠ‡M Kvh©Kix gyjK ( --COOH ) mbv³KiY |

†fŠZ cix¶v t

†fŠZ Ae¯’v eY© MÜ wm×všZ

Zij eY©nxb SuvSvj MÜ B_vqwbK GwmW (CH3-COOH) n‡Z cv‡i|

`ªve¨Zv cix¶v t

cvwb‡Z 5% NaOH `ªe‡Y 5% NaHCO3 `ªe‡Y 5% HCl `ªe‡Y wm×všZ

+ + + + Kve©w·wjK GwmW n‡Z cv‡i

( ey`ey` wbM©Z nj)

wjUgvm cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

‰Re bgybvq GKwU bxj wjUgvm KvMR I GKwU jvj bxj wjUgvm KvMRwU jvj nj Ges jvj wjUgvm KvMRwU ˆRe †hŠMwU Kve©w·wjK
wjUgvm KvMR Wzev‡bv nj| jvjB †_‡K †Mj| GwmW

Kvh©Kix gyj‡Ki mbv³Kvix cix¶v (Kve©w·wjK gyjK cix¶v) t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

ˆRe bgybvi Rjxq `ªeY + NaHCO3 CO2 M¨v‡mi ey`ey` wbM©Z n‡jv hv Pz‡bi cvwb‡K †Nvjv K‡i| -COOH gyjK wbwðZ
`ªeY
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa +CO2 + H2O

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

djvdj t cÖ`Ë ˆRe †hŠ‡M Kvh©Kix gyjK Av‡Q t ( --COOH ) ev C=O

O-H
cix¶vi bvg t ˆRe †hŠ‡M Kvh©Kix gyjK ( -CHO ) mbv³KiY |

†fŠZ cix¶v t

†fŠZ Ae¯’v eY© MÜ wm×všZ

Zij c`v_© eY©nxb mywgwó MÜ A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW(CH3CHO) n‡Z cv‡i|

`ªve¨Zv cix¶v t

cvwb‡Z 5% NaOH `ªe‡Y 5% NaHCO3 `ªe‡Y H2SO4`ªeY 5% HCl `ªe‡Y wm×všZ

-
- - + + A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW n‡Z cv‡i|

wjUgvm cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

cÖ`Ë ‰Re †hŠMwU cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Gi g‡a¨ bxj wjUgvm I wgkªYwU wjUgvm wbi‡c¶ - CHO gyjK Dcw¯’Z n‡Z cv‡i|
jvj wjUgvm AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

Kvh©Kixgyj‡Ki mbv³Kvix cix¶v (A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb cix¶v) t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

ˆRe bgybvi A¨vj‡Kvnjxq `ªe‡Y + 2,4 Kgjv-njy` e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c c‡o| A¨vjwWnvBW
WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBjnvBWªvwRb (2,4 DNP)
(-CHO)
`ªeb|
ev

wK‡Uvb (>C=O)
Kgjv-njy` Aat
U‡jb weKviK + ˆRe †hŠM +Zvc + †UówUD‡ei Mv‡q PKP‡K wmjfvi `c©b m„wó nj| A¨vjwWnvBW
n‡Z cv‡i
CH3CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH4OH 2Ag +
cvwbi weKv‡i g‡a¨ wKQy¶Y Wzwe‡q ivwL| CH3COONH4 +2NH4NO3 + 2H2O (-CHO)gyjK wbwðZ

djvdj t cÖ`Ë ˆRe †hŠ‡M Dcw¯’Z Kvh©Kix gyjK t A¨vjwWnvBW ( -CHO ) gyjK -C=O
H
cix¶vi bvg t ˆRe †hŠ‡M Kvh©Kix gyjK (>C=O) mbv³KiY |

