Technical Textile Min

Teng 4184
By: Dr. Rotich K. Gideon (PhD)

• Switch off your mobile phone or keep on silent when
you are in class
• Must be on time
• Attend all class:
– Pop quiz will be given randomly
• You should participation in class

• Do your assignments on time and no copying
• You must pass this class
3/7/2020 Teng 4184 - Technical Textiles 2

 Introduction to Technical textiles
 Filtration
 Geo-textiles
 Automotive textiles
 Sewing threads, cords and ropes
 Other technical textiles

Class - 1

Sailing cloth Ropes Tents
 Natural fibres (cotton, flax, jute and sisal) have been used for centuries (and
still are used) in applications ranging from tents and tarpaulins to ropes,
sailcloth and sacking
What does these textiles have in common?
Tricycle cover and seats
Military uniforms
Sports uniform
They are all technical textiles

Lorry cover
Beddings Baby diapers Seat covers Bullet proof vest

 Technical Textiles are textiles that are primarily used for their
performance or functional properties and not for their appearance or
aesthetics.
• Examples of Technical textiles:-  Examples of Technical textiles:-

– Garments ◦ Firefighters protective gear
• Repel water and do not burn, ◦ Breathable
• Self cleaning ◦ Military uniforms
• Recycled or composted ◦ Camouflage
◦ Garments
– Sports apparel ◦ That protect against chemical and
• Wicks sweat from your body biological exposure
and keeps you cool,

• Classified according to the end use and Divided into 12 different categories.
Home
Tech Agro
Tech Medi
Indu
Tech Tech Geo
Sport
Tech Cloth Tech
Oeko
Tech Pro Tech Mobil
Tech Tech
Build
Tech Pack
Tech
• Also known as Industrial textiles (Indutex)
• Used for:
– Separating industrial products,
– Cleaning gases and
– For products movement
• Includes textiles used directly in industrial processes
or incorporated into industrial products as
– Filters, Conveyor belts and Abrasive belts,
– Reinforcements for printed circuit boards, seals
and gaskets, and other industrial equipment.

INDUTECH
Filters Cords
Conveyor belts Industrial hose Insulators

pipe
• These are the Protective Textiles ( Protex)
• Protection against harsh environmental conditions
• The protective textiles are made with the help of
specialty fibers e.g. Aramid fiber, glass fibers
Fire fighting suits Chemical protective suits Personnel protection

Cold Heat Medical Biological war
protection Protection protection fare
Protection
Thermal Biological
Protection Protection
Rays Chemical war
protection fare protection
Radiation Protective Chemical
Protection Textiles Protection
Nuclear Pesticides
Electrical Mechanical
Electromagnetic Electrostatic Industrial Ballistic

protection Protection protection Protection

• These textiles, also known as
Mobiltex,
• Transport textiles
• Used in transport industry,
– Construction of automobiles,
– Railways Airplane seats
– Ships
– Aerospace.
• Divided to:-
– Automotive textiles
– Marine textiles
– Aerospace textiles
Tarpaulins

Mobiltech
Roof tops Carpets Covers Car seats
Tire cords Interior decoration Air bags Safety belt

• These are the sports
Textiles, also known as
sporttex,
• used mainly for making
– Sports wear
– Sports shoes and
– Sports accessories.

SPORTTECH:
Sport shoes Sport equipments Sport wear
Sport Uniform Nets Artificial Field

• Medical Textiles, also known as Medtex.
• Include all the medical fabrics used in health and hygiene applications in both
consumer and medical markets.
• Applications are categorized in four groups:-
i. Implantable products:- (Artificial tendon, cartilage, ligament, joints)
Orthopedics implants, Heart valves and Soft tissue implants.
ii. Non implantable:- Wound care including absorbent pad (wound contract
layer, base material viscose, plastic film) & bandages (elastic/inelastic,
orthopedic, plastics, gauges, lint, padding)
iii. Healthcare/Hygiene products:- Include bedding, clothing, surgical gown
clothes, filters bandages, support & protective materials, surgical suture,
Sanitary pads and diapers etc.
iv. Extra corporeal device:- Artificial kidney, Liver & lungs.
Bandages MEDTECH Surgical gowns
Diapers Sanitary towels

• Geo-textiles (Geotex) –
textiles used mainly for
earth/soil support
• Either woven,
nonwoven and knit
Road construction
fabric
• For Support, drainage
Soil erosion prevention
and separation at or
below ground level
Soil stabilization

• These are the packaging Textiles, also
known as Packtex.
• Textiles have been used for packaging
since ages.
Jute bags
Gift bags
Shopping bag Back bag
Suit cases
Tea bags
• These are the Domestic
Textiles, also known as
Hometex,
• Used in making of many
home furnishing fabrics
Curtains, seat covers, table Towels
cloths
Kitchen textiles Carpets Beddings

• Agro-textiles, also known as Agrotex,
• Used in agricultural applications
Green house
Fishing nets
Mulching mats
Hail protection
nets Harvest nets Root ball Bird nets

• Construction Textiles,
also known as buildtex,
• Used in construction
and architectural
applications.
• Fabrics as PVC coated
high tenacity PES,
teflon coated glass fiber
fabrics are used in
airports and hotels.

• These are the clothing textiles, also known as clothtex.
• Textile products that represent functional, most often hidden components,
of clothing and footwear
Sewing threads Shoe laces Labels
Zippers Elastic bands velcro Padding

• Eco-friendly Textiles, also known as
oekotex or Ecotex.
• Mostly used in
• Environmental protection
applications,
• Floor sealing,
• Erosion protection,
• Air cleaning,
• Prevention of water pollution,
• Water cleaning,
• Waste treatment/ recycling,
• Depositing area construction.

3. Structure/Property of textile
materials used has technical textiles

• High Strength • Anti microbial
• Durable • Insect repellent
• Good abrasion • Anti soiling
resistant • Water repellent
• Chemically inert • Waterproof….
• Flame retardant
• Anti static N/B: Properties required Depends on the
technical textiles end use

• Traditional fibers  High functional fibers
– Cotton, silk, polyester, polyamide - ◦ Kevlar:-
Medical USE. ◦ Anti ballistic apparel, helmet,
– PP and Polyester:- industrial protective clothing,
• used in geo textiles and dry/liquid gloves,
filtration due to compatibility. ◦ Hot gas filtration, optical fiber
– Jute and coir:- cable sheath, high pressure hoses,
sail cloths
• used in biodegradable products and
in packaging industry. ◦ Carbon fibers:
◦ Structural composite for air
– Nylon;-
crafts.
• Anti-ballistic, tire Cords, protection ◦ Ultra high molecular weight poly-
and filtration applications ethylene (UHMWPE)
◦ Glass fiber
Knitted Other
Fabrics Fabrics
5%
2%
Total fabric
consumption – 11 Non woven
bn. kgs. (2000) Fabrics

19%
Woven
fabrics
74%

Technical
textiles
22%
Apparel
consumption
78%

END

By: DR. Rotich K. Gideon
Introduction of filtration
Principles of filtration
Classification of filtration
Textile filter media for dry and wet filtration
•Dust collection
Requirements for Good filter media
Fiber, yarn and fabric selection for filtration
•Solid/ liquid filtration
Requirements for Good filter media
Fiber, yarn and fabric selection for filtration
Nano-fibers in filtration
Filter tests
2
• Filtration is a Mechanical or physical
operation, used for separation of solids from
fluids (liquids/gases) by interposing a medium
through which only fluid can pass.
– Oversize solids in the fluid are retained.
• Separation is not complete; solids will be
contaminated with some fluid and
filtrate will contain fine particles
(depending on the pore size and filter
thickness).
• Filtration is used to separate particles and
fluid in a suspension, where the fluid can be a
liquid, a gas or a supercritical fluid.
– Depending on the application, either one
or both of the components may be
isolated.
3
• Filtration plays a critical role in our day-to-day life by
providing healthier & cleaner products and
environment.
• Textile materials are used in:-
– Filtration of:-
• Air, liquids, food particles & industrial products.
– Vacuum cleaners, power stations, petrochemical
plants, sewage disposal.
• Textile materials (woven & nonwoven) suitable for
filtration due to their complicated structure & thickness.
– Particles follow tortuous path around textile fibers.
– Due to structure, have high filtration efficiencies.
4
• Filtration differs from sieving,
– In sieving, particles too big to pass through sieve holes are retained (particle size
distribution).
– In filtration, a multilayer lattice retains those particles that are unable to follow tortuous
channels of the filter.
– Oversize particles may form a cake layer on top of the filter and may also block the filter
lattice, preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter (blinding).
Filtration
Differs from adsorption, where it is not
physical size of particles that causes
separation but effects of surface charge. VS
Differs from removal of magnetic
contaminants from fluids with magnets
(typically lubrication oil, coolants & fuel
Filtration sieving
oils), because there is no filter medium.
5
• Aim of filter medium is to maximize
possibility of collision and subsequent
retention of particles with filters while
minimizing energy loss of system.
• Efficiency of filtration in filters affected by
porosity which in turn affects Permeability
– Liquid and gas permeability increases with
the increase in porosity of the fabric.
• Type of finish affects the permeability.
• When Porosity increases pressure drop
tends to decrease.
• When flow rate increases, pressure
drop increases.
6
Five principles of filtration
1. Interception:
– When a particle tries to pass filter small space than radius
of particle, it collide with fiber & be stopped or arrested.
2. Inertial disposition:
– When heavy particles are carried, may be thrown out from
streamline flow due to its inertia. May cause particle to be
trapped in the fibers.
3. Random diffusion (Brownian motion):
– Due to random vibrations and zigzag movement of
particles in the flow, particles may follow zigzag route
causing chances of trapping.
4. Electrostatic disposition:
– Micro particles are very difficult to capture with mechanical
methods. Strong electrostatic charges on fibers increase
filtration efficiency.
5. Gravitational forces:
– Under the influence of the gravity, a particle that is sinking
may collide with the fibers and get caught.
7
• Depending on the process of separation,
1) Particle filtration Ultra filtration
– Separation of particles having size above 10 µm
– Filtered out easily with no micro porous membrane.
2) Microfiltration
– Removes contaminants from fluid (liquid & gas) by
passage through a micro porous membrane.
– Pore size range is 0.1 to 10 microns (µm).
– Can use a pressurized system but it does not need to
3) Ultra filtration
– An hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a
semi permeable membrane.
– Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular
weight are retained, while water and low molecular
weight solutes pass through the membrane.
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4) Nano-filtration 5) Reverse osmosis
• used most often with low total – Involves a diffusive mechanism
dissolved solids water such as – Separation efficiency depends on
surface water and fresh influent solute conc., pressure &
groundwater, with the purpose of water flux rate.
softening (polyvalent cation – Works by using pressure to force a
removal) and removal of sol. through a membrane, retaining
disinfection by-product precursors the solute on one side and allowing
such as natural organic matter and the pure solvent to pass to the other
synthetic organic matter. side.
• Nominal pore size of the membrane
typically below 1 nanometer.
9
Classification of filtration
10
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• Dusts create environmental pollution Dust collection theory & principles
problems or other control difficulties caused • Summarized as:-
by their toxicity, flammability & risk of – Gravitational,
explosion – Impaction,
• Dust collection techniques:- – Interception,
– Settling chambers, – Diffusion (Brownian motion)
– Cyclones,
– Electrostatic.
– Granulate filters,
– Electrostatic precipitators and
– Fabric collectors.
• Fabric collector
– Most efficient and versatile especially
when processing very fine particles,
which are slow to settle and, by virtue of
their greater light scatter, more visible to
the naked eye.
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Advantages:
 Most efficient and versatile
 Can handle varying exhaust
gas flow rates & particle
loading
Problems :
 Bag failure
 Abrasion
 Chemical degradation of
fabric
 Exceeding temperature limit
of fabric
13
Practical implications
• Fabric dust collectors draws gas with dust through Tubular
a permeable fabric, constructed with:- sleeves
» Tubular sleeves,
» Longitudinal envelopes or
» Pleated elements.
• Particles in the gas stream are retained, leading Longitudinal
to formation of layer of dust on the surface.
envelopes
– Referred to as a ‘dust cake’.
– Accumulated dust leads to a reduction in
permeability
• Fabric must be cleaned at intervals to return the
pressure drop to a more acceptable level. Pleated
• Dust is then again collected and the filter elements
continues through cycles of dust accumulation
and cleaning.
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Cleaning mechanisms
1. Shake cleaning
2. Reverse air cleaning 2. Reverse
3. Pulse jet cleaning air
cleaning
1. Shake
cleaning
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Fabric design or selection considerations
1. Thermal and chemical
conditions of the gas stream
– High temperatures 2. Filtration requirements
• loss in tenacity due to
oxidation • Should consider the:-
• less effective cleaning due to – Particle Size and size
cloth shrinkage. distribution
• Above 100°C, superheated – Particle Abrasive nature,
steam, will also cause rapid – Particle Electrostatic
degradation of many fibres
through hydrolysis. charge,
– Traces of acids in the gas stream – Temperature of particles
pose very serious risks to the filter – Presence of moisture
fabric.
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Fabric design or selection considerations
3. Equipment considerations
– Cleaning mechanisms and the
forces applied
– Subjected to quite vigorous flexing
and stretch from the weight of the
dust load therefore a filter fabric
with superior flexibility will
provide a longer life.
4. Cost
– Should be competitive cost.
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Fibers used
 Generally, for filtrations, synthetic fibers are used because:
1) They have reduced fabric 6) Higher filtration rate

weight 7) Higher fatigue resistance
2) They are having higher strength 8) Good dimensional stability
3) Easier handling and replacement 9) High temperature resistance
4) Easier separation of filter cakes 10) Better abrasion, corrosion and
5) Resistance to rot chemical resistance
18
Fabric construction for Dust collection
1. Woven fabrics 2. Non woven - Needle felts
• Used in shake collectors • Mostly used in dust collection,
• Elementary twill Weave used • Higher filtration velocities
• Area densities range 200–500gm-2. • Produced by needle punching with a
woven base cloth on both sides
• Advantage of woven filters:-
• Quality improved by:-
– Resistance to stretch and flex
fatigue from shake cleaning (i) Needle design, needle fineness and
needle orientation,
mechanism,
(ii) Needle board pattern, and
– Efficient dust release Surface
needling programme, that is,
– Maximum particle capture punch rate and penetration.
minimum resistance to gas flow. • Needle felt area densities are typically in
the range 300–640gm-2
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 Randomness of textile structure increases Scanning electron micrograph
probability of particle being caught by fibers. showing cross-section of a
 Nonwoven fabric provide higher filtration nonwoven dust filter
efficiency than woven or knit fabric.
 Nonwoven fabrics may give a 3-D structure with
a larger thickness which increases the distance for
particle to travel.
Advantages of Non- woven filters

