ITTI FAYYADAMA AFAANII ASOOSAMA DHEERAA

GOODANNISAA

WIXINEE QORANNOO ULAAGAA DIGIRII JALQABAA

DAMEE BARNOOTA AFAAN OROMOOFI OGBARRUUTIIN
GUUTTACHUUF YUUNIVARSIITII JIMMAA DAMEE
SAAYINSII HAWAASAAAFI HIYUUMAANIITII DAMEE
BARNOOTA AFAAN OROMOOFI OGBARRUUF DHIYAATE

QORATTUUN: IFTUU DAANDANAA

GORSAAN: ABDUSSALAAM A/OLII

AMAJJII, 2022

JIMMA
 BAAFATA
Qabiyyee Fuula
BOQONNAA TOKKO...................................................................................................................1
SEENSA..........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Seen-duubee Qorannichaa.....................................................................................................1
1.2. Ka’umsa Qorannichaa...........................................................................................................1
1.3. Gaaffilee Qorannoo...............................................................................................................2
1.4. Kaayyoo Qorannichaa...........................................................................................................2
1.4.1. Kaayyoo Gooroo............................................................................................................2
1.4.2. Kaayyoo Gooree............................................................................................................2
1.5. Barbaachisummaa Qorannichaa............................................................................................3
1.6. Daangaa Qorannichaa...........................................................................................................3
BOQONNAA LAMA......................................................................................................................4
2. SAKATTA’INSA BARRUU......................................................................................................4
2.1. Barreeffama Kalaqaa (Creative Writing)..............................................................................4
2.2. Asoosama..............................................................................................................................5
2.3. Caacculee Asoosamaa...........................................................................................................5
2.3.1. Jaargocha.......................................................................................................................5
2.3.2. Namfakkii......................................................................................................................5
2.3.3. Waldiddaa......................................................................................................................6
2.3.4. Yoomessa.......................................................................................................................6
2.3.5. Ija...................................................................................................................................7
2.3.6. Ergaa..............................................................................................................................7
2.4. Faayidaa Asoosamaa.............................................................................................................8
2.5. Maalummaa Fayyadama Afaanii..........................................................................................8
BOQONNAA SADII.....................................................................................................................10
3. MALLEEN QORANNOO........................................................................................................10
3.1. Saxaxa Qorannoo....................................................................................................................10
3.2. Irraawwatama Qorannichaa....................................................................................................10
3.3. Madda Qorannichaa................................................................................................................10
3.4. Tooftaalee Odeeffannoon Ittiin Funaanamu...........................................................................10
4. KAROORA BAAJETAA FI YEROO.......................................................................................11
4.1. Karoora Yeroo........................................................................................................................11
4.2. Karoora Baajetaa....................................................................................................................12
Wabiilee.........................................................................................................................................13

II
 BOQONNAA TOKKO

SEENSA

1.1. Seen-duubee Qorannichaa

Asoosamni ijaarama seenaa kalaaqaa kan sammuu dhala namaati. Innis dhugaa hawaasa tokkoo
yookan uummataa tokkooo bifa kalaqaan bahee mul’atuu dha. Akka hayyuun Hawthorn
Jeremy(1992) jedhutti, “Fiction is an event and actions aerated by human mind depending on the
truth of one society it shows that the truth of society by using the creation work.” Akka yaada
kanatt asoosamni dhugaa hawaasaa gama hojii kalaqaatiin kan baasee agarsiisuudha.

Asoosamni caaccuulee (ruqoolee) jaha of keessaa qaba. Sunneen jaargocha, yoomeessaa,

waldiddaa, ija, ergaa fi namfakkii fa’a. Caacculeen kuneenis asoosamaa tokkoof tumsa guddaa
qaba. Keessattuu, namfakkii fi faargochi asoosama tokkoo haalaan qindaa’uu yoo
baate,asoosamni sun bu’aa dhabeessa ta’a.

