01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018

C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L

CARIBBEAN SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE®

EXAMINATION

BIOLOGY

PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY

KEY AND MARK SCHEME

MAY/JUNE 2018
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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Questions Possible Answers KC UK XS

1.(a)(i) Precaution
 Each specific temperature is maintained/use of
Styrofoam (Do not accept responses suggesting
temperature is kept the same for all assays e.g.
calorimeter).
 Equal amounts of enzyme used for each
sample/temperature
 Equal amounts of substrate used
 Constant pH for all (optimum pH or the pH of the 2
organism)
 Accurate reading of the thermometer (avoid parallax)
 Accurate start and stop times
 Extract the correct enzyme
 Extract enzyme from same source/organism
 Use the same protein as substrate for all samples
 Use appropriate range of temperature.
 Accurate measurements of enzyme/substrate
 Ensure enzyme is viable/not denatured (Accept: enzyme
is alive/living)
(Do not accept safety precautions e.g wear
goggles/gloves, lab coats etc.)
Any other reasonable suggestion
Any 2 = 2 marks

(ii) Plotting of Graph

Legend on both x and y axes - 1 mark 4
Units included in legend on both axes - 1 mark
6 – 8 correct plots - 2 marks
or 2-5 correct plots – 1 mark

(iii) Optimum temperature

Accept temperature range
1
55 + 2 oC 1 mark

(iv) Shape of graph

Below 100C:
 Enzyme inactive/little or no kinetic energy
 Little or no energy to react/for enzyme to
meet substrate

Any 1 = 1

100C to 55/57oC:
 Enzyme activity increases/ protein/substrate
broken down faster.
 Enzyme/substrate have enough (kinetic) energy
to collide/react.
 Enzyme/substrate react at active site 4
 Products formed faster.
 Activation energy lowered
 Enzyme works fastest at optimum (at 55oC)

Any 2 = 2 marks
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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Questions Possible Answers KC UK XS

Above 55/57oC:
 Enzyme is denatured
 Enzyme active site destroyed.
 Enzyme active site no longer can bind
substrate.
Any 1 = 1 mark

(v) Investigating effect of pH

 The same volumes of enzyme and the same volume

of substrate at each pH
 Enzyme/substrate mixture added to
reagents/buffer with a range of pH (acid, 3
alkaline, neutral)
 Keep temperature constant for all samples
 Replicate experiment at each pH
 Use protein test to determine that protein is
no longer present (end point)
 Results of Rate/time of disappearance of
substrate at each pH recorded/plotted/used to
draw a graph
1 mark for each point (3 marks)

(b)(i) Identification of parts

I ‒ Hair/shaft/follicle
II ‒ Sweat gland 4
III ‒ Erector muscle/arrector pili muscle
IV ‒ Blood capillary/vessel/arterioles
(1 mark each)

(ii) Regulating temperature

Cooling:
 Erector muscles relax
 Hairs lie flat on skin 4
 Arterioles/blood capillaries/blood vessels
dilate to supply more blood to skin
 Sweat gland produces more sweat/sweat
evaporates

Any 2 = 2 marks

Heat conservation/Warming up:

 Erector muscles contract.
 Hair stands up
 Layer of heat/warm air trapped at surface.
 Arterioles constrict to reduce blood flow to
the skin/retain heat in blood vessels.
 Sweat glands stop producing sweat.

Any 2 = 2 marks
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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Questions Possible Answers KC UK XS

(c) Conservation of water

 Epidermal cells consist of guard cells
which surround openings called stomata 3
 Many/more stomata are in the lower epidermis
 Few stomata on upper surface/epidermis
 Guard cells are bean shaped with thin outer
cell walls and thickened inner walls to permit
opening/closing of stoma/opening
 At high temperatures guard cells lose water
causing them to get flaccid
 Stomata close when guard cells are flaccid
 Stomata close during the day when
temperatures/transpiration rates are high
 Epidermal cells develop a waxy cuticle which
prevents water loss

Any 3 = 3 marks

Total = 25 marks 4 12 9
Obj. B 2.9, 4.10, 7.11
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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Questions Possible Answers KC UK XS

