Direct Sequence Spread-

Spectrum
 What is spread spectrum?
 Methods by which energy generated in a
particular bandwidth is deliberately
spread in the frequency domain, resulting
in a signal with a wider bandwidth.
 used for a variety of reasons, including

the establishment of secure

communications, increasing resistance to
natural interference and jamming, and to
prevent detection.
 Why do we need this?
 In some situations it is required that a
communication signal be difficult to
detect, and difficult to demodulate even
when detected. Here the word ‘detect’ is
used in the sense of ‘to discover the
presence of’.
 In other situations a signal is required that

is difficult to interfere with, or ‘jam’.

Commercial use
 Initial commercial use of spread spectrum
began in the 1980s in the US with three
systems: Equatorial Communications System's
very small aperture (VSAT) satellite terminal
system for newspaper newswire services, Del
Norte Technology's radio navigation system
for navigation of aircraft for crop dusting and
similar applications, and Qualcomm's
OmniTRACS system for communications to
trucks
Spread-spectrum telecommunications
 a technique in which a (telecommunication)
signal is transmitted on a bandwidth
considerably larger than the frequency content
of the original information.
 a signal structuring technique that employs
direct sequence, frequency hopping or a hybrid
of these, which can be used for multiple access
and/or multiple functions.
 This technique decreases the potential
interference to other receivers while achieving
privacy.
Forms of spread spectrum
 Frequency-hopping spread spectrum(FHSS)
 direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
 time-hopping spread spectrum (THSS)
 chirp spread spectrum (CSS)
and combinations of these techniques
 Each of these techniques employs pseudorandom
number sequences — created using pseudorandom
number generators .

What is pseudorandom number sequences ?

>is a sequence of numbers that has been computed
by some defined arithmetic process but is effectively
a random number sequence for the purpose for
which it is required.

To determine and control the spreading pattern of the

signal across the allotted bandwidth
 Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS)
 Each bit represented by multiple bits using spreading code
 Spreading code spreads signal across wider frequency band
 In proportion to number of bits used
 10 bit spreading code spreads signal across 10 times bandwidth of 1 bit
code
 One method:
 Combine input with spreading code using XOR
 Input bit 1 inverts spreading code bit
 Input zero bit doesn’t alter spreading code bit
 Data rate equal to original spreading code
 Performance similar to FHSS
DS Modulation
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Example
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Transmitter
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Transmitter
 Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Using BPSK Example
Uses
 The United States GPS, Russian Glonass, and
European Galileo satellite navigation systems.
 Digital cellular phones.
 Cordless phones operating in the 2.4 and 5.8
GHz bands.
 WLAN (802.11a , 802.11b and 802.11g)
 Automatic meter reading
 Military Communication
 Bluetooth
 Radio-Controled model Automatic Vehicles
Benefits

 Resistance to intended or unintended

jamming.
 Sharing of a single channel among

multiple users.
 Determination of relative timing between

transmitter and receiver.

 Disadvantages
 Increased Bandwidth (Frequency usage,
Wideband reciver)
 Need for good PN Sequence generator and
hence complex circuity