Akka barreessitoonni garaa garaa jedhanitti asoosamni tokko jaargocha malee bareeffamuu
gonkuumaa akka hin dandeenye kaa’aniru. Akka mujula asoosama dheeraa kan Alamituu,
Cimdii fi Salaamawwit qopheessanirraa argadhetti, “Asoosama keessatti jaargochi akka
hangafaatti ilaalama” jedhu. Asoosamni tokko jaargocha malee seenaan wal-qabatee akka hin
deemne kaa’anii jiru (Alamituu, Cimdii fi Salaamaawiit, 2011).

Asoosamni tokkoo yammuu barreeffamu haala itti fayyadama afaanii eegee qindaa’uu qaba.
Seeraa fi caaseffama afaan sanaa eeguu qaba. Yoo kan ta’uu baate asoosamni sun dubbisaa
biratti dhageettii hin godhatu. Akka Geetachoo (2011) jedhutti ilmi namaa yaada. Fedhii,
hawwii, gammachuu, gaddaa fi waan kana fakkaatan ibsuuf afaan fayyadama. Kanaaf,
asoosamni yaada sammuu barreessaa keessa jiru bifa barreeffamaatiin dabarsa. Kanuma irraa
ka’uun, qorannoon kunis itti fayyadama afaani asoosama dheeraa Goodannisa kan qaacceessuu
ta’a.

1.2. Ka’umsa Qorannichaa

Qorannoo adda addaa keessatti qaaccessi asoosamaa baay’een raawwatameera. Ta’us haala itti
fayyadama afaanii fi haala dhiyeessa asoosamootaa irratti kan dalagame hin jiru. Kanaaf,
qorannoo kana raawwachuuf kaka’umsa naaf ta’eera. Karaa biraatiin, asoosamoota jiran keessaa

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asoosama dheeraa Goodannisa dubbisuuf yaaleera. Kana irraa ka’uun, asoosama kana irratti
qorannoo gama kanaan raawwachuuf xiyyeeffadheera.

Qaaccessa asoosama dheeraa “Goodannisa” jedhu adeemsiisuuf guddina barruu Oromoo irratti
gumaacha godhamu keessatti gumaachuufi namoota fuula duratti qorannoo xiinxala asoosama
adda addaa irratti raawwachuu barbaadaniif bu’uura jedhee waanan yaadeef. Kana malees, gara
fuula duratti qaamni qorannoo kana dubbisu haala itt fayyadama afaaniifi dhileenaya asoosama
tokkoo haala gaariin hubatu yaada jedhu irratti hundaa’uudhaan asoosama kana xiinxaluun
yaada.

Namni asoosama barreessuuf illee qorannoo kana keessatti of ilaaluun hojii asoosama barreessuu
keessatti xiyyefannoo guddoo akka itti kennaniif gargaaruu danda’a jedhee waanan yaadeef.
Namoonni adda addaa dubbisuu tokkoos seenaa asoosama tokko gara fuula duraatti adeemsisuuf
seenaa asoosamaa sanaa qabatee kan deemu akkaataa dhiheenya asoosamaa sanaafi itti
fayyadama afaanii isaa hubachaa deemuun akkaataa dhiheenya akka hubatu taasisuu yaada jedhu
bu’uura godhachuudhaani.

1.3. Gaaffilee Qorannoo

1. Caaseffama asoosamni Goodannisa gama afaaniin jiru maali?

2. Itti fayyadamni jechootaa asoosama kana keessaa maal fakkaata?

3. Asoosamni Goodannisa haala kamiin dhihaate?

4. Barreessaan asoosama kanaa ciminaafi dadhabina akkamii qaba?

1.4. Kaayyoo Qorannichaa

1.4.1. Kaayyoo Gooroo

Kaayyoo gooroon qorannoo kanaa qaaccessa itti fayyadama afaanii asoosama dheeraa
Goodannisaati.

1.4.2. Kaayyoo Gooree

Kaayyoon gooree qorannoo kanaa.

- Caaseeffami asoosama dheeraa Goodannisaa gama afaaniin jiru ibsuu,

- Itti fayyadamni jechoota asoosama kana keessaa adda baasuu,

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 - Haala dhiheenya asoosama Goodannisa itti dhihaate ibsuu,
- Barreessaan asoosama kanaa ciminaafi dadhabina akkamii akka qabu addaan baasuu,

1.5. Barbaachisummaa Qorannichaa

Qorannoon kun yemmuu gaggeeffamu sadarkaa garaa garaa irratti faayidaa kennuu nidanda’a.