1) High permeability
2) High filtration efficiency
3) Less blinding tendency
4) No yarn slippage as in woven media
5) Good gasketing characteristics
6) Good cake discharge
20
Fabric construction
3. Knitted fabrics
• Because of seamless tubular
form, weft-knitted fabrics Woven
fabric
provide, in theory, an attractive
and economic alternative to both
woven and needled
constructions. Needle felt
fabric
• By inlaying appropriate yarns
into the knitted structure, the
elasticity can also be controlled
and particle collection capability Knitted
can be enhanced. fabric
21
Finishing treatments 1. Heat setting
• Improve stability of the fabric and
• Improves • Increase the density of the structure
– Fabric stability, through increased fibre consolidation
assisting in achieving a higher level of
– Filtration collection filtration efficiency.
efficiency,
– Dust release, and 2. Singeing
– Resistance to damage • Protrusions may inhibit cake release by
clinging to the dust, it is common
from moisture and practice to remove them.
chemical agents. • The fabric is passed, at relatively high
speed, over a naked gas flame or, in
another technique, over a heated copper
plate.
22
3. Raising 4. Calendaring
• Create a fibrous surface, to • Improve the fabric’s surface smoothness &
enhance the fabric’s dust hence aid dust release,
collection capability.
• Increase the fabric’s filtration efficiency by
• For woven fabrics
comprising staple-fibre yarns regulation of its density and permeability.
• Fabric is pulled over a series 5. Chemical treatments
of rotating rollers clothed • Applied;
with card wire – To assist in dust release,
• Smooth surface aid cake
release – Provide protection from chemically
aggressive gases
• Raised staple yarns enhance
particle collection – where flammability is a potential hazard,
efficiency. padding through commercially available
flame retardant compounds may be
necessary.
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Respiratory Air Filtration DUST filtration
Engine air filtration Industrial Air Filtration

24
25
Introduction
• Ways of solid/liquid
separation:-
– Settling and floatation,
– Hydro cyclones and evaporation,
– Magnetic and electrostatic
– Gravity and centrifuge,
– Vacuum and pressure
– Filter media
26
Fabric design/selection considerations
1. Thermal and chemical 2. Filtration requirements

conditions of the media i. Filtrate clarity
• Temperature of the media • The mechanisms
to be filtered – Screening or straining: particles are
• Chemical conditions retained by the medium
– Depth Filtration: particles are held
• Resistance to organic through attachment to the fibres
solvents and mineral oils
– Cake filtration: accumulation of
particles that ‘bridge’ together in a
porous structure on the surface of the
fabric, fabric thereafter acting simply as
a support.
27
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ii. Filtrate throughput vi. Filter aids and body feed
– Restrictions to flow • Filter fabric may require assistance,
iii. Resistance to blinding • This is carried out in order
– Resistance to filtrate flow (i) to protect it from blinding,
– Temporary or permanent; (ii) to assist in the collection fine particles
iv. Good cake release (iii) to enable more efficient cake release.
– Cake must be removed from
fabric in preparation for the next Blinding of filter fabric
cycle
v. Resistance to abrasive forces
– Arise from shape and nature of
particles
– Fabric should to withstand the
impact forces from particles.
– Achieved by appropriate yarn and
fabric construction Before After
29
3.Filtration equipment considerations
• The fabric should be capable of providing
trouble-free performance on the
equipment itself.
• In this respect it should provide
– Resistance to stretch,
– Resistance to flex fatigue, and 4. Costs
– Resistance to the abrasive forces • Should be competitive.
• Should provide maximum
cost effective performance
to ensure continuity of the
operation
30
Parameters in filter selection summary
31
Yarn types and fabric constructions
• Four types of yarn to choose – Monofilament, – Fibrillated tape and
from when designing a filter – Multifilament, – Staple-fibre yarns.
fabric, namely:-
1. Monofilament
• Characteristics :- (i) Resistance to blinding,
(ii) High filtrate throughput, and
(iii) Efficient cake release
• Smooth surface of the yarn
• Disadvantage:-
– Apertures too large for very fine particles
– Resistance to abrasive forces is low
• Diameters used :- 0.15–0.35mm,
• Fabric area densities :- 180 and 450gm-2. Monofilament and multifilament
32
2. Multifilament
• More flexible than monofilaments,
• Weave the tightest and most
efficient woven fabrics.
• Advantage when filtering fine
particles (<1mm) at very high
filtration pressures.
• Inferior to monofilaments in respect
of throughput and their resistance
to blinding.
• Fabric area densities :- 100gm-2 to
1000 gm-2. Multifilament Fabric
33
3. Fibrillated tape (‘split
film’) yarns
• Provide protection for the
more delicate primary filter
fabric from damaging
surfaces while permitting the
free flow of filtrate
• Fabric density:- 400–600 gm-2
• Yarn linear densities :-2200 Scanning electron micrograph showing
decitex and higher are fibrillated tape fabric.
employed.
34
4. Staple-fibre yarns
• Because of their bulk, higher flow
rates and resistance to blinding
• Resistance to abrasive forces,
• Yarns are usually spun with 3.3
decitex
• Fabrics densities :- 350–800 gm-2
• Plain weave,
– maximum efficiency
– dimensional stability,
• Twill weave,
woolen ring-spun fabric
– greater bulk and hence greater
resistance to abrasive
35
Fabric constructions and properties
1. Plain weave 3. Satin weaves
• Tightest and most rigid • Efficient cake release and higher
• Suited where thread displacement throughput
may otherwise be experienced. • used with monofilament yarns.
2. Twill weaves 4. Duplex and semi-duplex weaves
• fabrics of higher density and hence • High density fabrics
greater bulk • Have solidity and stability suited to filters
• Twill weave fabrics are more • Cost of weaving is high
flexible than plain weave fabrics, 5. Needle felts
• Prone to blinding
36
Finishing treatments
Reasons for doing finishing 1. Dimensional stability
treatments:- treatments
• Ensure dimensional stability, • Achieved by:
• Modify the surface for more – Heat setting
efficient cake release, – Yarn selection
• Regulate the permeability of 2. Surface modifications
the fabric for more efficient – For more efficient and more
particle collection. durable coatings
– structural stability
– Resistance to chemical and
abrasive agents.
37
3. Permeability regulation
– Calendaring
Before After Scanning electron micrograph showing

needle felt with fused fiber surface.
38
39
Nano-fibers in filtration
• Use of submicron fibers results in better filter efficiency, at same pressure drop in
interception & inertial impaction regimes, as compared with their coarser
counterparts.
• Production of nano-fibers is done with electro-
spinning processes where an electric field is applied
to draw a polymer solution from the tip of a capillary
to a collector.
• Smaller size of these nano-fibers will lead to a higher
pressure drop and interception and inertial
impaction efficiencies will increase faster, which can
more than compensate for the pressure drop increase.
• Filtration efficiency of Nano- filter media increased
with the increase in thickness of the nano-fiber mats,
controlled by the deposition time of the electro-
spinning process. Electro-spinning processes
40
Electro-spun nano fibers on a polyester substrate
41
• The filters are evaluated for
their ability to remove particles Important test characteristics
of a specified diameter from a include:
fluid
1) Permeability
• Methods of filter description:-
2) Differential pressure
– Absolute rating
– Nominal rating, 3) Efficiency
– Mean filter rating, 4) Strength
– Beta ratio,
5) Chemical resistance
– Microbial rating,
– Filter permeability, and the effects
of pulsating flow.
42
1. The absolute rating ;- refers to size of largest particle which will pass through
pore opening, has direct relationship to actual filter pore size.
2. The nominal rating:-% retention by weight of a specified contaminant.
3. The mean filter rating:- Measurement of average pore size of a filter.
4. The beta ratio:- It is effectively the ratio of number of upstream particles larger
than a specified size to the number of downstream particles larger than a
specified size. The higher the beta ratio, the greater the number of particles
retained by the filter and therefore the greater the efficiency.
5. The microbial rating:- generally used for membrane filters that are used in the
sterilization industry & expressed as ability of filters to sterilize liquids.
6. The filter permeability:- is the expression of resistance to flow provided by the
filter media
43
• The dirt capacity test:- determine dirt holding capacity or the life figure for the
filter media.
• The pressure drop test:- establish pressure drop across the filter for different
flow rates.
• The fabric substrate used for the filter media will need to provide certain
characteristics, dependent on the application.
– The typical properties required include:-
• Abrasion resistance, stretch resistance, dimensional stability, and
resistance to flex fatigue.
• All these performance criteria can be assessed by using suitable test methods.
The fabric will also be tested for
– correct warp and weft sett, air permeability, thickness, density, and fabric
tensile properties.
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45
Geo-textiles 1
(class 3)
1 By: Dr. Rotich k. Gideon

 Introduction
 Functions
 Fibers, yarns and fabric selection criteria for
geo-textiles
 Application areas of geo-textiles
 Types and application of geo-textiles
2
 Geotextiles have many applications & currently support many civil
engineering applications including:-
Roads, airfields, railroads, embankments, reservoirs and canals,
Dams, bank protection, coastal engineering & construction site silt fences .
 Usually placed at tension surface to strengthen the soil.

 Geotextiles are also used for sand dune armoring to protect upland
coastal property from storm surge, wave action and flooding
3
Babylonians 3000 The Great Wall of In the age of Pharaohs,
years ago constructed China, completed geotextiles have been
Ziggurats using reeds circa 200 BC, utilized seen to be used in
in the form of woven tamarisk branches to roadways constructions,
mats and plaited ropes reinforce mixtures of to stabilize the roads and
as reinforcements clay and gravel their edges.
Early geotextiles were basically natural fiber or vegetation mixed directly with soil.
4
 The use of synthetic fiber-based geo-textiles in ground engineering started
to develop in the late 1950s,
 Permeable woven fabric employed

underneath concrete block revetments
for erosion control in Florida and in the
Netherlands in 1956,
 First modern nonwoven geotextile was

developed in 1968 in France.
 It was a comparatively thick needle-
punched polyester used in dam
construction in France during 1970.
5
1. Filtration
• Stops particles, whilst liquid, passing through;
• Allows seeping of water retaining most of the
soil particles being carried away by water current.
2. Drainage
• A geotextile acts as a drain when it collects and
redirects liquid or gas towards the outlet
3. Separation
• It segregates the materials and prevents
mixing, especially at applied
4. Reinforcement
• The stability of the weak soil is complemented
by higher tensile strength of fabric.
6
o Surfacing – used when a smooth & flat ground surface is required &
preventing the soil particles to be removed from the soil surface.
o Solid barrier – used as solid barrier when it prevents motion of solids.
o Container –Acts as a container holding/protects materials as sand, rocks,
fresh concrete etc.
o Tensioned membrane – Acts as a tensioned membrane when it is sandwiched
between two materials having different pressures.
o Tie –Acts as a tie when it joins various pieces of a structure that is capable of
moving apart.
o Slip surface – A geotextile placed between two materials by minimizing the
frictional characteristics of the structure.
o Absorber – Acts as an absorber when it shares the stresses and strains
transmitted to the material that is required to be protected.
7
 Natural fibers can be used
They offer relatively high strength,
high modulus, low breaking
extension and low elasticity.
 Plant fibres used in geo-textile:-
 Jute, sisal, flax, Hemp, abaca,
Ramie and coir
 Advantages of natural fibers
 Low cost,
 Robustness,
 Availability,
 Good drape ability
 Biodegradability
 Environment friendly
8
 Main raw materials for the Polypropylene,
manufacture of most types of geo-
 Advantages
textiles
 polypropylene,  Low density
 polyester,  Good tensile property
 polyamide and  High fatigue resistance
 polyethylene
 Disadvantages
 Sensitive to UV and
temperature
 poor creep and mineral oil
resistance
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Polyester Polyamides
 Superior resistance  High strength and creep
properties
 High tenacity values
 Fabric structure and finishing
 High stress applications
treatments influence their
 Use in elevated temperature properties
 Abrasion resistance  Cost and overall
 Resistance to UV performance render it
 High modulus inferior to polyester
10
 Higher cost than natural ones
 Non-biodegradable and
 May cause soil pollution
 The material composition of geo-
textiles determines their longevity
in the field:
 Natural products last 2 – 5 Yrs
 Synthetic products last >25 years
11
 Woven,
 Heat-bonded nonwoven,
 Needle punched
nonwoven,
 Knitted -restricted to
warp-knitted textiles
 fibre/soil mixing.
12
 Lighter weight woven fabrics as:
 Soil separators, filters and erosion
control textiles.
 Heavy weights woven fabrics as:-
 Soil reinforcement in steep
embankments and vertical soil
walls
 Advantage
 Stress can be absorbed by the warp and
weft yarns and hence by fibres, without
much mechanical elongation
13
 More than 75% of the market
utilizes geo-textiles made from
various nonwoven fabrics
 Chiefly
 Staple-fibre needle punched
 Continuous-filament spun-
bonded nonwovens.
 Nonwoven materials are
normally 25–30% cheaper than
woven materials
SEM of Non-Woven geotextile fibres