2.(a)(i) A-animal/eukaryotic;
B-plant/eukaryotic;
C-bacterial/prokaryote/prokaryotic (Do not accept virus, 3
microorganism, amoeba for C)
1 mark each

(ii) Common features named:

Cell/plasma membrane; cytosol/cytoplasm; DNA;
2
ribosomes, vacuoles.
Any 2 = 2 marks

(iii) Differences
 Prokaryotes (C) lack nucleus membrane-bound organelles
 A/B belongs to multicellular while C belongs to a
unicellular organisms
 A has a nucleus while C has a Nucleoid with DNA (no
proteins)
 C Small(70S) ribosomes; A has 80s ribosomes 2
 C has No membrane-bound organelles
 C has flagellum
 Accept: No vacuole in C
 A has no cell wall while C has a cell wall
(Do not accept difference in shape)
Any 2 = 2 marks

(b) Cell B in conc. salt solution

Changes
 Cell becomes plasmolyzed/ Cell membrane shrinks away
from the cell wall/ Cytoplasm/Protoplasm/Protoplast
pulls away from cell wall (1)

 Cell wall becomes more visible/slightly shrunken

 Cell becomes flaccid
 Shape and size of cell are retained (Accept the cell 4
shrinks)
 Vacuole/organelles/nucleus gets smaller in size.
Any 2 = 2

Explanation
Cell loses water through osmosis/salt unable to cross the
membrane but enters the cell wall
Any 1 = 1 mark

(c) Cells in distilled water

 For cell A, the cell will expand/gets swollen and the
cell membrane will rupture, releasing its content
 For cell B, the cell will become turgid, the cell wall
retain its shape/slight increase in size
2 marks
Explanation
 Water enters both cells by osmosis, the pressure in 4
both cells increases, but cell A has no cell wall to
handle the increased pressure and burst
 Cell B remains intact/does not burst; has a cell wall
and a large vacuole which allows it to handle the
increased pressure.
2 marks
Total = 4 marks
Total = 15 marks 7 8

Obj. A1.2, B1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.7

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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Questions Possible Answers KC UK XS

3. (a) Structure Function

D- Optic nerve Transmits nerve impulses to

(Do not accept brain
just ‘nerve’)

C- Lens Becomes more or less convex

to focus light on the retina
E – Iris Controls the amount of light
passing through the pupil
B- Ciliary Contracts and relaxes to 6
muscles/body(Do alter the shape of the lens
not accept just
‘eye muscle’)

F – Sclerotic Protects and keeps the shape

coat of the eye

G- Retina/ Converts light energy to

Photoreceptors nerve impulses

One mark for each structure correctly identified = 6

-If 2 letters are correctly matched to a function without

the correct structure named, allow 1 mark
-If 2 structures used are correctly matched to a function
without the correct letter named allow 1 mark
-Allow mark for structure if the spelling is off by 1-2
letters

(b) Rods or cones = 1 mark 1

(c) Seeing in dim light

 Cones responsible for colour vision/Cones are sensitive
to colour
 Cones only stimulated by/work best in bright light 2
 Accept rods are responsible for vision in dim light
Any 2 = 2 marks

(d)  Both Male gametes correct XC; Y- = 1 mark

 Female gametes Xc = 1 mark
(Allow gamete marks even if they are only correctly
shown in the Punnett square)
Fertilization cross (Must see a clear difference in the 6
font size of the ‘C’ distinguishing the alleles)
Gametes→
↓ XC Y

Xc Xc XC Xc Y

Xc Xc XC Xc Y

 All 4 offspring genotypes correct = 3 marks

(2-3 offspring genotypes correct = 2 marks or
One offspring genotype correct = 1 mark)
 Probability of colour-blind daughter is zero = 1 mark
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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Total = 15 marks 7 8

Obj. B7.9, C 2.10

Questions Possible Answers KC UK XS

4. (a) Diagram
Structures to be labelled on the diagram:
(A) Nasal cavities/ nostrils = 1 (Accept ‘nose’)
(B) Pharynx = 1 (Accept Nasopharynx; ‘throat’)
(C) Trachea/ wind pipe = 1
(D) Bronchus/Bronchi/bronchioles = 1 6
(E) Lung = 1
(F) Diaphragm = 1
Allow mark for structure name if spelling is off
by 1-2 letters