†fŠZ cix¶v t

†fŠZ Ae¯’v eY© MÜ wm×všZ

Zij c`v_© eY©nxb mywgwó MÜ A¨vwm‡Uvb n‡Z cv‡i|

`ªve¨Zv cix¶v t

cvwb‡Z 5% NaOH `ªe‡Y 5% NaHCO3 `ªe‡Y H2SO4 `ªeY 5% HCl `ªe‡Y wm×všZ

- - - + + A¨vwm‡Uvb n‡Z cv‡i|

wjUgvm cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

cÖ`Ë ‰Re †hŠMwU cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Gi g‡a¨ bxj wjUgvm I jvj wjUgvm wgkªYwU wjUgvm wbi‡c¶ ( >C=O )gyjK Dcw¯’Z n‡Z
AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| cv‡i|

Kvh©Kix gyj‡Ki mbv³Kvix cix¶v (A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb cix¶v) t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

ˆRe bgybvi A¨vj‡Kvnjxq `ªe‡Y + 2,4- Kgjv-njy` e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c c‡o| A¨vjwWnvBW
WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBjnvBWªvwRb
(-CHO)

ev

wK‡Uvb (>C=O)
Kgjv-njy` Aat

U‡jb weKviK + ˆRe †hŠM + Mig cvwbi †UówUD‡ei Mv‡q PKP‡K wmjfvi `c©b m„wó njbv| n‡Z(>C=O)
wK‡Uvb cv‡i
weKv‡i g‡a¨ wKQy¶Y Wzwe‡q ivwL|
gyjK wbwðZ

djvdj t cÖ`Ë ˆRe †hŠ‡M Dcw¯’Z Kvh©Kix gyjK t wK‡Uvb (>C=O ) gyjK
cix¶vi bvg t ˆRe †hŠ‡M Kvh©Kix gyjK (-OH ) mbv³KiY|

†fŠZ cix¶v t

†fŠZ Ae¯’v eY© MÜ wm×všZ

Zij eY©nxb wgwó MÜ B_vbj ev B_vb¨vj n‡Z cv‡i|

`ªve¨Zv cix¶v t

cvwb‡Z 5% NaOH `ªe‡Y 5% NaHCO3 `ªe‡Y 5% H2SO4 `ªe‡Y 5% HCl `ªe‡Y wm×všZ

+ + - - + A¨vj‡Kvnj n‡Z cv‡i|

wjUgvm cix¶v t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

‰Re bgybvi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ bxj wjUgvm I jvj ‡Kvb wjUgv‡mi eY© cwieZ©b nq bv| A_©r A¨vj‡Kvnjxq-OH g~jK Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z
wjUgvm KvMR Wzev‡bv n‡jv| ˆRe †hŠMwU cÖkg| cv‡i|(A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖkgagx© †hŠM)|

Kvh©Kvix gyj‡Ki mbv³Kvix cix¶v (A¨vj‡Kvnjxq nvBWªw·j gyjK cix¶v) t

cix¶v ch©‡e¶Y wm×všZ

ˆRe bgybv + GK UzKiv †mvwWqvg ey` ey` mn H2 M¨vm wbM©Z nq hv AwMœms‡hv‡M R¡‡j| A¨vj‡Kvnjxq (-OH)
1
CH3-CH2OH + Na CH3- CH2ONa + 2
H2
gyjK Dcw¯’Z|

ˆRe bgybv + dmdivm †c›Uv‡K¬vivBW + mv`v †auvqv m„wó nj| A¨vj‡Kvnbxq (-OH)
†UówUD‡ei gy‡L A¨v‡gvwbqv‡g wm³ KuvPbj ROH + PCl5 RCl + POCl3 + HCl gyjK wbwðZ
awi| HCl+ NH3 NH4Cl
(mv`v †auvqv)

djvdj t cÖ`Ë ˆRe †hŠ‡M Dcw¯’Z Kvh©Kvix gyjK t A¨vj‡Kvnjxq nvBWªw·j (-OH ) gyjK
cixÿv bs t 05

cix¶vi bvgt 0.02 M KMnO4 `ªeY e¨envi K‡i ARvbv NbgvÎvi `ªe‡Y FeSO4 Gi cwigvb wbY©q|

g~jbxwZt A¤øxq KMnO4 Gi `ªeY kw³kvjx RviKiy‡c Ges FeSO4 Gi `ªeY weRviK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| KMnO4 `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Fe2+ Avq‡bi
cwigvb wb‡¤œv³ wiWKª wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq|