14
1. Mechanical factors considered
 Weight and area density
 Breaking strength
 Effect of temperature
 Creep can cause physical failure of a geo-
textile if held under too high mechanical
stress.
 Wing tear, grab tear and puncture resistance
 Strength of joints between sheet edges is an
important aspect of geo-textile performance
15
2. Filtration factors
 Geo-textiles are used in lining of ditches, beneath roads, in waste
disposal facilities and for building basement drainage.
 Permeability- depends on fabric construction
 Largest hole sizes and largest particle sizes are assessed by

consideration of the largest elements of the fabric and soil.
16
3. Chemical factors
 Geotextile should resist agents of
deterioration which include:-
 Organic ;-
 Attack by micro- and macro faunas
 Inorganic
 Extreme pH environments
 Light exposure - UV
 Time change within the textile fibers
 As a consequence of ambient
temperature and thermal
degradation
17
4. Performance
 Design of geo-textiles:
 Includes:-
 Retention criteria: Geotextile designed such that
larger particles are retained
 Permeability criteria: Geotextile must have high
permeability so that no build up in water pressure
Railway support
 Clogging criteria: Blocking of pores or caking up
the upstream side of the geotextile and a
progressive increase of the water head loss in the
geotextile
 Durability of geo-textiles: Ability of a material to
remain intact and to carry out its prescribed
functions effectively during the entire life of the
project.
18 Drainage lining
19
• Why use a geotextiles separator?
 Prevent reduction of load bearing capacity caused by
mixing fine-grained sub-grade with aggregate base.
 Increase bearing capacity by preventing migration of
aggregate or armor blocks into soft sub grade.
 Increase degree of compaction possible.
 Reduce deterioration of roads through frost heave
effects.
 This results in:
 Lower installation costs
 Faster construction time.
 Lower maintenance costs.
 Increased road service life.
20
 The equilibrium geotextile to soil system that allows for adequate
liquid flow with limited soil loss across the plane of geotextile over
a service lifetime
21
 Geotextiles will efficiently
collect superfluous water
from structures, such as
rainwater or surplus
water, from the soil and
discharge it.
22
 Geotextile acts as a reinforcing element in a soil mass or in
combination with the soil to produce a composite that has
improved strength and deformation properties
Geotextile high soil
fabric friction
coefficient and high
tensile strength, they
are an ideal
reinforcement solution.
23
 Geotextiles are an ideal protection
from erosion of earth
embankments by wave action,
currents or repeated drawdown.
 A layer of geotextiles can be placed
so as to prevent leaching of fine
material.
 They can be used for rock beaching
or as mattress structures.
 They can even easily be placed
under water.
24
 The classic application of a geotextile as a liquid barrier in paved
road rehabilitation
 It minimizes vertical flow of water into the pavement structure
25
 Lightweight foam fill on
soft or sensitive soils
 It also used for forest-
sensitive soil
26
Soil is strong in compression &
weak in tension
To provide tensile strength to soil,
the reinforcement of soil is necessary.
Main areas where soil reinforcement
may be applied are as follow:
Slope & Embankments,
foundations,
retaining walls.
27
Many coastal areas are facing increasing shoreline erosion due to rising
seas and coastal storms
Shoreline protection or reinforcement is done to protect development
by preventing shoreline retreat.
28
 Reduces erosion from rainfall impact and Holds soil in place
 Absorb and hold moisture on soil surface
 Stabilize soil until vegetation is established
29
 It is used to retain the earth structure or retain the structural integrity
 Reduces the lateral movement of soil particles
30
o Geo-membranes,
o Geo-nets,
o Geo-grids,
o Geo-cells,
o Geo-composites,
o Geo-mats.
o Biomet and Bionets
31
1. GEOMEMBRANES
 An impermeable material in
the form of a sheet
 Used in linings/covers of
liquids/solid storage facilities
 Primary function is as a liquid
or gas barrier
 Act as a barrier for flow of
water or any hazardous
liquid
 The simplest example is
canal lining
32
2. GEONETS
 Net like configuration
 Useful in drainage application
 Used for drainage applications

because these are provided with
space between two non woven
textiles to minimize clogging and
any possible leakage from either
of the membranes as a geo-
composites
33
3. GEOGRIDS
 Consist of regular network of integrally
connected elements, link by extrusion or
bonding.
 Have high tensile strength and dimensional
property at very low elongation
 used in:-
 Soil stabilization and
 Reinforcement of retaining walls
 Embankment applications
 Biaxial geo-grids are used as separator in
between sub grade and aggregate
 Woven/ knitted polyester coated geo-grid used
for wall retaining application
34
4. GEOCOMPOSITES
 When geo-grid/Geo-membranes are
combined with woven or non woven
geotextile for specific application like
drainage, erosion control, bank
embankment, etc, then they are
designed as Geo-Composite
 A typical example is EnkaDrain ®
 It is a drainage mat which has a
drainage core bonded to a synthetic
nonwoven geotextile layer or is
sandwiched between two such layers.
35
5. GEOMAT
 It is a polymeric structure in the form of
manufactured sheet
 Used for erosion control and soil
reinforcement like in running canals
36
6. GEOCELL
 It is a polymeric cellular structure
consisting of a regular open
network of connected stripes
linked by extrusion, adhesion or by
other methods
 used as embankment geo textile
which have high tensile strength to
prevent bank from the cracks.
 The rigidity of these textile ensure
the even distribution of force
exhibited by water
37
7. Biomat and Bionet
 These are permeable, natural and therefore
biodegradable polymeric material in the form of the
manufactured sheet.
 Biomat
 consist of fiber such as jute, coir, sisal, straw, are kept
together by one or two layers of synthetic or natural
meshes
 Bionet
 Consist of a regular network of knotted or interlaced
yarns whose openings are larger than the constituents
 Jute are used for moisture holding capacity of soil
these are degrade into the soil and reduce the velocity
of flow of water and hold the fertile soil at place
38
Assignments
 Discuss the given technical textile under:-
 (Min 3 pgs –Max 5 pgs) (plus cover page, table of
contents and references.)
o Introduce the technical textile
o Requirements of the technical textile
o Fibers used
o Yarns used
o Fabric structure
o Finishing applied
o Its use in Pictures
39
1. Car fuel filters 16. Military uniforms 30. Back bags
2. Motor bike helmet 17. Military helmets 31. Jute bags
3. Parachute 18. Chemical protective 32. Tea bags
4. Space suits clothing 33. Tents
5. Carpets 19. Fire fighting suits 34. Stadium covers
6. Towels 20. Sports wear 35. Scaffoldings
7. Table covers 21. Sport shoes 36. Conveyor belts
8. Kitchen apron 22. Sport nets 37. Baby diaper
9. Zippers 23. Artificial field 38. Sanitary towels
10. Velcro 24. Sport balls 39. Wipes
11. Elastic bands 25. Green house 40. Surgery uniform
12. Umbrella fabric 26. Harvesting nets
13. Shoe laces 27. Bird nets
14. Bullet proof vest 28. Fishing nets
Industrial gloves 29. Suit cases
4015.
End
41
Geotextiles part 2
By: Dr. Rotich K. Gideon
Class 4
1
Contents
 Functions of geo-textiles
 Evaluation methods of geo-textiles
 Test methods of geo-textiles
 Examples
2
Functions of geo-textiles
 Separation,
 Filtration,
 Drainage,
 Reinforcement,
 Sealing
3
1. Separation
 “The introduction of a flexible  Reasons:-
porous textile between dissimilar  To prevent mixing of adjacent
materials so that the integrity and soils but allow free passage of
the functioning of both the fluids.
materials can remain intact or be  To preserve drainage and
improved”. strength of the aggregate
material.
 Important characteristic
properties :
 Thickness
 Permeability
4
Geotextile being rolled out to provide separation.
5
Separation Applications
 At sub-grade/sub-  Between
base interfaces in embankment fill
temporary and and soft foundation
permanent roads soil
 Between railroad
ballast and
foundation soil
6
2. Filtration
 It allows liquid to pass normal to its own
plane, while preventing soil loss Three cases:
i. Filter for particles suspended in a
liquid:
 Stop the fine particles while allowing water
to go through it.
ii. Filter for removing water from soil:
 Placed between the soil, from which water
is removed (by drainage or pumping), and
the open material (aggregate, perforated
pipe, porous plastic mat) the function of
which is to collect and convey the water;
7
iii. Filter associated with  Properties considered in filtration action:
armor:
 Porosity and
 Placed between soil
 Permeability
protected from wave action &
coarse material which
constitutes the armor;
 Minimize movement and
loss of soil particles while
allowing the water to go
through it.
 Helps water passage while
retaining soil particles.
8
 For filtration, Clogging is
important,
 Fine-grained geo-materials aid
clogging.
 To enhance the anti-clogging
performance, hydraulic properties
of geotextile should be satisfactory.  Geo-materials properties have effect
on filtration,
 Hydraulic properties of geotextile:-
 Water content,
 Porosity and Permeability  Specific gravity,
 Permittivity and Transitivity  Optimum moisture content
 Turbidity/soil retention and  Maximum dry density of the
filtration material
9
3. Drainage (Transmissivity)
 Ability of geotextile to provides an
avenue for flow of water through the
plane of the geotextile.
 Properties of drainage geotextile:-
 Thickness,
 Mass/unit area,
 Strength and deformation
 Pore size distribution (permeability).
 The thicker and bulkier the fabric, it performs
the better drainage.
 The structure arrangement determines
the drainage hydraulic behaviour.
10
Transmissivity is evaluated by
the amounts of water to be passed
through the geotextile specimen
flow under the confined normal
stress and the specific hydraulic
gradient
 Allowing liquids and gases to flow

both through the plane of the
material.
 Used for surface water runoff or for
gas collection under membranes.
11
4. Reinforcement
 Improvement in total system which
create strength by introducing geotextile.
 Geotextile ability to distribute the load put
on the soil to avoids cracks or gaps.
 Soil stability improved by the strength
and stiffness of the geotextile.
 Properties of reinforcements geotextile:-
 Sufficient strength
 Embedment length at sufficiently
small strains (high modulus)
 Woven geotextile recommended because
it provides high strength at small strains
12
 Providing additional strength
to soils to enable steep
slopes and soil structures to
be constructed
 Allow construction over
weak and variable soils.
13
5. Sealing
 A waterproofing/impermeable geotextile is used to
minimizing vertical flow of water into the pavement
structure.
 One most important factors affecting performance of
geo-synthetic interlayer is the bond established
between the old pavement and the new overlay
 Used to Isolate one material form another.

 Frequently used in landfills where impermeable
linings prevent contamination of surrounding
soils.
14
Lined
water
reservoir
Canal lining
Land fill
lining
15
Evaluation methods of geo-textiles
16
Introduction
 The performance can be assessed based on:
 Filtration and separation efficiency,
 Design criteria
 UV resistance
 Chemical and biological resistance
 Fire resistance
 Mechanical damage resistance
 Toxicity
 Durability and survivability
17
1. Filtration
 Determined by retention capacity of
geotextile for soil particles while
maintaining the required flow
 Filter size of largest pore in geo-textile
is smaller than larger particle of the soil.
 Geo-textile not clogged if majority of
openings were sufficiently larger than
the smaller particles of soil.
 A large number of openings are the
pre-requisite to maintain the proper
flow
18
2. Design criteria
 Retention criteria:-
 Larger particles are retained to form a
soil “bridge” resulting in the
development of a stable soil structure,
capable of preventing further migration.
 Effective pore size of the geo-textile
and soil particle size
 Permeability criteria: -
 Geo-textiles need to be more permeable
than soil it is retaining based on the
assumption that the flow should not be
hindered at the soil/geotextile interface
19
3. Durability of geo-textiles
 Defined as the ability of a material to
remain intact and to carry out its
prescribed functions effectively during the
entire life of the project.
Natural fibers  Resistance exhibited by the constituent
fibers to the environmental conditions
 A geo-textile should have:-
 Sufficient strength and
 Ability to resist when stretched, ruptured,
punctured, as well as during cutting,
Synthetic fibers compression, abrasion and silting.
20
4. UV resistance
 The performance of most polymers
is degraded, to different extents,
by ultra violet light (UV).
 Polymer bonds breakdown and
this can result in a loss in
properties.
 Geo-synthetics should contain a
well-dispersed UV inhibitor that
protects the polymer chains.
 Carbon black is the most cost-
effective agent for these purposes.
21
5. Chemical and biological resistance
 Some geo-synthetics are used in
aggressive environments such as in
the containment of landfills and
contaminated land.
 The geotextile should proof
stability with the specific
chemicals present.
 It may be necessary to carry out a
specific immersion test at elevated
temperatures using the actual mix
of chemicals.
22
6. Fire resistance
 Geotextile are used in applications
where flammability can be a
consideration.
 There are specific tests to
measure flammability.
 Can be made of :-
 Inflammable polymers or
 by the inclusion of additives
or fire retardant finish.
23
7. Mechanical damage resistance
 Rigors of installation can often be more
demanding than the ultimate in-service
requirements.
 Site damage tests can be specified such as
rock drop tests for coastal applications.
 Laboratory tests have been developed to
closely simulate in-service conditions.
 One of these is the Cylinder test that
evaluates the performance of geotextile
protector, liner and drainage aggregate
combinations.
24
8. Toxicity
 Geotextiles are frequently used
where surface or ground water
regulations apply.
 Evidence must be provided to
confirm that no materials will
migrate or be extracted from the
geotextile.
 Alternatively, that the nature or
the levels of any extracts do no
present a risk to the environment.
25
Tests
26
27
Tensile strength testing Puncture testing
28
29
Creep testing
Cone drop
perforation tests
30
Examples
31
Palm Island Dubai
32
Polymer gabions in erosion control
 Polymer gabions are 3-D flexible box like
structures fabricated from polymer ropes
 Usually filled with stone and used for
structural purposes as retaining walls,
revetments, slope protection and similar
applications
 Advantage of polymer gabion to
conventional steel gabion
 Excellent flexibility
 High resistance to corrosion
 High tensile strength
 Ease of installation
33
Gabion Gravity
Gabion for soil erosion control
retaining wall
34
Reinforced Embankments
Embankment Erosion
Embankment cross-section Reinforced Embankment
35
Land fill construction
36
Tunnel lining using Geo textile membrane
AGRUFLEX tunnel lining system
37
End
38
Mobile textile
Dr. Rotich K. Gideon
Class 5
Contents
• Introduction • Examples
• Categories – Seat belt
– Seat covers
• Automotive textiles – Interior carpets
• Introduction – Car body covers
• Functions – Air bags
• Examples – Insulating felts
– Tyre cords
– Door casing
5/5/2020 Mobile textiles 2