 Namoota naannoo kana irratti qorannoo gaggeessaniif akka ka’umsaatti ni tajaajila

 Barattootni Afaan Oromoo baratan gara fuula duraatti waa’ee xiinxala asoosamaa irratt
hubannoo akka argatan taasisa.
 Qorattoonni kan biroon yaada qorannoo kanaa bu’uura godhachuun qorannoo gad-
fageenyaan akka raawwataniif garagaara
 Baay’inaan dhabamuu qaaccessa asoosamaa akka hin mudanneef hanga tokko furuu ni
danda’a.
 Guddina og-barruu Afaan Oromoo gama barreeffamaan jiruuf gumaacha ni godha.

1.6. Daangaa Qorannichaa

Qorannoon kun kitaaba asoosama dheeraa Godaannisa jedhu irratti kan daangeffamedha.
Barreessaan asoosama kanaa haala inni ittiin afaaniitti fayyadamee fi haala dhiyeessuu isaa
qaacceessuuf kan qophaa’eedha.

V
 BOQONNAA LAMA

2. SAKATTA’INSA BARRUU

2.1. Barreeffama Kalaqaa (Creative Writing)

Barreeffamni kalaqaa kan barreessitoonni dhugaa addunyaa kana irraa akkeessuun yaada
dhuunfaa isaaniitiin barreessanii dha. Barreeffamoonnii kunneen diraamaa, fiilmii, asoosamaa fi
waan kana fakkaatan fa’a. Barreeffamoonni kalaqaa kunneen yaada, hawwii fedhii, gadda fi
gammachuu barreessaa sanaa bifa kalaqaan kan ibsanii dha. Akkasumas, dhugaa hawaasaa
barreessaan sun ilaalchisee barreessee bifa kalaqaan baasee ibsa.

Bareeffamni kalaqaa dambii ittiin barreeffaman qabu akka fuullii intermneetii

http://www.iolami.honolulu.hi.us/keables/keables_guide/part_five/creative_writing.htm. jedhutti.

General rules for creative writing:

1. Obey the rules of grammar, usage and punctuation readers will be patient with a demanding
stylistic technique (like stream of consciousness narration) as long as the rewards it offers
justify the work of reading it.

Akka yaada kanatti, barreeffamni kalaqaa seerluga itti fayyadamaa fi sirna tuqaalee haala seera
qabeessaan barreeffamuu qaba. Barreessaan yaada isaa dubbisaan haala hubatuun taasisuu akka
qabu ibsa. Dubbisaan dhugaa jiru sirriitti hubachuu qaba.

2. Show, don’t tell make your language concrete, not abstract, specific not general. Akka
kanaattis, barruun sun haala namaa hubatamuun barreeffamuu akka qabu nama hubachiisa.
Haala ifaa fi hubatamaa ta’een barreeffamuu qaba jechuudha.
3. Maintain a consistent style and tone
4. Use adjectives and adverbs with restraint

Yaadoleen olii kunneenis barreessaan yammuu barreeffamoota kalaqaa barreessu haala

dubbisaan isaa hubachuu danda’uu jechoota mimmiidhagoo fi hubatamoo ta’aniin barreessuu
akka qaba eera.

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2.2. Asoosama

Asoosamni barreeffamoota kalaqaa keessaa isa tokko ta’ee haala caaseffama seenaalee kan
yaada kalaqaati. Asoosamni kan bifa barreeffamaa, sagantaa, teleeviijiinii fa’aan kan dhiyaatuu
dha. Asoosamni dhugaa hawaasa tokkoo kalaqaa fayyadamee haala salphaan gara dubbisaatti
kan dhiyeessuudha (Jaarraa, 2005).

Asoosamni bakka lamatti qoodama. Isaanis: asoosamaa dheeraa fi gabaabaa dha. Asoosamni
dheeraan kan yemmuu dubbifamu sa’aatii baay’eef turuu fi gochaan yookaan jaargochi
asoosamaa kan sirriitt hubatamaa deemuudha. Asoosamni gabaabaan immoo yoo guddate
sa’aatii lamaa fi walakkaa hanga sa’aatii sadiitti kan raawwatu yemmuu ta’u, gochaan isaan
dafee dafee walfaana fiiga.