2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4 ═ 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4+8H2O

2MnO-4 + 16H+ + 10 Fe2+ ═2 Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H2O

1 mol MnO-4 ≡ 5 mol Fe2+

cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ: KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹, wc‡cU, ey¨‡iU, ÷¨vÛ I K¬v¤ú, 250 mL exKvi,Iqvk †evZj|

cÖ‡qvRbxq ivmvqwbK e¯‘: †gvi më [FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4. 6H2O], cÖgvY 0.02 M KMnO4 `ªeY, 1M H2SO4 `ªeY, cvwZZ cvwb|

cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kK: KMnO4 `ªeY wb‡RB wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| eY©nxb `ªeY †_‡K ¯_vqx nvjKv †Mvjvwc eY© avib Ki‡jB †m we›`y‡K mgvwß
we›`y ai‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡Ri aviv:

1. cÖ_‡g KMnO4 `ªeY‡K GKwU ey¨‡i‡U wb‡q K¬¨v‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ ÷¨v‡Û fv‡jvfv‡e ¯’vcb Kwi| Gici ey¨‡iU †_‡K cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU `ªe‡Yi 1g
cvV wjwce× Kwi|

2. exKvi n‡Z wc‡c‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ 10 mL bgybv FeSO4 `ªeY KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹ †bB Ges Zv‡Z 5mL Mvp H2SO4 GwmW †hvM Kwi|

3. Gici ey¨‡iU †_‡K ‡duvUv ‡duvUv KMnO4 `ªeY †hvM Kwi hZÿY ch©šÍ bv `ªe‡Yi eY© nvjKv ¯’vqx ‡Mvjvcx e‡Y© cwieZ©b nq|(cÖkgb ev Zyj¨Zv we›`y
wbY©q Kwi) `ªe‡Yi eY© nvjKv ¯’vqx ‡Mvjvcx nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ey¨‡iU †_‡K KMnO4 †hvM eÜ Kwi Ges ey¨‡iU †_‡K 2q cvV wjwce× Kwi|

4. 2q cvV I 1g cv‡Vi cv_©K¨ n‡Z KMnO4 `ªe‡Yi AvqZb cwigvc Kwi|

6. Abyiæcfv‡e GKBfv‡e cÖwµqvwU (2, 3, 4 bs ) Av‡iv `yBevi (†gvU 3 evi) m¤úbœ Kwi|

7. UvB‡Uªk‡bi cÖvß WvUv wb‡¤œi mviwY‡Z wjwce× Kwi|

KMnO4 Gi cÖgvY `ªeY Øviv †divm je‡bi bgybv `ªe‡Yi UvB‡Uªkb:

ey¨‡iU (KMnO4) cvV (mL)

mieivnK…Z ‡gvi `ªe‡Yi KMnO4 Gi AvqZb KMnO4 Gi Mo
cvV AvqZb (mL) AvqZb (mL)
msL¨v 1g cvV 2q cvV
(mL) (V2 - V1)
V1 mL V2 mL

3
MYbv I wnmve:

Avgiv Rvwb,

1 mol MnO-4 ≡ 5 mol Fe2+

 1000 ml 1 M KMnO4 ≡ 5 x 55 g Fe2+

𝟓𝐱 𝟓𝟓 𝐱 𝟎.𝟎𝟐 𝐱 𝐕
 V ml 0.02 M KMnO4 ≡ g Fe2+
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

= ?

mZK©Zv:

1. ey¨‡i‡U KMnO4 †hvM Kivi mgq Lye mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. ey¨‡iU †_‡K KMnO4 Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AbeiZ bvo‡Z n‡e|

3. eY© cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ KMnO4 †hvM Kiv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. eY© cwieZ©b ¯úófv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ ey¨‡iU ÷¨v‡Ûi wb‡P mv`v KvMR ivL‡Z n‡e|

4. j¤^b KªywU cwinvi K‡i cvV †`L‡Z n‡e|