Introduction
• This are textiles used by
transport industry.
• Also called Mobile textiles
• Branches of mobile textiles
– Automotive textiles
– Marine textiles
– Aero space textiles
5/5/2020 Mobile textiles

3
Introduction
• Automotive textile are textiles used
in vehicles that are used in land
transport
• Textiles are widely used in
automotive industry right from light
weight vehicles to a heavy truck or
heavy duty vehicles.
• Hence, the term automobile textile
means all type of textile
components e.g. fibers, filaments,
yarns and the fabrics used in
automobiles

Functions of Automotive Textiles
1. Comfort
Warm and soft
3. Safety purpose
feel of seats  safety belt
Flexible seats Air bag
Moist and odour
resistant interior
2. Decorative 4. Functional Textile

Better interior Noise control
Carpets  Filters
Battery separator
Tyres

Reasons for the Growth of automobile textiles
Reducing vehicle weight
Result in cutting down CO2 emission and achieving better fuel-efficiency,
replacing metal by fiber composites
Improvement in standard of living
Resulting in greater demand for personal vehicles,
people are spending more time in cars
car interior has become more important as.
More safety devices in vehicles
Airbags and seat belts.
Ecological reforms for recycling of used cars
Have increased the number of textiles in an automobile.
Textiles have come up with solution to engineering problems such as
Tire reinforcement, acoustics protection, gas and air filtration.

Fiber requirement for textiles used in Automotive textiles
• Resistance to UV degradation
• Have good color fastness
• Reduced flammability
• Durability – Resistance to
abrasion
• Fabrics be resistant to mildew
• Hard wearing
• Strong with high tear strength
• Soil resistance and easy clean
ability
Applications Textiles in Automotive
Motor cycle Helmet Interior decoration
Body parts
Roof
cover
Seat
cover
Fuel and
oil filters
Tyre
reinforcement


Curtains
Seat
covers
Seat belts
Tyre Filters, hose and

Carpets reinforcement transmission belts

Tarpaulins Seat covers, seat

And ropes belt and head
liner
Filters, hose and

Tyre
transmission
reinforcement
belts

Automotive Textiles application areas
Visible components Concealed components

• Seat belt • Air bags
• Seat cover fabric • Tyre cord fabric
• Interior carpets • Insulating felts
• Car body covers • Battery separators
• Tarpaulins • Hose and transmission
• Head liners belts
• Air and fuel filters

Seat Belt
• Function as a safety harnesses which secure
passengers in vehicle against harmful
movements during collision
• They are designed to offer non recoverable
extension to decrease deceleration forces
• Efficient seat belt will only permit its wearer
to move forward a maximum of about 30 cm
to avoid contact with any fixed parts of car.
• They are woven narrow fabric from nylon or
high tensile polyester filament yarns.
• The load specification is an important
criterion for usage in vehicles.

Seat Belt Product Description
• The webbing patterns is woven from
nylon or polyester filament yarns.
• It’s a narrow fabric of multiple layer
woven twill or sometimes satin
– Typically 320 ends of 1100 dtex or
260 ends of 1670 dtex high-tenacity
continuous filament polyester yarn.
– Constructions chosen because
allows max. yarn packing within a
given area for maximum strength
and good abrasion resistance.

Seat Belt Product Requirements
• Belts requirements:
– Need to be as soft and flexible as possible along the length direction but
as rigid as possible in the width direction to be removed in and out.
– Edges must be scuff resistant but not unpleasantly hard
– Resistant to UV degradation that’s is why its mostly made of polyester
– Must retain its strength for the car life or must be replaced.
– Dyes must have excellent resistance to light and high wet crocking and
perspiration fastness
– Some seat belts are lightly coated to improve clean-ability, durability, ease
of passage in & out of housing and impart some antistatic properties.
– Minimum breaking forces are 13.3 kN for waist strap & 10 kN for shoulder

Need for Seat Belt
1. Seat belts prevent ejection from a
moving car and stop people going
through the windshield as the vehicle
comes to a sudden stop.
2. Seat belts also minimize injuries due
to impact with the vehicle's hard
interior;
3. Ensure better control of the car.
4. Seat belts also hold people in position
for the protective cushioning, if
there's an air bag.

Recent Developments in Seat Belt
2 . Inflatable belts: combination of the air bag
1. Smart Belt System uses a
and the seat belt. This belt is held by weak
switch mechanism to adapt its
stitches that burst open when the belt is
restraining force
inflated.

Seat covers

Seat covers
• Seat is the main interface
between man and machine and
seat comfort is of paramount
importance
• Car seat is most important part of
the interior, it is the first element
that the customer appreciates
when he/she opens the door to
look inside.
• Seat covers are made from
cotton, vinyl, velvet and leather.
Seat cover Product Characteristics
• Must be comfortable in all senses:-
– Psychologically, Physiologically and Thermally
• Desired product characteristics are
• Durability,
• Ultra- violet fade & wear resistance,
• Water-proofing,
• Flexibility and stretch ability,
• Reduced flammability.
• Seat cover type used varies based on
model and desired style
• Further laminated to provide desired
protection characteristics.
Technical characteristics of seat textiles selection
• - Mechanical behavior:
– Strength resistance, tear, bursting strength, stripes, pilling, abrasion.
• - Ageing behavior:
– Light resistance, color fastness to light, sweat, rub, etc.
• - Physiological behavior:
– Air permeability and water vapour permeability, thermal resistance.
• - Security features:
– flame resistance, resistance to emission of volatile organic compounds,
emission of condensable compounds, formaldehyde emission, amines
emission, surface resistance, etc.
• - Soiling behavior:
– Hydro-repellency and oil-repellency.

Interior carpets

Interior carpets
• Carpets are laid in the cabin and parcel
shelf at the back.
• Used for
– Aesthetics and Sensual comfort
– Noise and vibration control
• Carpets by providing thermal and
acoustic protection thus directly
contribute to safety
• Primarily non-woven textile
• Usage of carpets varies based on the
interior designs which vary across car
models.
Interior carpets Product Characteristics
• Made primarily from polypropylene Carpets used in
fibres. cars
• The desired characteristics:- (a) Tufted cut-
 High durability pile
 High abrasion resistance & Tensile
strength
(b) Tufted
 Dimensionally stable under all
loop-pile
conditions of temperature and
humidity
 Low inflammability
 Good compression recovery (c) Needle-felt
• The fabric density is around 500 GSM
with a thickness of about 3mm.
Car body covers

Car Body covers
• Used to cover the car if no covered space
for parking (parking garage) is available.
• Help protect your car parked outdoors
from:-
– Damaging effects of ultraviolet
radiation, acid rain, bird droppings,
wind borne particles,
– Sun fading, the claws of animals and
even the prying eyes of thieves (let
them guess as opposed to knowing).
– Inside your garage a quality cover
provides a barrier against airborne
dirt and foot borne varmints.

Car body covers
 There are three basic types;
 water proof,
 water resistant or "breathable"
 non-water resistant
 The car body covers are made of a variety
of fabrics including:-
 Canvas covers,
 HDPE and PVC fabrics,
 Reinforced cotton material and
Nylon.

Tarpaulins

Tarpaulins
 Used by Heavy Goods Vehicles
 Made from PVC, coated nylon and
polyester,
 Usually plain woven from high tenacity
yarns.
 Tarpaulins must be of:-
 Reduced flammability,
 Good coating adhesion and Water proof,
 High tear and tensile strengths.
 Dimensionally stable over a wide range of
temperatures and relative humilities
 Resistant to chemicals, oils, engine fuels.
 UV resistance

Air bags

Air Bags
• It is a safety device aimed at
preventing or minimizing injury to
passengers when such an accident
occurs.
• An airbag is an elastic bag or cushion
like makeup which inflates and
deflates quickly at some stage in
certain types of car accidents.
• Airbags have been efficient to put a
stop to severe head and chest
injuries in adults when automobile
accidents have occurred.
Air Bags
 Designed to explode out of dash board to
protect driver & passengers from hitting hard
surface
• Airbag systems should comprise:-
– An inflatable cushion,
– Impact sensors,
– An ignition system, and
– An inflating propellant
• Coated fabrics with semi-permeable coatings
are often used and the fabric itself will be a
woven structure comprising high tenacity,
quite fine filament yarns having the required
physical, tensile, and thermal characteristics.
34
Air Bags Product Characteristics
 Requirements • Nylon 6, 6 used as key raw
 Strong with high tear material.
strength, • The yarn / fabric are
 high anti-seam slippage – Primarily nylon 66,
 controlled air permeability, Lighter denier, and
 Capable of being folded up Silicone coated
in a small space for over 10 – Approximately, 1.8 square
years or more without meter of fabric is used per
deterioration airbag module.
 High bursting strength

Insulating felts

Insulating Felts
• Insulation felts, often known as NVH
products (Noise, Vibration, and
Harshness parts) are used for
acoustic and thermal insulation in
automobiles
• These include Bonnet liner, Outer
dash, Wheelhouse, and Outer floor
under shield.
• These parts provide noise protection
inside the car and a reduction in the
noise emission outside.

Product characteristics
• The NVH products or insulation felts are
100% polyester non-woven technical
textile products.
– Products are classified based on the
manufacturing process as
• Needle-punched, Phenolic resin
bonded and Thermoplastic.
• Three basic methods of reducing sound:-
– By absorption , By damping and By isolation
or insulation.
• A thick piece of material will absorb more
sound than a thinner piece of the same
material.
• Sound absorbency is influenced by:
– Density of the material, air porosity of the
material, thickness of the material
Bonnet liner
Tyre Cords

Tyre cords
• Tyre is the interface • Textile carcass (known as the casing) is
between a vehicle & road the backbone structure of a tyre and it
surface. is made of high tenacity tyre cords.
• A tyre is a textile
reinforced composite
where various textile
components are
embedded in a rubber
matrix

Tyres
• Perform two basic
functions:
 Act as a soft Cushion
between the road and
the metal wheel.
 Provide adequate
traction (friction) with
the road surface.

Tyres parts
Inner liner
Air & water resistant layer of
rubber.
Made of butyl (a synthetic rubber),
(air-resistant mixture)
Textile layer – Carcass

 Composed of cord treads,
constituting a unique tyre contour.
 Intended to keep the tyre in shape
under inner pressure and to transfer
the tuning, braking and speeding
workload

Tyre parts
Bead wires
• Make it possible to mount tyres on
rims.
Bead filler
• Ensures bead wire remains in place.
• Responsible for wear life of a tyre, it’s
steering behavior and driver comfort.
Bead bundle
• Separates bead wire from wheel rim.
• Made of material enabling min. wear
during its constant contact with
wheel rim.

Tyre parts
Side wall
 Rubber used to shield tyres against scratches,
abrasions or environmental factors, including
UV, differences in temp., chemical agents and
more.
 Anti-aging ingredients are the main component
Steel belt
 Steel netting forming the wheel armament.
 Improves the steering behavior of a car.
Tread
 Ensure good steering behavior, adhesion, wear-
resistance, and good turning behavior.
 Provide reduction in rolling resistance & noise.
 Tread mixture:- synthetic & natural rubbers.

Nylon Tyre Cord Fabric
• Nylon tyre cord fabric gradually • Nylon 6 grey and dipped tyre
replaced the usage of rayon and cord fabrics have:
polyester cords in the tyre industry.
 High strength,
• Nylon tyre cord fabric provides
 Fatigue resistance,
strength to a tyre.
 Impact resistance,
• The nylon tyre cord is prepared
from high tenacity continuous  High adhesion
filament yarn by twisting & plying.  Tyre cords generally available
• There are two main types of nylons with fabric characteristics of
used as tyre cord, i.e. 930, 1400, 1870 & 2100dtex.
– Nylon-6 and – Nylon-6, 6.