Gochaan xumurame osoo hin fakkaatiin kan biraan itti fufa. Haa ta’u malee, lameen isaaniiyyuu
ruqoolee asoosamaa hunduma of keessaa qabu (Melakneh, 2006:180).

2.3. Caacculee Asoosamaa

Asoosamni caacculee jahaa of keessaa qaba. Isaanis jaargocha, namfakkii, walldiddaaa,

yoomessaa, ergaafi ija ittiin ni dhihaatu fa’a. Kanneen tokko tokkoon yemmuu ilaallu akka
armaan gadiitti ta’a.

2.3.1. Jaargocha

Asoosama keessatti jaargochi haqaa murteessaadha. Seenaan asoosama sanaa qinda’ee akka
dhiyaatu godha. Akka hayyuu Hawtorn (1992:34) jedhutti, “A plot is an ordered, organized
sequence of events and action; jedha. Akka barreessaa kanaatti jaargoochi seeraan qinda’ee
gocha tokko akka agarsiisu ibsa asoosamni seenaa garagaraa of keessatti qabate yoo dhihachuu
baate dubbisaa biraatti fudhatama hin qabu.

Abrams (1981:39) akka ibsutti pht refers to the main events that take place throughout the
story:jedha. Akka barreessaa kaanaattis jaargochi ta’ee guddaa kan seenaa asoosamaa keessatti
dhiyaatu ta’uu qaba.

2.3.2. Namfakkii

Namfakkin caacculee asoosamaa keessaa isa tokko dha. Namfakkiin asoosama keessatti kan
barreessaan yaada koo waliin deema jedhee kalaqudha. Kunis raawwilee barreessaan itti kenne

VII
hayyuu durummaa yookaan faallaa isaa ta’uun kan bahatudha. Walitti bu’insoota asoosaan uume
hunduma kan baasee ibsu namfakkiidha (Misgaanuu,2011)

Abrams (1981:39) akka ibsutti;

Character refers to the protagonist and secondary characters of the story the
writerdevelops character by what the character thinks what the character does what
thecharacter says what the character looks like, and by other says about the character. All
stories include protagonist many story include antagonist.May stories also secondary or
minor characters jedha.

Akka yaada kanarraa hubatamutti nam-fakkiin kan hayuu duree faallaa isaa fi nama fakkiilee
xixiqqoo haammatudha. Barreessaan waan namfakkii yaaduu, raawwatu jedhu, hubatuufi kan
iron waa’ee isaa maal akka jedhan ni ibsa. Seenaaleen hunduu hayyuu duree ni haammatu, irra
jireessi seenaalee namfakkiilee xixiqqoo kan haammatu ta’uu eera.

2.3.3. Waldiddaa

Waldiddaan walitti bu’insoota barreessaan asoosama kessatti kalaqee namfakkileen bakka isaanii
kennameetti rawwatamudha. Waldiddaan namaa fi nama, namaa fi yaada isaa, namaa fi uumama,
akkasumas namaa fi uumaa isaa waliin wal dhabdee namfakkii hayyuu dureen taasisudha.
(Misgaanuu 2011)

Izerbaye (1957) akka ibsutti “conflict in fiction is the relation committed between the characters
that the auther create by his/her imagination. It is a relation of protaganistuith his/her/its
atangenst in auther imagination; jedha. Kunis kan agarsiisu, waldiddaan waldhabdee asoosaan
namfakkiileef kennudha. Waldiddaan kun ta’ee hayyu-duree fi faallaa isaa gidduutti kan
uumamu fa’aa ta’uu eera.