(b) Both respiratory surfaces

 Have large surface areas to allow gas exchange to
occur more quickly/if surface area is too small there
is a reduction in gas exchange.
 Are kept moist since oxygen and carbon dioxide must be
dissolved to facilitate diffusion. 4
 Are thin to allow rapid diffusion of the respiratory
gases.
(1 mark for each characteristic and 1 mark for each
explanation)
2 + 2 = 4 marks

(c)(i) Effects of components of cigarette smoke

 Tar: cancer of mouth, throat, lungs/ causes lungs to
blacken and reduces lung function/staining of
teeth/gums
 Carbon monoxide: combines with haemoglobin and reduces
oxygen-carrying capacity.
 Particles: stop cilia from sweeping out mucus from
bronchial tubes leads to bronchitis; emphysema/short
breath/difficulty breathing 3
 Acrolein in vapour: constriction of bronchioles
leading to bronchitis; difficulty breathing
If only 2-3 components only or effects only of
cigarette smoke listed without the components allow 1
mark

Any three components with relevant effect on the body = 3

marks

(ii) Effects of nicotine in e-cigarette

 Affects neurotransmitter substances/affects brain
function/speeds up action of the CNS.
 Adrenalin released/heart rate increased
 Blood pressure increased
 Blood platelets adhere / clot/clump/stick to each
other.
 Fatty substances increase in the blood. 2
 Increases blood glucose levels
 Raises metabolic rate
 Reduces appetite/ causes weight loss in the long term
 Artery walls thicken and harden.
 ADH secretion increases / urine reduces
 Causes addiction/dependency/craving
Any 2 outlined = 2 marks
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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Total = 15 marks 6 9
Obj.B3.3, 3.4, 3.5

Questions Possible Answers KC UK XS

5. (a) Blood components for protection against pathogens
 Phagocytes engulf (Accept eat)/destroy
bacteria/pathogens.
 Lymphocytes produce (specific) antibodies.
 Platelets cause clotting/prevent entry of
pathogens/prevent exposure to environment
1 mark for component, 1 mark for function = 6
marks
- Accept white blood cell/leucocytes/leukocytes as
components of the blood only once if used in place of 6
phagocytes/lymphocytes
- Award 1 mark for memory cells and 1 mark for their
function to produce antibodies/respond to
pathogen/disease quickly when reinfection
- Allow 1 mark for function of Plasma in transporting
white blood cells/antibodies/substances to defend the
body against disease/
- Allow 1 mark for function of Plasma Proteins
- Allow 1 mark for function of Red blood cells in
contributing to respiration/energy production for
immunity/antibody production/fight disease

(b) Difference in immunity

Marianne’s immunity:
 Natural passive/immunity
 Antibodies produced by mother 5
 Mother’s antibodies pass to baby through
colostrum/breast milk/breastfeeding
Any 2 = 2 marks
Father’s immunity:
 Artificial/Active immunity
 Antibodies are produced by father’s own
lymphocytes/immune system after vaccination
 Vaccine contains (weakened/small dosage of)
antigens/pathogens
 Memory cells produced
Any 3 = 3 marks

(c) Parents’ concern about immunization

 Vaccine not considered safe/may cause their children
to become sick/disabled
 May cause the child to die
 Religious/cultural concerns e.g. Rastafarian. 2
 The manner in which the vaccine is made/ tested/given
e.g. vegetarians may not want to use a vaccine
tested on animals.
Any 2 = 2 marks
Authorities’ position
 Unvaccinated children can transmit disease to other
children.
 Cause transmission to adults.
 Contributes to loss of productivity 2
 Increased absentee from school/work.
 Contributes to increased medical costs.
Any 2 = 2 marks
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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Total = 15 marks 6 9