Selection of Tyre Cords
 The critical specifications for  Rubber Adhesion and
the selection of tyre cords  Ply twists
 High Breakingstrength  Hot air shrinkage.
 Low Elongation,

Steel cord
High strength and stiffness,
 Used for belt construction in
radial automotive tyres.
 Why Steel cord reinforced:-
Provide high puncture and
cut resistance.
Help to increase tread life.
Steel cord sidewalls absorb
flexing better than other
materials

Kevlar
• Used for high performance car
tyres.
• Lighter tyres for better
performance.
• Kevlar is ideal fibre to reinforce high
speed tyres for rally and racing
because:-
•Outstanding thermal resistance,
• Very good thermo mechanical
responses,
• Good fatigue resistance and
• Dimensional stability

New tyres
Air less tyres

Door Casings

Door Casings
• In the door, the panel trim including:
– Inserts and bolster, underlying reinforcement fabrics and lower
facing fabrics composed of nonwovens.
• Facings are composed of flat or random velour needle-punched
materials
• Environmentally sustainable natural fibers also found indoor panel
applications.
– Short-cut bast fibers, such as flax and ramie have been used to
reinforce thermoplastic composite structures for years.
– More recent development has included the use of needle-punched
hemp/flax fabrics (50/50) to reinforce thermoset compression
molded composite products.
– Epoxy resin is used as the impregnation medium in the BMW 5 series.

Filters

Filters
• The performance of an automobile is
bolstered significantly by the presence of
high performance filter media in the
engine compartment and in various other
locations.
• The purpose of filter is to control
contamination through achieving a
balance between the sources of
contamination and the ability of a system
to tolerate contamination.
• The ultimate goal is to balance filtration
performance with the desired cleanliness
level.
FILTERS
Fuel filter
 A filter in the fuel line
Oil filter that screens out dirt and Air filters
rust particles from the fuel.
 Normally made into
cartridges containing a
filter paper.
Raw Materials used in filter preparation

END

Mobile textile
part 2
Contents
 used of nonwoven in Automotive
 Average weight of textile materials in a mid-size car
 Composite in Automotive textiles
 Features required for good car environment
 Solutions Offered by Nano‐enabled Textiles
 Smart textiles used in Automotive
 Testing methods for the quality of Automotive textiles
2 Mobile Textiles 5/5/2020

used of nonwoven in Automotive

used of nonwoven in Automotive

Average weight of textile materials

Average weight of textile materials in a mid-size car
1950’s 2010’s
20 kg in 2000
26 kg in 2013
35 kg in 2025 1990’s
Reasons
 Demand for greater comfort & safety,
 Efforts aimed at reducing the weight of
a vehicle in order to lower fuel
consumption and CO2 emissions.

Composite in Automotive

Composite materials
 Combination of two or more  Fibers used in composites
materials to produce special  Glass fibers
properties, not present in the  High strength & light-weight
separate components
 Carbon Fibers
 Resin & reinforcement phase
 properties vary to manufacturing
 Chemical properties determined
 Process:- spinning, stabilization,
by plastic component, & the carbonization and graphitization
physical properties determined  Aramid fibers
by the fiber.
 High strength & excellent
temperature resistance
 Resistant to many solvents,
 Low water absorbency
 Sensitive to UV light & not easily
dyed.
Properties of composites
 Most composites based on :
 Carbon fiber composites:-
 Glass, carbon & aramid, or a mix,
 Highest stiffness & strength but
in polyester, epoxy or phenolic
resin brittle &low energy-absorbing
properties.
 Fiber form:-
 Short, long or continuous filament  Aramid composites:-
or any fabric (woven, knitted or  Lower strengths but can absorb
non-woven) energy without fracture.
 Glass-fiber composites:-
 Roughly below aramid fibers in
terms of strength but they have
some energy-absorbing properties
and have the advantage of being
less expensive.
Advantages of composites
i. Less bulk, and therefore more
useful space,
ii. Anti-corrosion and dent
resistance,
iii. High rigidity and strength
iv. Allow more design freedom,
which means that complex shapes
not easily produced in metal, can
be more easily achieved
v. Integration of components is also Wt. – 35 kgs,
more easily achieved millage – 6,500 miles/Ltr.
Features required for good car environment

Principal Features Required
 Principal features required to make a car
interior safe, good looking, comfortable:
 Good management of heat and
water vapour transfer;
 Anti‐stain/easy to clean
characteristics;
 Antimicrobial/antibacterial
properties;
 Anti‐allergic trimming;
 Flame resistance;
 Antistatic properties; and
 Improved acoustic performance.
Nano‐enabled Textiles used in Automotive
textiles

Nano‐enabled Textiles in Auto-motive application

Potential Solutions Offered by Nano‐enabled Textiles
Moisture wicking Moisture wicking seats
 Textiles with moisture wicking and
transpiration absorbing features
valuable for comfortable driving.
 Successful results obtained by:
 Coating textiles with a
hydrophilic coating of TiO2 nano-
particles or
 Plasma treatments to nonwoven
fabric which provide the desired
surface functionality.

Self cleaning/dirt repellent
 New nano‐finishing techniques, using
nano-materials, help keep fabrics
clean by avoiding
 Dirt, water & oil sticking to
fabric.
 Nano‐enabled textiles
 Insignia (Car of the Year 2009) Opel
was first to equip a seating
upholstery with the Nano‐enabled
Nano-gate coating that prevents
dirt and liquid staining

Self cleaning textiles
 Nanotechnology allows for dirt-repellant (self-
cleaning) textiles
 Nanoparticles give the surface of textiles fibers
a structure with an effect similar to that of
lotus plant’s leaves, making water and dirt just
roll off
 Tiny particles on textile fibers produce a similar
self-cleaning effect.
 Surfaces coated with billions of nano particles
close together that a speck of dust would not
fit between them.
 Between a particle of dirt and surface of textile
fibers, layer of air is formed on which impurities
slide and can be washed off with water.

Air purification/filtration
 Air quality inside the car is paramount
for the comfort and well being.
 Filters must remove materials which
can be source of diseases and
allergies like:-
 Pollens, Spores,
 Harmful substances and dust,.
 Novel filters using nano-fibers have
the potential to offer superior
capabilities while maintaining
porosity greatly improving air quality
and safety.
 Nano‐fibers filters are cost prohibitive

Antimicrobial/antibacterial properties
 Textiles with antimicrobial or
antibacterial properties are attractive
to automotive sector.
 Improve hygiene within the car
interior and eliminates unpleasant
odours.
 A nanotechnology based, passive,
approach is the use of silver (Ag)
nano-particles that are effective
against a broad spectrum of bacteria
when added to the surface of textile.

How textiles works as antibacterial

Antistatic properties
 Synthetic fibers possess poor anti‐static
properties,
 But fabrics containing electrically
conductive nano‐sized materials, have
been proved to be effective in dissipating
accumulated static charge.
 Titanium dioxide (TiO2),
 Zinc oxide (ZnO),
 Antimonydoped tin oxide (SnO),
 But yet to be considered by the

automotive textile industry but could be a
viable alternative in future applications.
Flame resistance/retardant
 Current used flame resistant have limited performance and have
environmental implication:-
 Halogen–antimony and Phosphorus– bromine combinations,
 Nano-composites
 Containing organically modified clay (montmorillonite) dispersed in
selected polymer matrices have attracted attention for imparting flame
resistance.
 Nevertheless current colloidal antimony pentoxide, clay and carbon
nanotubes (CNT) are more expensive & don’t offer a higher level of
protection.
 Further performance improvement and cost reduction is needed

Noise reduction
 To reduce noise within the car,
 A nano-fibrous layer of non‐woven polyvinyl alcohol layered on
fibrous underlay materials may be used.
 Offers improved
o Noise reduction,
o Good heat insulation
o Weight reduction.
 An efficient sound absorber, has to have a thickness of 40mm.
 Cost reduction of these nano-fibres is necessary

Tear and wear resistance
 Most widely used nano-materials to improve tear/wear
resistance
 SiO2, Al2O3,
 ZnO nano-particles and CNT
 Ways of application:-
 Mixed with fibers precursor polymers before spinning,
 Applied to fabrics by spray or dip coating.
 Currently the industry is looking to find ways to best encapsulate
nano‐particles to ensure a coating that lasts for the full lifetime
of the car.

UV resistance
 Nano‐enabled textile coatings
being tested by the automotive
industry to protect textiles from
UV damage
 SiO2, Al2O3, and ZnO.
 Methods for nano‐particle
encapsulation to guarantee
that the coating lasts during the
entire lifetime of the car must
be found.
Smart textiles used in Automotive

Smart textiles act intelligently in vehicles
 Textile research on smart textiles for vehicle interiors:
 Invisible electrically-conductive fabrics for textile heating and cooling
systems in seats;
 Sensitive textile panels that convert hand movements into gear shifting
signals;
 Illuminating LED yarns for pinpointed orientation;
 Textile sensor systems for bio-monitoring drivers with the aim of
identifying threatening conditions such as fatigue and stress.
 For sound insulation, replacing foam materials with new, recyclable
compound materials comprising nonwovens, flocked textiles and
membranes.
 Special fiber compound components can supposedly practically
themselves ‘repair’ a tear in the component following impact – much in
the same way as broken bones are able to heal themselves in the body.

Self repair surface
Illuminating LED yarns

Testing methods for the quality of
Automotive textiles

For car seat covers
 Static and permanent elongation
 Tested on dynamometer Hounsfield
 Static elongation
 Difference between the gage length under constant, time
dependent tensile load and original gage length of the
specimen
 Permanent elongation
 Difference between the gage length after a specified
period in the relieved state and the original gage length of
the specimen

For airbags
 Tests for Airbags
1. Tear strength
 It is measured as the maximum
loads at the time of tearing in a
specific direction.
2. Fabric permeability
 Measured by calibrated orifice
method
3. Fabric bursting strength
4. Accelerated ageing
5. To check its chemical and
environmental behavior.
6. Flammability tests
For covers and airbags
 Flammability testing
 For the material passed through three testing methods
 Burning rate is calculated as a fraction between distance
between bench marks (mm) and its burning time (sec)
o BR = (D/BT) × 60 (mm/min)
o Where BR – burning rate
• D – distance between bench marks (mm)
• BT – burning time (sec)
 Burning behavior depends on the samples burning over full

length or they are auto extinguished
 Burning speed is according to specification (BR mm/min ≤ 100)

Flammability testing

For vehicle carpeting systems
 Carpets are tested in a manner that befits the type of
conditions they will endure on the floor of a car.
 Specific tests for these materials include
1. Determination of width, length and weight,
2. Breaking load
3. Dimensional change under predetermined environmental
conditions
4. Amount of extractable matter
5. Tested for its lightfastness (resistance to fading)
6. Flammability tests

Car carpeting

For safety belt webbing
 Specific tests
1. The width of seat-belt webbing
2. The thickness of the webbing
3. The breaking strength and elongation of dry
and wet seat-belt webbing
4. Abrasion testing,
5. Effect of bending fatigue on strength
6. Resistance to sunlight testing
7. Resistance to extreme hot and cold climates.
8. Test to ascertain resistance to attack from
micro-organisms
For car filters
 The noteworthy tests
1. Measure airflow
restriction or pressure
drop,
2. Dust collection
efficiency,
 Retention capabilities
of the filter
3. Dust capacity, and
4. Structural integrity of
such filters.

End

Sewing Threads, Cords and Ropes
By: Dr. Rotich K. Gideon
1
Contents
 Sewing Threads
 Introduction
 Thread terminology
 Types
 Basics of thread construction
 Requirements of a good quality
thread
 Cords
 Ropes
2
Sewing threads
3
What is a sewing thread?
 Sewing threads are special kinds of
yarns that are engineered and designed
to pass through a sewing machine
rapidly.
 They form efficient stitches without
breaking or becoming distorted
during the useful life of the product.
 The basic function of a thread is to
deliver aesthetics and performance in
stitches and seams.
4
Terminology used to Describe Sewing Threads
 Tensile strength:-
 Tension at which a thread breaks,
expressed in grams/kilograms (N).
 Tenacity:-
 Relative strength by dividing
tensile strength by structure
thickness.
 Loop strength:-
 Load required to break a length of
thread looped through another
loop
5
Strength testing
 Minimum loop strength:-
 Strength of the weakest loop in a
series (tested in continuous length).
 Elongation at break :-
 Amount by which a thread is
extended at its breaking point,
express as % of its original length.
 Modulus:-
 Denotes a value indicating the
manner which the textile behaves
when a tensile force is applied.
6
Thread terminology
 Elasticity:-
 Property of the thread which enables it
to recover to its original length after
extension
 Shrinkage:-
 Amount by which a thread contracts
under the action of washing or heating.
 Moisture regain:-
 Weight of moisture in a fiber or thread
expressed as a percentage of weight of
completely dry material.
7
Thread classification
 Classified in different ways.