2.3.4. Yoomessa

Yoomessi yeroo bakka fi haala hawaasummaa asoosaan fayyadamee barruu isaa keessatti
barreessudha. Akka hayyuun Arnold (2001)ibsuuti “Setting presents that what is the place of the
action presented?, time? The social circumstances?”Jedha.Akka yaada hayyuu kanaatti
yoomessi, iddoo ykn bakka raawwiin itti ibsame, yeroo isaafi dhugaa hawaasaa akka
xiyyeffatudha. Hayyuun kunumti (2001) yammuu dabalee ibsu, “Setting refers to the time place

VIII
and social and historical context,” jedha. Kana jechuun yoomessi yeroo raawwii bakka raawwii
fi haala hawaasummaafi seenaa kan haammatudha.

2.3.5. Ija

Ijji asoosama keessatti ramaddii ittin asoosaan asoosama tokko seeneessudha. Akkaata itti
dhiyaate addeessa. Hayyuun Arnold (2001) yemmuu ibsu, “Point of view is who tells the story
(an observer, the protagonist, ---)? From what perspective is the story told (first person narration,
third prson narration, ---) jedha. Yaada kana irraa kan hubannuu ijji bifa seenaan sun ittiin
dubbisaaf dhiyaate kan ibsu ta’uudha.

Abrams(1981)akka ibsutti

Point of view refers to the person who is telling the story. this is the narrator of
the story can be told from first perspective, such as protagonists or eye witness or
the story can be told from third person perspective, which means the narrator is
not a character in the story. Remember that the author and narrator are not the
same . The narrator is the person who is telling the story, jedha.

Akka yaada kanaatti ijji nama seenaa sana himuudha. Kunis seenessadha. Fakkeenyaaf, seenaan
gama nama tokkoffaan kan ibsamu akka raawwii hayyuu dureen bakka bu’ameetti. Yookaan kan
gama nama sadaffaan ibsamu seeneessaan seenaa sana keessa akka hin jirreetti kan ibsamu dha.
Kan hubatamuu qabu barreessaafi asoosaa/seeneessaan tokko miti jechuun eera.

2.3.6. Ergaa

Ergaan kaayyoo asoosaan hojii kalaqaa isaa keessatti baasee agarsiisuuf kaayyeffatedha.(Jeremy,
1992:23). Fuulli interneetii https://open.buffer.com/reading-fiction/ akka ibsutti “Theme refers to
the main idea of the story. It is the truth the writers reveals.” Jedha. Akka yaada kana irraa
hubatamutti waanti ergaan asoosamaa yaada asoosamni sun gama hawaas-dinagdeefi siyaasaan
ibsu kan haammatu ta’uu eera. Yaada asoosaan dabarsuu fedhe gama hawaas-dinagdeefi
siyaasaan ibsu kan qabatudha. Asoosama tokko dubbisanii goolabuuf ergaan asoosama sana
baay’ee murteessaadha (Jeremy, 1992:23).

IX
2.4. Faayidaa Asoosamaa

Asoosamni faayidaalee hedduu qaba. Kan jalqabaa dhugaa hawaasaa baasee mul’isa. Lammaffaa
irratti, asoosamni ofitti amanamummaa nama gonfachisa. Akka hayyittiin Courtney seiter (2015)
fuula interneetii irratti maxxansiistetti “Fiction is a uniquely powerful way to understand other
tap into creativity and exercise your brain,” jetti. Asoosamni yaada nama biraa hubachuuf humna
guddaa akka qabu, kalaqaaf kaka’umsa akka namaaf kennuu fi sammuun akka bifa bareedaan
akka hojii isaa hojjetuuf kaka’umsa kan ta’uuf ta’uu eerti.

Sadaffaan, dandeettii yaadachuu nama babal’isa. Namni dubbisuu dandeettiin waa yaadachuu
dhabuu isaatii baay’ee xiqqoo dha. Dandeettii jechoota baay’ee hubachuullee asoosama irraa ni
argama. Namoonni asoosama dubbisan yeroo baay’ee jireenya gammachuun akka jiraatan
taasisa. Dubbisuun asoosamaa jireenya haala salphaan akka jiraannuuf ni qopheessa.

