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MSD Unit 4
MSD Unit 4
MSD Unit 4
As per IS and ASME code σ all is based on Sut and fos (3 and 4)
As per DIN code ids based on Syt and fos 1.5
σ all = Sut/3
σ all = Syt/1.5
FW1 = force due to wind load acting on the lower part of vessel shell, = p1(h1 – x)d0
FW2 = force due to wind load acting on the upper part of vessel shell, = p2h2d0
p1 = wind pressure for lower part of vessel shell up to 20m height = 4.623х 10-8v2w
p2= wind pressure for upper part of vessel shell above 20m height = 4.623х 10-8v2w
Vw = wind soeed ,Km/hr
Bending loads on vertical PV shell
Torsional shear stress due to offset piping (τ):
τ = T/ (J/rmax)
T = torque about the longitudinal axis of the vessel due
to offset piping's, N-mm
J= polar moment of inertia of the vessel cross-section
about the longitudinal axis of the vessel, mm4
J/rmax= 2Πr3t/(d0/2) = 2Π(d/2)3t/(d0/2) =
= Πd3t/(2d0) ≈ Πd2t/2
J/rmax = Π(di+t)2t/2
τ = 2T/Π(di+t)2t
Resultant stress (σR) :
Itis clear that PV is subjected to σT ,σL , τ
Hence acc. To distortion energy theory
resultant stress in cylindrical PV,
σR = √ (σT2 – σT.σL +σL2 +3τ2)
For safety of PV FOLLOWING CONDITION MUST BE
SATISFIED :
σR ≤ σ all
σT ≤ σ all
σL (tensile) ≤ σ all
σL (compressive) ≤ σ allc
Cylindrical PV are closed at ends by either:
(1) Flat heads (or)
(2) Formed heads
Types :
Plain formed head
Torispherical dished head
Semi-elliptical dished head
Hemispherical head
Conical head
Plain Formed Head:
for horizontal cylindrical storage vessel at atm. Pr.
Also used for bottom ends of vertical cylindrical
vessel that rest on concrete wall (dia not>7m)
th = 0.4 di √(pi/σall) + c
ric = inside corner radius or knuckle radius, mm
≥ 0.1 di
Sf = straight flange length, mm
= 3 th or 20mm(whichever is larger)
requires min. amount of forming & hence economical
Torispherical Dished Head:
Used for vertical/horizontal pressure vessels (pr.
Range 0.1 N/mm2 to 1.5 N/mm2 )
th = KfpiRc +c
2σallη – 0.2pi
A = (dpo – dpi)tp
dpo = Outer dia of reinforcing pad
dpo = Outer dia of reinforcing pad
tp = thickness of reinforcing pad
Reinforcing material should be placed within ABCD
Methods of reinforcement in opening:
Balanced reinforcement (prevents creation of
local bending moments – preferred)
Unbalanced reinforcement
Design of flanged joint in unfired PV consists of:
Design of gasket
Design of bolts
Design of flange
Gi = inner dia of gasket
Go = outer dia of gasket
W = widthof gasket (Go-Gi)/2
G = Mean dia. Of gasket = Gi+ w
bo = basic gasket seating width
b = effective gasket seating width
= bo when bo ≤ 6.3 mm
= 2.5√bo when bo > 6.3mm
σg= gasket seating stress
m = gasket factor
pi = design pressure
σgr = residual gasket stress under the operating condition = mpi
(i) Hydrostatic pr.force (force due to internal pressure) extends
up to outer dia of gasket
(ii) Elastic deformation of bolt, gasket and flange neglected
Gasket seating force (under preload)
Fgi = Π/4 (Go2-Gi2)σg (1)
Hydrostatic pressure force
(force due to internal pressure)
Fp = Π/4 Go2pi (2)
Residual gasket force
(Under operating condition)
Fgr = Π/4 (Go2-Gi2)σgr
Fgr = Π/4 (Go2-Gi2) mpi (3)
m (gasket factor) = ratio of σgr to pi
Gasket seating force - Hydrostatic pressure force = Residual gasket force
Fgi - Fp = Fgr
Fgi - Fp = Fgr (Substitute equ (1), (2), (3))
Go = √ σg - mpi
Gi σg – (m+1) pi (gasket dimensions can
be obtained)