 Based on:
 Material made from
 How is it Construction
 Finishing applied
8
1. Classification based on substrate
Natural Synthetic
 Made from natural Fibers  Made from synthetic fibers
 Now minimal in industry  Desirable properties:-
applications.
 High tenacity
 Most commonly used is  High resistance to abrasion
cotton thread.
 Good resistance to chemicals.
 Not affected by moisture,
rot, mildew, insects or
bacteria.
9
Thread classification based on the substrate
Sewing Threads
Synthetic Cotton
Staple Spun Soft

Filament Yarn
Mercerized
Pure/
Textured Multi
Blended
Filament Glazed
Core Spun Flat Multi
Filament
10
Cotton Threads
 General Properties
 Good sewing medium,
 But strength and abrasion-resistance are
inferior to synthetic-fiber threads of equal
thickness.
 Withstand high temperatures better
than synthetic-fiber threads and are
therefore less affected by needle-heating
in sewing and by high-temperature
pressing.
11
Types of Cotton threads
 Soft,
 Soft threads receive no special treatment other than bleaching or
dyeing and the application of a uniform, low-friction lubricant
 Glace (polished),
 Produced from soft cotton threads that have been consolidated
and protected by the application of a special surface coating
 Mercerized.
 Mercerized to make them lustrous and to improve their strength.
 Widely used for domestic sewing, general stitching, button holing,
and embroidery and in the clothing industry
12
Linen Threads
 Stronger and stiffer than those of cotton
 Used in the past for stitching footwear, tents, and tarpaulins as well as
for button-attaching.
 Now replaced by modern synthetic-fibre threads.
13
Silk Threads
 Available both in:-
 Continuous filament
 Broken filaments spun into a yarn.
 Characteristics :-
 Its high extensibility of about 20%,
 Its high strength,
 It has good lustrous appearance and
performance,
 Its high cost restricts its use mainly to
fashion design and personalized
tailoring.
14
Synthetic-fiber Sewing Threads
Characteristics of synthetic fibers
 Low shrinkage during cleaning.
 No real problems in twist, color, and uniformity
 Stronger and greater resistance to abrasion
 Finer than, for example, a cotton thread chosen for same task.
 High extensibility can be engineered for knitted or stretch fabric.
 Not affected by rot, mildew, or bacteria
• Mainly from polyester and polyamide fiber (nylon),
with a certain amount of aramid fiber (e.g. Du Pont's
Nomex) and poly tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fiber.
15
2. Classification based on construction thread structure
i. Spun thread
 Made using natural or synthetic fibers.
 Spun polyester is one of the most widely used threads.
 It is stronger than cotton threads of a comparable size, and is available in a wide
variety of sizes and colors.
16
ii. Core spun thread
 Combination of staple fibers and filaments.
 Polyester filament being core with cotton or polyester fibers wrapped
around the core.
 Structure benefits from
 Strength of filament polyester and
 Sewability of cotton or polyester fiber wrap.
 Used for high-speed sewing.
17
iii. Filament threads
 Stronger than spun threads of the same fiber and size. Three types
a) Monofilament thread
 Made from a single continuous fiber with a specified thickness.
 Strong, uniform and inexpensive to make,
 Lacks flexibility and is stiff and scratchy in feel.
b) Smooth multifilament thread

 Consists of two or more continuous filaments twisted together.
 Used to sew shoes, leather garments, and industrial products.
c) Textured filament thread

 Made from polyester and is used primarily as the looper thread
for cover stitches.
 Texturing filaments gives yarn more cover & high extensibility,
 but makes the thread more subject to snagging.

18
3. Classification based on thread finish
 Finishes are given to a thread for two
purposes
1. To improve sewability
Some finishes involve increasing strength,
abrasion resistance and lubrication of the
thread.
2. To achieve a specific functional requirement
Some finishes include bonding, non wick,
anti-fungal, fire retardant, water repellent
and anti-static finishes.
19
Basics of thread construction
 Threads begin production cycle as simple yarns.
 Produced by twisting short fibers or fine continuous filaments.
 Some terms used in the context of thread construction are:
 Twist – The ‘twist’ of a thread refers to the number of turns per unit
length required to hold the fibers / plies together to give the yarn /
thread substance the required strength and flexibility.
 Excessive twist give trouble while sewing due to ‘twist liveliness’,
which can cause snarling, loops, knots and possible spillage that
prohibit stitch formation.
 Twist direction – Direction of twist is identified as ‘S’ for left twist and
‘Z’ for right twist.
20
Direction of twist
• Direction of twist does not affect the strength of the thread, but it
can seriously impair its performance when it is used on a machine for
which it is not suited.
21
Ply and cord
Ply and cord – Yarns with many components are twisted together to form ply
thread. Most commonly used are 2, 3 or 4 ply threads. Threads are twisted
together to give corded thread. Most commonly used are 4, 6 or 9 cord
threads. Why ply yarns??
22
Requirements of good quality sewing thread
1. Good tensile strength
2. Smooth surface and absence of faults
 Ensures less friction between needle and material during
high-speed sewing.
3. Uniform thickness / diameter
 Results in an even sewing thread, which moves smoothly and
quickly through the needle eye and the fabric
4. Good elasticity
 Enables thread to recover its original length after tension
released.
23
Requirements of good quality sewing thread
5. Good color fastness
 Provides immunity to thread exposed during manufacture &
washing.
6. Low shrinkage
 Of the thread being used on the fabric material with higher shrinkage
reduces the chances of seam puckering.
7. Good resistance to chemical attack:-
 Especially threads in garments being washed/bleached/dry-cleaned.
8. Good abrasion resistance
 Ensures a good sewing performance & makes thread more durable.
24
Finishes applied on the threads
Bonded: Mercerized:
 Polyester or nylon thread coated to keep  Cotton or cotton-covered
it from shredding and to reduce abrasion.
polyester thread given a caustic
Gassed: soda bath that’s neutralized
 Cotton thread quickly passed through a with an acid bath. Mercerizing
flame to reduce fuzz. adds strength, luster, and dye
Glazed (glacé): affinity, and reduces lint.
 Cotton thread for hand-sewing, treated Soft:
with starches, waxes, or chemicals, and  Usually refers to a cotton thread
polished to a luster for a smooth, glossy
to which no finishing processes
surface to reduce knots and tangling. This
finish can gum-up a sewing machine. have been applied.
25
Cords
26
Cord Introduction
 A cord is “a variety of textile strands including:
 (i) cabled yarns; (ii) plied yarns and structures made by
braiding, knitting, or weaving.
 Plied yarns which 2 or more yarns twisted together into
stable structures and common forms of cords are tyre
cords, twine, string, and thread.
 The two ways of making twisted cords are
 (1) Down-twisting on ring or flyer twisting machines
in which take-up package is rotated
 (2) Up-twisting - supply package is rotated.
 Another way of making cords is braiding, also
called plaiting, on small braiding machines.
27
Braiding machines’ mechanism
28
Types of Braided Cords
1.Diamond Braids 2. Solid Braid 3.Double Braid 4.12 Strand
 Fibers  Fibers NYLON NYLON - 12

 Cotton  Cotton Uses: Marine  Strong
 Nylon  Nylon (Strong) and Industrial  non-rotational
 Polyester  Polyester (Low application
 Polypropylene
Stretch) POLYESTER -12
 Uses  Polypropylene POLYESTER
Uses  Flexible
 Draw cord
 Uses:
• Draw-cord and Halyards & low
torque free,
 Starter Cord Starter Cord  Retains
stretch
 Utility and Military • Utility and Military applications roundness
Application Application
29
Some Uses of Braided Cords
Starter cords
Home textiles
Draw cords
Military textiles
30
Ropes
31
Ropes Introduction
 Ropes are defined as being “cordage
more than approximately 4 mm in Rope
diameter”.
 Three-strand and Four-strand ropes are
made by starting with “textile yarns”, Yarn
either twisted, natural staple-fiber
yarns, or continuous filament yarns with Strand
low-twist or interlacing from the yarn
producer.
 Then twisted in following sequence:
Fibers
 textile yarn → rope yarn → strand →
rope.
32
Forming twisted rope
 3 bobbins of yarn are set on a creel.
 For three-strand, right-hand twist rope, Z-
twist yarns would be used to make each
strand.
 The ends of the yarns are fed through a
hole in a register plate which keeps the
yarns in the proper relation to each other.
 The ends of the yarns are then fed into a
compression tube.
 As the yarn is pulled through the
compression tube, the tube twists it in the
S-twist direction, opposite of the yarn twist,
to produce a tight strand.
33
Modern rope types
(a) 8-strand
braided,
(b) 2-strand
braided,
(c) Double braid
or braid-on-braid,
(d) parallel yarn
34
Modern rope types
(e) 6-round-1 wire-

rope construction,
(f) 36-strand
wire-rope
construction (18 + 12
+ 6 + 1),
(g) parallel strand,
and
(h) pultruded rod.
35
Rope markets
36
Uses of ropes
For commercial and
naval sea-going vessels,
eight-strand braided
polypropylene ropes
are the most popular
Tug of war
Mooring rope choice because
Low cost,
Adequate
mechanical
properties,
Benefit of
buoyancy.
Recreation Climbing
37
Categories of ropes
 According to their use, ropes are categorized
as:-
 Dynamic ropes for mountain climbing
 Made to break climbers’ falls,
 A certain degree of elongation
 Static ropes that are intended for work at
heights, for rescue work and for caving.
 Low elongation ropes
 Used for the safety of persons working at heights,
for rescue work, for caving and for other similar
activities.
 Have minimal elongation & maximum strength.
Factors considered in rope selection
1. Strength:-
 Important to match ropes strength to requirement of application
 Strength should be some factor greater than intended working load
2. Working loads and safety factor
 Working loads - loads that rope is subjected to under working conditions
 Calculated by dividing rope min.breaking strength(MBS) by required safety factor
 WLL = MBS / sf
 Sf – vary with different safety practices (1/5 - common use & 1/10 - climbing ropes)
3. Elongation
 Driven by elastic properties of the fiber used. Select product fit for purpose.
 Higher elongation provide energy absorption system
 Low elongation provide increased position control
4. Diameter and linear density (weight)
 Important to ensure proper fit for an application and proper service life.
 Diameter taken during initial stages, in use it will decrease (Bedding)
5. Dynamic loading
 Shock loading.
 When the load is picked up, stopped, moved or swung, there is an increased force
caused by the dynamic nature of the movement.
 Force increases as these actions occur more rapidly or suddenly and are higher
than the MBS result in line failure or may weaken the line.
6. Firmness, construction and abrasion
 Application that require durability when exposed to mechanical abrasion and
regular wear and tear, a firmer rope usually provides longer service life.
 Loose rope snag easily & abrade quickly causing strength loss
 Rope construction affects resistance to normal wear and abrasion
Examples
Manila Ropes Sisal Ropes
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
 Good abrasion resistance and Low stretch • Durable and Economical
 Firm grip and Knots well • Firm grip and Knots well
 Salt resistant • Environmentally Friendly
 Environmentally friendly • Popular uses:
 Popular uses: • General purpose
 Lifting, pulley blocks • Modest lifting
 Decorative and Mooring • Decorative
• Handicrafts.
41
Examples
Nylon rope Polyethylene Ropes
Characteristics:
 Ultra high strength and Long wear life Characteristics:
Excellent abrasion resistance
 Shock absorbent Excellent wet strength retention
 Excellent abrasion resistance Torque free and Fully balanced
 Sinks in water and Fully balanced Floats in water
Popular uses:
 Popular uses:
Anchor ropes for small boats
 Lifting and Towing Rescue lines and Buoy ropes
 Mooring and Kinetic ropes Demarcation lines
 Fishing Bore hole ropes
42
CAUSES OF ROPE FAILURE
 CONSTANT OR INCREASING • CYCLIC LOADING
LOAD • Tensile fatigue of fibres
 Tensile overload • Heating
 Creep rupture  change of strength
 Heating  thermal degradation
 Pulling and cutting • External abrasion
 ENVIRONMENTAL • Internal abrasion
 Degradation
• Enhanced internal abrasion
• Axial compression fatigue
 chemical
• Bend over sheave
 thermal
 ultra-violet
43
End
44
Protective clothing
Dr. Rotich k. Gideon
(Class 8)
• Protective textiles
• Introduction
• Personnel protective textiles
• Chemical protective clothing
• Bullet proof vest
• Fire fighting suits
• Military uniform
• Space suits
Safety textiles
5/5/2020 Protective textiles 2
• Protective textiles refer to textiles • Provide protection against
designed to protect the wearer from – Heat & radiation for fire fighter
clothing,
harsh environmental effects that – Molten metals for welders,
may cause injury or death. – Bullets in bullet proof jackets
• Also call Protex. – Cuts, abrasion, ballistic, stab
• Not always possible to eliminate or wounds and explosions
reduce dangerous and harmful – Hazardous dust and particles,
factors in workplace, and sometimes – Nuclear, biological & chemical
the only solution to protect a hazards,
worker from hazards is to apply – High voltages & static electricity,
individual protective equipment. – Foul weather,
• Extreme cold and heat.