2.5. Maalummaa Fayyadama Afaanii

Maalummaa fayyadama afaanii ilaachisee hayyoonni garaagaraa hiika baay’ee walirraa

hinfagaanne kennaniiru. Sapir (1921:100) akka ibsametti, “Language has setting. The people that
speak it belong to a race (a number of races), that is to a group which is set off by physical
characteristics from other groups.” Ibsa kana keessatti fayyadama afaanii ilaalchisee qabxii ijoon
afaan yoomessa qabaachuu isaati. Yoomessa yemmuu jedhamus yoomiifi eessatti afaan akkamii
akka dhimma itti bahamuu qabu kan agarsiisudha. Hawaasni afaan gaddaaf, gammachuuf,
barnootaaf, daldaalaaf, siyaasaaf, fi kkf itti fayyadamu garaagarummaa qaba jechuudha.

Kanaafuu, akkaataan fayyadama afaanii yeroofi bakka dhimma itti bahamu irratti hundaa’ uun
garaagarummaa qabaachuu agarsiisa. Yaada kanaan kan walfakkaatu Wolff (2000) akka ibsetti,
fayyadama afaanii sirriitti hubachuuf gaaffilee kanneen akka yoom, eessatti, maalif, akkamitti,
maaliin, eenyuufi kan kana fakkaatan gaaffilee xiinqooqa afaaniin walqabatan kaasuun
hubachuun akka danda’amudha. Kunis itti fayyadamni afaanii yeroo, bakka, kaayyoo, mala,
haala (meeshaa) ittiin dhiyaatuuf eenyummaa nama afaanichi dhiyaatuuf bu’ uureeffachuun adda
addummaa akka qabu ta’ uu nimul’isa. Bakkas ilaachisees, fakkeenyaaf akkaataan itti mana boo’
ichaatti dubbatamuufi mana cidhaatti dubbatu tokko miti. Sababiin yookaan kaayyoon afaan itti
dhimma baanuus itti fayyadama afaanii nimurteessa.Kunis akkaataan afaan bashannansiisuuf
afaanitti dhimma bahamuufi dheekkamsaaaf itti dhimma tokko miti jechuudha. Wanta afaan
ittiin dhimma bahamus akkasuma fayyadama afaanii nimurteessa. Dubbiidhaan, barrreeffamaan,
X
bilbilaan, sochii qaamaa waliinfi kan kana fakkaataniin fayyadamni afaanii adda addummaa
qaba. Qooda fudhattoota afaan dhimma itti bahamuu adda addummaa fayyadama afaaniitiif
sababa isa biraati. Fakkeenyaaf, namoota barataniifi hinbaranneef akkaataan fayyadama afaanii
tokko hinta’u jechuudha.

Akkasumas, Cooper (1976) akka ibsametti, fayyadama afaanii jechuun xiyyeeffannoo garaa-
garummaa afaan tokko yookiin looga tokko keessatti haala dubbiin seerlugaan yookiin jechaan
uumamu yookaan adda addummaa afaanota yookiin loogota gidduutti uumamudha. Ibsi kunis
karaa lamaan kan hubatamu yoo ta’u, inni jalqabaa fayyadama afaanii keessatti garaagarummaa
afaan tokkko keessatti kan mul’atu ta’eet kunis akkaataa itti dubbatamuufi seera afaaniitiin ta’uu
akka danda’udha. Inni lammaffaan immoo adda addummaan kun afaanota lamaafi isaa ol
gidduutti uumamuu akka danda’udha.

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 BOQONNAA SADII

3. MALLEEN QORANNOO

3.1. Saxaxa Qorannoo

Gosti qorannoon kan itti gargaaramu mala qulqulleeffataa ta’ee mala akkamtaati. Sababni isaas
asoosama xiinxalaafi filatame gadi fageenyaan dubbisuun haala itti fayyadama afaanii asoosama
dheeraa Goodannisaa qaacceessuu waan ta’eefii dha. Akkasumas, qorannoon kun mala
kaayyeffataatiin kan filatamedha. Asoosama dheeraa Goodannisa jedhu irratti xiyyeeffachuun
qorannoon kun ni gaggeeffama. Kanaafuu, malli kun filatamuu danda’eera.