S.O. B4.4, 4.5, 4.6

Questions Possible Answers KC UK XS

6. (a) Description of process
 Stage 1/Prophase – Each Chromosome consists of two
sister chromatids appears short and fat/Nuclear
membrane disappears/Nucleolus shrinks and
disappears/Centrioles move to opposite sides of the
cell/Spindle fibres form (1)
 Stage 2/Metaphase – chromatids/ chromosomes line up
on the equator of the cell. chromosomes attach to
spindle fibre at the centromere (1)
 Stage 4/Anaphase – chromatids/chromosomes pulled
apart to opposite poles/Exact copies of chromosomes
are at both sides/opposite poles of the cell (1)
 Stage 5-6/Telophase – Nuclear envelope around the 6
group of chromosomes to make a nucleus/new nucleus
forms. Nucleolus re-appears. Cytokinesis take place.
Cell membrane develops down the middle of cell to
divide into two (cleavage) cells (1)
Additional Points (2 marks maximum from this list)
 Interphase prepares for mitosis: DNA/chromosomes
replicate/centrosome duplicates
 Asexual reproduction involves one parent/Offspring
produced without the use of gametes
 Two separate cells produced or shown in a diagram
which have the same chromosomes/genetically identical
to parent
(Do not accept Fission/cloning)

(b) Advantages of sexual reproduction

(Do not accept Human Reproduction)
 Varies genetically from parents so may adapt better
to surroundings and provides the material for
evolution.
 Reduces competition among offspring for similar
resources due to variation.
 Dispersal of fruits/seeds/seedlings occurs at a 5
distance from parents so reduced competition for
resources
 Reduced chance of extinction/better chance of the
species surviving or not becoming extinct.
Any other reasonable advantage
1 mark for each advantage outlined

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

 Successful reproduction depends on availability of
male (pollen) and female flower (Ovule) parts.
 Reproduction may require external agents such as
insects, wind, water/nectar for pollination
 Can only be pollinated by the same species
 Sexual reproduction takes longer to occur.
 Takes a longer time to colonise an area
 Seeds produced may not be viable.
 Seeds/fruits produced require dispersal mechanisms
which may be unreliable.
 May produce fewer offspring/not on a large scale
 May not get beneficial traits from parents.
 Unable to predict the genotype of the offspring due
to events in meiosis (random assortment, crossing
over)
Any other reasonable disadvantage
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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

1 mark for each disadvantage

Questions Possible Answers KC UK XS

(c) (i) Cloning animals
 Humans prefer the particular species/Animal has
favourable/rare characteristics e.g. fast race horse,
high yield of food (e.g. milk, meat), wool, disease
resistance
 Able to withstand local environment e.g. heat
tolerance
 To increase the population of domestic pet
species/food plants
 Produce many offspring with the same genetic make-up
 Repopulate endangered species
2
 Produce offspring from infertile animals
 Produce offspring from genetically modified organisms
 To maintain the animal species continually
 Prevents introducing undesirable genes
 To demonstrate that it is possible to clone the
animal/for experimental purposes
Any 2 = 2 marks
NOTE: Do not accept: faster process or large scale
production.

(ii) Ethical issues

Religious:
 Playing God (Creator)
 Denigrates human dignity/ may devalue human life- no
longer a sanctity- seen as a product;
 Unnatural way to procreate
 Several embryos created which are unused and
eventually destroyed-morally wrong
 Undermines traditional concept of the family

Technology
 May lead to increases in genetic disorders?
 The technology is costly, so may cause the rich to
exploit the poor
 Safety of the technique- not demonstrated
 Low success rate
 Reduce variation/diversity
 Outcome is uncertain- may not achieve desired result
2
as environment also influences personalities and gene
expression
 Cross boundaries that cannot be restored- ‘slippery
slope”
SOCIAL
 Intentional reproduction of persons with specific
characteristics may lead to exploitation of
male/female gamete donors
 Confused personal identity/psychological development
of the clone
 Can rob/steal someone’s identity/ no longer unique.
 Leads to human enhancement/eugenics/designer babies-
specific traits selected
 Can be used for malicious acts e.g. cloning of
Hitler; serial killers.
Any 2 = 2 marks
Do not accept: new diseases; illegal
Total = 15 marks 6 9
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01207020/KMS/MAY/JUNE 2018
BIOLOGY
PAPER 02 – GENERAL PROFICIENCY
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Obj. B9.1, C2.1, 2.2, 2.3,