• Made with specialized fibers
such as:-
– Aramid fiber used in
bullet proof jackets,
– Glass fibers used in fire
proof jackets etc. Chemical protective clothing
• Sometimes coated with
special chemicals, for
example, when used in
manufacturing astronauts
suits.
Firefighting suits
Gloves Fire fighting suits Military Helmet
Bullet proof Space suits Motorbike Helmet

Bomb disposal suit
vest
• Categories according to hazards faced:-
– Mechanical protective textiles
– Chemical protective textiles
– Thermal protective textiles,
– Flame protective textiles,
– Radiation protective textiles,
– Biological protective textiles,
– Electrical protective textiles,

1. Assess the • Type of hazards
Hazards • Severity of the Hazard
2. Identify Relevant • Well define performance

Standards requirements
3. Material • Chemical , Biological, Thermal or fire and

screening Mechanical protection performance
• Job performance, Comfort, Cost and

4. Selection Durability

• Employers must protect employees
from hazards such as falling objects,
harmful substances, and noise
exposures that can cause injury
• Employers must:
– Use all feasible engineering and
work practice controls to
eliminate and reduce hazards
– Use personal protective
equipment (PPE) if the controls
don’t eliminate the hazards.
• PPE is the last level of control!
• Protection against:-
– Falling objects such as
tools
– Bumping head against
objects, such as pipes or
beams
– Contact with exposed
electrical wiring or
components
• Made of hard plastic or
composite material

When any of these
are present:
– Burns
– Bruises
– Abrasions
– Cuts
– Punctures
– Fractures
– Amputations
– Chemical Kevlar protects against Stainless steel mesh
Exposures cuts, slashes, and abrasion protects against cuts
and lacerations
Major Causes of Body Injuries • Provide protective clothing for parts of the
body exposed to possible injury
• Intense heat • Types of body protection:
• Splashes of hot metals and – Vests and Aprons
other hot liquids – Jackets and Coveralls
• Impacts from tools, – Full body suits
machinery, and materials
• Cuts
• Hazardous chemicals
• Radiation Coveralls

• Protection against harmful chemical • Important considerations in
materials is required in many occupations designing chemical
• Proper and adequate protective clothing is protective clothing
desirable during household chores and in – Amount of chemical
industrial, agricultural, and medical work, permeation.
during military operations; and in response
– Breakthrough time for
to incidents of terrorism.
penetration.
• Protective clothing cannot be made – Liquid repellency.
generic for all chemical applications, since – Physical properties of
chemicals vary in most cases and a the CPC in specific
particular CPC can protect only against a chemical conditions.
limited number of specific chemicals.
c
• Chemical protective clothing ◦ Be Durability and Be

can be categorized as:- Flexibility
◦ Be Temperature Resistance
◦ Have a long service Life
◦ Have clean Ability
◦ Resist Permeation
Degradation and
Penetration.
Encapsulating Non-encapsulating
• This is diffusion of a • Change in physical • This is flow of chemical
properties of material as through closures,
chemical on a
porous, materials,
molecular basis a result of adverse effects seams, and pinholes and
through chemical of chemical other imperfection in a
protective clothing. • Physical properties are:- protective clothing
material on a non-
• Time it takes chemical material weight,
molecular level.
to pass through dimensions, tensile
• Include both liquids &
protective material strength, hardness. gases.
until it is first • Observations of material • Penetration of chemicals
detected by analytical degradation are Swelling, may take place through
instrument is called Loss of Strength or Zippers, Seams or
breakthrough time. Deterioration. Imperfections in
Protective Clothing
• Worn when highest level of respiratory, Fully Encapsulating Suit With Self-
skin, and eye protection is required. Contained Breathing Apparatus.
• Level A is used when:
– Conditions are unknown.
– Hazardous substance identified and
requires highest level of protection for
skin, eyes, and respiratory system.
– Operations are being conducted in
confined, poorly ventilated areas.
– Work function involves a high potential
for splash, immersion, or exposure to
unexpected skin hazards

Self-contained Breathing
• Should be selected when highest level of
Apparatus, Chemical Protective
respiratory protected is needed & some Clothing, Gloves, And Hard Hat.
degree of skin protection is required.
• Minimum recommendation for initial site
entry.
• Level B protection is used when:
– Air contaminants are unknown.
– Air contaminants have been identified and
the criteria for using APRs are not met.
– Atmosphere contains less than 19.5%
oxygen.
– Direct contact does not pose a severe skin
hazard.
• Level C should be selected when types Air-purifying Respirator,
of airborne contaminants are known, Chemical Protective Clothing,
the concentrations are measured and the Gloves, Boots, And Hard Hat.
criteria for using air-purifying respirators
(APRs) are met.
• Level C protection is used when:
– Criteria for the use of APRs are met.
– Air contaminants have been
identified and concentrations
measured.
– Direct contact does not pose a skin
hazard.

• Level D should not be worn on any Chemical-Protective clothing
site with respiratory or skin hazards. Boots, Gloves, And Hard Hat
• Level D is primarily a work uniform
providing minimal protection.
• Level D protection is worn when:
– Atmosphere contains no known
hazards.
– Work functions precludes the
potential for unexpected
exposure to hazardous levels of
any substances.

• Ballistic protection is a class of
protective clothing which aims
at protecting individuals from
bullets and steel fragments
from hand held weapons and
exploding munitions. Infanterie-Panzer
Brewster Body
• Method of protecting human Armor
body in old days from all kind of
missiles, was use of a hard rigid
material which resist
penetration and dissipated load
of impact but was very heavy. Washington, D.C., 1923
Mail armor
Scale armor Brigandine armor full-plate suit of
armor
cuirass
The present
Bullet proof vest World war 2 vest
• For User: • Bullet resistant clothing has to stop
• Comfort, degree of mobility and bullet from penetrating and absorb
max. protection
its kinetic energy converting it into
• For Technologist;-
work of deformation.
• Level of protection required
• Durability required • Factors influencing performance
• Energy absorption characteristics – Strength
required. – Modulus & elongation at break
• When manufacturing ensure:-
– Deformability of the projectile
• Minimum weight with maximum
– Velocity of the transverse shock
personnel mobility and maximum
protection wave in the fiber

• Earlier:-
• Silk & metal was used.
• But now high Performance fibres are used like
• Kevlar - Polyphenylene terephthalamide, 5 times stronger than steel.
• Properties like tensile strength at low weight, low elongation at
break, high modulus high chemical resistance etc.
• Dyneema - polyethylene, 10-100 times stronger than steel. properties
like very high strength to weight ratio & light enough to float on water.
• Twaron - para-aramid, 5 times stronger than steel.
• Spectra - polyethylene fibers.10-100 times stronger than steel, high
strength.
• Spider silk – protein, 25 times stronger than steel
• Weave • Hydrophobic yarns used
– Too tight – stiff & shear failure – About 40% reduction in the ballistic
– Too loose- yarn-yarn friction low protection when wet
thus easy penetration • Scouring necessary to removes size and oils
• Knitting:- • Anti-slip finish increase cohesive between
– Not successful in the armor field the warp and weft.
due to the degree of • Lamination of the fabric has been found to
interlocking of the yams that increase the anchoring strength of the yarn
occur in the knitting process.
• Armor made from Kevlar should have an
• Nonwovens;- extra finish which would reduce the UV light
– Needle-punched nonwovens are absorption,
useful in the ballistic applications – Kevlar loses strength upon exposure to
especially light weight. UV light.
1. soft armor
 Soft armor is made from
textile material
Constructed from multiple
layers of woven fabric without
a resin binder, sewn together
with meander or crosswise
seam.
The yarn count and number of
fabric layers stack depends on
the calibre to be stopped (10-50
layers)
2. Hard armor
• Composite laminate armor or hard
armor consists of multilayered fabrics
combined together with a resin binder.
• Armors made from resin binder show
less dependence on weave
construction as matrix is responsible
for distribution of the energy to
subsequent layers.
• Construction is often dictated by the
particular type of projectile.
• Selection of the resin binder greatly
influences the ballistic protection
Fire Entry Suit, Kiln Suit, Proximity Suit & Approach
• Firefighters during their job are exposed to:
• Fire and Water,
• Static electricity and Chemicals.
• Their protective clothing have to be:
• Fireproof and Waterproof.
• Flame resistant fabrics are designed to resist
ignition and self-extinguish when ignited.
– Should extinguish when ignition is removed.
• Flame resistance fabrics developed by:-
– Using inherent flame resistant fibers
– By giving FR treatments to fibers and
fabrics
Firefighters' protective clothing has to satisfy general
requirements:
• Thermal protection,
• Convenience during interventions,
• Proper ventilation system performed
• Comfort under normal climatic conditions
Comfort of the protective clothing
– Thermo physiological comfort - maintain comfy
state of heat & moisture
– Sensory comfort - various sensory stimuli
during contact of fabrics with body contact
– Comfort during the use of clothes - Ability of
clothing to allow free movement of the body

Properties required of fabric intended for protection
against heat and flame
1. High level of flame retardance
2. Fabric integrity: maintains a barrier to
prevent direct exposure to the hazard
3. Low shrinkage: maintains insulating air layer
4. Good thermal insulation: reduces heat
transfer
5. Easy clean-ability and fastness of flame
resistance
6. Wearer acceptance:- lightweight and
comfortable
7. Oil repellency:- protection from flammable
contamination, such as oils and solvents.
Layer system of fire fighting suits
• Multilayered typically made of four basic layers :
– External material:-"outer shell" is very strong, a
high resistance to heat, flame & chemical
– Barriers to moisture – reduce amount of water
from environment penetrating into interior of
garment, combined with a woven or non-woven
surface, which gives it strength and durability,
– Thermal interlining, a material designed to slow
passage of heat from outside to inside of
garment
– Inner lining that protects the material thermal
barriers, and provides comfort to user and an
extra protective layer
•Gives protection against:
• Harsh Environment
• Camouflage/mask/coverage
• Specific battlefield
threats/forces
• Flames, Heat and flash
• Insects
• Chemical
• Ergonomic considerations to
maintain physical comfort
properties should be considered.

 Lightweight Fabrics for military uniforms
 Compact must undergo constant adaptation
 High durability and to requirements in the field.
Dimensional stability Uniforms have to support the
soldier constantly by:-
 High performance fabric
Allowing air permeability
Repelling water, oil, &
insects.
Flame retardance
Non-IR visibility effects,
Fibers/Fabrics/Finishing ?????

• In the last ten years, we've
seen inquiries into
– Medical sensors in
uniforms that will detect
wounds.
– Right now, scientists from
the University of Central
Florida are developing
tents that capture solar
energy and
– uniforms that can detect
the unseen infrared
beams of enemy snipers.
The future soldier
Parts of space suits
 Helmet
 The hard upper torso constructed
with fiberglass and metal.
 The lower torso assembly is made up
of the pants, boots, "brief unit, knee
and ankle joints and the waist
connection
 Chest mounted control module lets
the astronaut monitor the suit's
status and connect to external
sources of fluids and electricity
 Lighter in weight.
 Flexible in handling.
 Soft in touch.
 Comparable in strength with
metal.
 Modifiable in size and shape.
 Thermal insulated and
thermal resistant.
 Chemical Resistance
• It consists of 14 layers of structures
to perform random functions such as
thermal resistant, vapor absorbing
and impact resistant layers.
• The inner layers of the suit do
activities like cooling and ventilation
garment
• Consists of wide operations in it like;
 Drink bag,
communication systems,
TV camera and Lights.
 First Layer: made of knitted form of Nylon
tricot is lined
 Second Layer: Spandex material fabric (a
poly-urethane elastic thread) with plastic
tubing is laced.
 Third Layer: Urethane-coated nylon fabric
layer called the pressure bladder layer
 Fourth Layer: Over the third layer a
pressure-restraining layer made of Dacron,
protect the astronauts from pressures
balancing both internal and external
pressures.
 Fifth Layer: a thin liner of nylon coated
with Neoprene Nylon Ripstop is placed.
 Sixth To Twelfth Layer: They are
thermal insulated, protecting the
astronaut from heat phenomenon and
impact resistant protecting from
meteoroids.
 Thirteenth and Fourteenth Layer: The
final or the outer layer of space suit,
which is exposed to various radiations,
Kevlar and
Nomex materials.
END
“Talent is not enough; you need to
be hardworking as well if you want
to master something”

Medical textiles
Dr. Rotich k. Gideon
(Class 8)
Contents
• Introduction
• Categories
• Criterion
• Fibers used
• Case studies
– Bandages
– Absorbent medical textiles
– Wearable medical textiles
– Antimicrobial
– Tissue engineering
– Wound dressing
– Sutures
5/5/2020 Medical Textiles 2

Medical Textiles
 From ancient times, textile materials used for medical applications
 Medical Textiles:-
 Combination of Textile and Medical Sciences
– Include
• All fabrics used in health and hygiene Purposes
 Today:-
 Extensive use of technical textiles in healthcare industry.
 Medical Textiles are one of the faster growing sectors of the
global Technical Textile industry.
 Medical Textiles are part of Healing Process:
 Equally important as Medicine for control of infections & disease
Categories Of Medical Textiles
Medical Textiles
Surgical Extra corporeal

Healthcare & Hygiene
Artificial Kidney, Liver & Lung Bedding gowns, wipes
Implantable Nonimplantable
Bandage, wound dressing, plaster
Soft Tissue Hard Tissue Cardiovascular

e.g Hernia repair, e.g Orthopedic implant, e.g Vascular graft,
ligaments Dental implant heart valve

1. Surgical textiles
1. Implantable:-these are
materials implanted on or in
the human body to either
support or replace the
functions of internal organs Implants
1. Soft tissue
• ligaments
2. Hard tissue
• Dental implants
3. Cardiovascular
 Heart valves
2. Nonimplantable
 Bandages Wound dressing
 Wound dressing,
 plaster Bone
Plaster Bandage
implants
Some Artificial Implants
Vascular graft Hernia Mesh Knee ligament
Artificial liver tissue Artificial skin Artificial cornea

2. Extra corporeal
• Examples
Artificial
– Artificial kidney
kidney
– Liver
– lung

3.Healthcare and hygiene
• Primary healthcare
products meant for
protection, general health
care and hygiene
• Examples:-
– bedding and clothing,
mattress covers, surgical Masks Diapers
gowns, face masks, head
and shoe covers, apparel,
sterilization wraps,
incontinence care pads,
nappies, tampons
Sanitary
pads Beddings Surgery uniforms
REQUIREMENTS OF HEALTHCARE
AND HYGIENE PRODUCTS
• High anti-bacterial and anti-viral
resistance
• Aesthetic colors
• Comfort - breathability Hospital beddings
• Soft , light-weight
• Hygienic
• Abrasion resistance
• Tear strength
• Tropicalization
Wipes Surgical cloths
Requirements for Medical Textiles
• In the Patient
– Biocompatible, Non toxic, Non Allergenic, Sterility
Standards of Highest Level
• On the Patient
– Non toxic, Non Allergenic, Sterile, Biocompatibility
• Near the Patient
– Sterile, Lint free
• For the Patient
– Clean
• General Properties
– Strength, Elasticity, Durability, Fire Resistance,
Antistatic, Biodegradability
MEDICAL FIBERS
Properties Conventional Fibers
• White staple fiber (no bleaching
 Cotton
necessary).
• Pure (no additives)  Polyester
• High quality staple fiber  Polypropylene
• Manufactured under very strict  Viscose

procedures and under very clean
environment  Glass fiber
• Excellent biocompatibility  Polyamide

SPECIALITY FIBERS
• Chitin/Chitosan
– Most abundant natural biopolymers
that contain amino sugars
– Chitosan is the partly deacetylated form
of chitin
– Commercially obtained from shrimps
shells
– Properties:-
• Biocompatible, Antibacterial, antitumor,
• Immuno-adjuvant, and central-nervous-
system-depressant.
• Accelerate bone formation

• Collagen
SPECIALITY FIBERS
– Biological-origin protein fiber obtained from bovine skin
– make products such as sutures and fibrous-collagen
surgical implants
• Alginate Fibers
– Natural polysaccharides occurring in seaweed
– ‘Moist-healing' concept uses alginate fiber for wound
dressings
– It generates moist healing environment while facilitating
high absorbency of exudate from the wound.
• Catgut
– From sheep skin
– make products such as sutures
Case studies

1.Bandages
These are narrow cotton or linen, plain
weave cloth of low texture, either woven or
knitted. There are different types:-
1. Cotton and rubber elastic net bandages-
for sprains and strains.
2. Cotton rubber elastic net bandages- net
fabric of lace construction.
3. Plaster of Paris bandages- cotton cloth is
impregnated with a mixture of calcium
sulphate.
4. Orthopedic cushion bandages.
5. Crepe bandage- elastic in nature due to
special weave allows it to stretch twice its
Length.