3.2. Irraawwatama Qorannichaa

Qorannoon kun kan gaggeeffamu qaacceessa itti fayyadama afaanii asoosama dheeraa
Goodannisa irrattidha. Qorannoon kun kitaabni asoosamaa kun jalqabaa hanga dhumaatti erga
dubbifamee booda itti fayyadamni afaanii asoosama kanaa irraa jalaan ni qaacceffama.
Qaacceessi kunis haala wal-fakkaatuun mata duree mata dureetti qoqqoodamuun qaacceffama.

3.3. Madda Qorannichaa

Qorannoo kanaaf maddi odeeffannoo inni jalqabaa kitaaba asoosamaa Goodannisa jedhu dha.
Kitaaba asoosamaa kana haala itti fayyadama afaanii qaaccessuu kan haammatuu dha.

3.4. Tooftaalee Odeeffannoon Ittiin Funaanamu

Odeeffannoon qorannoo kanaa kallattii tokko qofaan kan funaanamuudha. Innis kitaaba
asoosama dheeraa Goodannisa jedhu gadi-fageenyaan dubbisuun itti fayyadama afaanii
asoosama kanaa barreessaan fayyadame kan ilaallatuu dha.

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 4. KAROORA BAAJETAA FI YEROO

4.1. Karoora Yeroo

Qorannoo tokko yemmuu adeemsifamu karoora yeroo itti raawwatamuu qabaachuu qaba. Ani
qorannoon raawwachuuf jedhuuf karoora yeroo akka kanaa gadiitti kaa’eera.

T/L Wantoota raawwataman Baatii keessaa raawwataman

Mud

Hag
Caa
Gur

Eeb
Sad
Ful

Am

Bit

Ad
1 Mata duree filachuu x

2 Kitaaba sakatta’uu x x x

3 Wixinee qopheessuu x

4 Odeeffannoo funaanuu x x x

5 Odeeffannoo gulaaluu x x x x

6 Waraqaa qorannoo qopheessuun x x x

dhiheessuu

7 Waraqaa dhumaa dhiheessuu x

8 Ibsa gochuu x

XIII
 4.2. Karoora Baajetaa

T/L Hojiilee Hojjetaman Baay’ina Gatii tokko Gatii wahigalaa

Qr Saan Qr Saan

1 Waraqaa Daasxaa l 120 00 120 00

2 Qalama 5 15 00 75 00

3 Baawundarii 1 30 00 30 00

4 Filaashii 1 120 00 120 00

5 Kitaaba 1 50 00 50 00

6 Geejjiba 1 150 00 450 00

7 Barreesisuu 35 5 00 175 00

8 Kooppii 105 0 00 52 50

9 Filuudii 1 5 00 5 00

10 Wantoota biroo - 200 00 200 00

11 Ida’ama - 685 50 1227 50

XIV
 Wabiilee

Abrams (2001). Fiction: Creative works. A.A. University press.

Alamituu Olii, Cimdii Waaqumaa Fi Salaamaawit Tasfaayee,(2011). Asoosama Dheeraa.

Cooper, R. (1976). The Study of Language Use. London: Oxford University Press.

Courterney Seiter, (2015). Guidelines Creative Writing and Their Uses.

Dhaabaa Wayyeessaa (1974). Godaannisa. Finfinnee: biraaninnaa selaam

Fedhasaa Taddasaa. (2013 G. C) Subii.Finfinnee. Subi printing press

Hawthorn, Jeremy (1992). Studying the novel; an introduction U.S London. Edward Arnold
publishing

McKay, S.1982. Literature in the EFL Classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 16(4), pp. 529-536.
Retrieved January 28, 2010, from http://www, jstor.org/stable/3586470.

Melaknesh Mengistu (2006). Fundamentals of literatures. college. A.A university press.

Melaknesh Mengistu. (2008). Fundamental for literature. College. A. A University press.

Misgaanuu Gulummaa (2011). Dilbii. Finfinnee

Wolff, E. (2000). “Language and Society”. In Heine, B. and Nurse. D. (eds.) African
Languages:An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Marsariitii

 https://open.buffer.com/reading-fiction/

 (https://en.Wikipedia.org/literary-theory)

 Http://www.iolani.honolulu.hi.us/keables/keables_guide/part_five/creative_writing.htm

 Http://www.wikipedia/reading_fiction

 Http://open_buffer.com/reading.fiction)

XV