Bandages
• Purpose
– Protection
– Support
– Compression
– Immobilization
– Strapping/ securing
– Promotion of
wound healing

2.Absorbent medical textiles
Diapers
Feminine towels
3. Wearable medical textiles
 Clothing have more functions:-
Now exchange information.
Capable of recording, analyzing, storing, sending and displaying
data, a new dimension with intelligent systems.
Medicine: monitoring health parameters
Monitoring heart rate

4. Anti-microbial technology
Antimicrobial fabric is a textile that has
been treated to help inhibit or destroy
the growth of disease-causing microbes.
Common compounds used:-
•Quaternary Ammonium Hospital Antimicrobial Bed Sheets
compounds: targets the microbial
membrane.
•Triclosan
•‘Smart silver/Livinguard
Technology”: Nano particles (Silver)
coated/TiO2 coated ‘infection Antimicrobial Doctor Coat
free’/stain free fabric
Quiz:- What makes sweaty socks smell?
If you could alter or banish those

microbes, you could wear sweaty Ans: It’s not the moisture;
socks for a week without it’s the bacteria that grow
offending anyone in the damp fabric.

5. Tissue Engineering
• Solve problem of severe shortage of organ transplants.
• Textile-based scaffolds used for such tissue engineering
• Uses living cells and their extracellular components with
textile-based biomaterial scaffolds to develop
biological tissues for body repair.
• Frequently used scaffolds are non-woven structures,
preferably of biodegradable materials
• The scaffolds provide support for cellular attachment
and control tissue shapes.

Tissue Engineering

From scaffolds to organ

6. Wound dressing
• used for wound healing Components
• Function:- Contact layer:-
– Protect against infections prevent adherence
– Absorb exudate to promote
healing Absorbent pad:-
– Apply medication Absorbs exudate
Base material:-
protect the wound

7.Sutures
• A stitch or row of stitches holding together the edges of a wound or
surgical incision (oxford Dictionary)
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL SUTURE
 Have good handling characteristics
Not induce significant tissue reaction
Allow secure knots
 Have adequate tensile strength
 Not cut through tissue
Be non-electrolytic
 Be non-allergenic
Cheap
Sutures materials

Testing of healthcare garments
• Methods
– Repellency
– Launder-ability (recyclable)
– Burst strength
– Tear strength
• These methods assist in
characterization whether product
is
– Blood resistant
– Blood proof
– Viral proof

END

Home-Textiles & Sports Textiles
By Dr. Rotich K. Gideon
Class 10
Contents
 Home textiles  Sports textiles
 Requirements  Requirements
 Examples  Examples
5/5/2020 Technical Textiles - Teng 4184 2

HOME TEXTILES

Introduction
Functions of home textiles
• Domestic Textiles,
• Provides sun and light control.
• Hometex or hometech,
• Prevents interior color from fading.
• Used in making of many home
furnishing fabrics • Prevents deterioration through sunlight.
– They are interior environment, • Protects eyes from glare.
which deals with interior spaces • Protection from night blackness at
and their furnishings. evening and too-much early sun in the
– Home textiles are mainly used for morning.
their functional and aesthetic • Make summer room cooler & reduce air-
properties which provides us the conditioning
mood and also gives mental • Increase livability and workability
relaxation to the people. • Reduces noise; make music/speech richer
&resonant.
Fibers and yarns used for home textiles
Factors Consider When Selecting Fibers Measurable properties of fibers to consider
i. End use,
i. Tensile strength - Tenacity at break,
ii. Cost factor,
iii. Durability, Modulus and Elasticity.
iv. Comfort and
ii. Moisture Absorption / Content
v. Aesthetic properties
properties.
• Natural fibers:-
iii. Optical behaviors like reflection /
• Cotton and silk
• Wool and linen, absorption of light and shape of fiber.
• Man-made fibers:- iv. Eco friendliness
• Polyester & rayon
• Nylon & polypropylene v. Electrical and thermal characteristics as
• Teflon & acrylic. fiber ability to dissipate static charge.
Fabric structure used
• Generally, home textiles
are produced by:-
– Weaving,
– knitting,
– Crocheting,
– Knotting, or
– Pressing fibers
together (non woven).

TYPES OF HOME TEXTILES

1.Bed Textiles
Requirements; • Fibers used; Woolen, Cotton,
Polyester/Cotton, Acrylic, Linen
• Soft, Smooth , light
• Warm Handle • Fabrics used;
• Easy Care Properties – Plain
• Hard Wearing – Sateen, Twill with Extra Filling
• Good Dimensional Stability
– Plain lappet or Flocked Design
• Finishing;
– Anti – Shrink Finish
– Softening
– Anti – Microbial Finish
– Crease Recovery Finish
– Anti – Pilling finish
– Fire Retardant Finish
Beddings

Different Bed Textiles
Sheets and Pillowcases
• Related to fabrics woven
with a plain weave of cotton,
or more often,
cotton/polyester blended
yarns.
• Also made to a laminated
extent of linen, silk, acetate,
and nylon;
• Constructions vary from plain
to satin weave or knitted.

Blankets
• Made of various constructions and
compositions, which provide different
degrees of warmth, softness, and durability.
• Yarns may be composed wholly or of blends
of cotton, wool, nylon, acrylic, or polyester.
• Consumer Requirements
• Warmth & Soft and Smooth
• Heavy dense
• Hard Wearing
• Finishing:
• Fire Retardant finishing
• Softening
• Anti - Microbial

Conventional blankets Thermal blankets Flocked polyurethane
• Woven with soft-twist • Either woven in a variation
of the plain weave, such as a
• Composed of
yarns, in filling & higher polyurethane foam
honeycomb pattern, or
twist yarns in the warp.
knitted in a manner that base covered with fibre
• Yarns:- produces an open flocking, usually nylon
lightweight construction.
• wool, acrylic, polyester, • Soft, resilient, and
• Yarns:-
or blends of these sometimes spongy.
– Cotton, wool, acrylic,
fibres.
polyester, or a blend.\ • They are relatively light
• fabric is heavily napped to • The fabric is not napped. in weight.
produce a thick, close,
fuzzy surface.

2.Textiles for Seating
• Characteristics:
• Soft and Comfort
• Hard Wearing
• Stain – Repellent
•Fibers used :
–Cotton, Rayon, Polypropylene,
Acrylic, velvet, leather
• Fabrics used
– Pile with Plain or Twill
– 4 * 4 Basket Weave
• Finishing:
 Fire – Retardant finish
 Stain – Repellent finish
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3.Window Textiles
Characteristics; Fibers used:
 Excellent light fastness –Polyester, flax, viscose,
–cotton, silk, acetate, jute, hemp,
 Easy care
glass, and modacrilics
 Water proof • Fabrics used;
 Reflective textiles (Reduce – Plain with swivel, lappet
solar gain prevent sun glare) – Plain loosely woven
 Resistance to crease – Plain( Stripes, Checks, Plaids)
 Good aesthetic property • Finishing;
Uses of window textiles – Fire – Retardant finishes
• .
• . – Anti – shrink treatment
Curtains

4. Wall Textiles
Requirements;
Low flammability
Good sound absorber
Soil release
Excellent light fastness
Absorbing sound waves within
material
Fibers used; Jute (original), flax,
cotton, nylon
Finishing;
• Acid dyes for brilliant shades
• Anti-abrasive finish
Fabrics used;
• laminated non-woven
• Tapestries
16
5.Bathroom Textiles
• Fibers used; Cotton, polyester, flax,
acrylic
Examples
• Requirements;
– Soft feel
– Absorbent
– Water proof
• Fabrics used;
– Terry towels
– pile fabrics
– Plain(Stripes, Checks, Plaids)
• Finishing;
– Plastic coated
– Softening
– Anti – Microbial
6.Table Textiles
Fibers used; Cotton, Polyester , wool ,
silk, Polyester/Viscose, Polyester/Cotton
• Requirements;
 Absorb Moisture
 Stain Repellent
 Easy wash care
 Hard wearing
• Fabrics used;
– Plain
– 4 *4 Basket Weave
• Finishing;
– Fire – Retardant finish
– Stain – Repellent finish
– Anti – Shrinkage finish
7. Floor textiles
• The factors that account for differences
in price are the type, quality, and
quantity of fiber used, as well as the
amount of twist in the yarn, the number
of plies in the yarn, and the basic method
of construction.
Carpets serve as a
• .
• .
• .
• .
Carpets
19
8.Kitchen textiles
Examples Finishing
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Desirable Fibers and

properties fabric used
- -
- -
- -
- -
- Kitchen textiles -
-
SPORTS TEXTILES

Introduction
 Sportech is a branch of technical • In olden days:
textiles which are used in sports and • sport wears used were
Leisure purposes such as:- conventional and traditional
 shoes, sports equipment, flying and textile.
sailing sports, winter and summer
• Cotton, wool and other natural
sports & indoor sports.
fibers based textile which were
 Technology are used in technical
produced by conventional
textile to produce sportswear.
textile manufacturing.
 Requirements
• In modern times:
 Comfort
 Smart Functionality
• Sportswear has adopted cutting
edge technical and smart
 Light Weight
technologies (Sportech)
 Safety Features
Requirements of sports textiles
 Special clothing and sports equipment
should enhance protection & comfort.
 It helps to keep optimum heat &
regulation of moisture
 It offers sufficient air and water vapors
permeability.
 Rapid drying to prevent catching cold
 It should be durable, easy care, light
weight, soft and pleasant to touch.

Classification Of Sport Textiles
1. Sportswear 2. Sport Accessories 3. Sports Goods
These are the apparels The sport accessories These are the active sport
which have performance consists of nets, turfs, Items for specific sport like
enhancement such as rings, etc which provide inflatable balls for volley ball,
moisture management, requisite playing football and rugby, hockey
comfort, anti-bacterial conditions. sticks, golf club, etc.

SPORTSWEAR

Sportswear
 Examples  Examples Fiber available
 100% of cotton
 Swimming suit  Rugby gear
 Poly cotton blend
 Fitness wear  Water sportswear  Polyester
 Acrylic
 Skiwear  Winter active wear
 Wool
 Gymnastic uniforms  Climbing and hiking  Spandex
 Football gear  Cycling Special Fibers used in
sportech
 Cricket wear  Motor racing Hygra20
 Horse riding suit  Tennis Killat N23
Lycra25
Dacron

Key requirements of a sportswear
Ergonomic comfort
– Fit to body
– Freedom of movement
Sensorial comfort
- Feel- smoothness, softness
- clinginess
Psychological comfort
– Like colour, odour, fashion etc
Thermo-physiological comfort
– Thermal regulation
- Liquid & Vapour
- Protection against cold & hot climate
Fabrics for sportswear Finishing treatments
 Woven, • Antistatic finishing
 Knitted • Anti soiling finishing
 Nonwoven fabrics • Flame-retardant finishing
 Knitted fabrics are • Easy care finishing
mostly preferred
because of great • Water repellent finishing
elasticity and stretch
ability

Modern sportswear cloths come with mechanism to
Regulate body temperature,
control heart beat and body
perspiration.
 Help in communication
between the players and their
coach.
Enhance the performance of
athlete, players etc.
As protective clothing from
impact, wind, rain and sun
burn. Heat and moisture vapour transmission
through textile materials
Parts of modern sportswear
• Base Layers:-
– Breathable and wick perspiration
away from the body to the outer
part of the garment.
• Insulating Layer:-
– Usually a micro fleece
– Objective is keep the body warm.
– A key requirement of sportswear.
• Outer Layer:-
– The sports wear outer layer should
allow sweat modules out and keep
rain from getting in.

• Coolmax® active
– Fibre made from engineered 4 channelled and 6 channelled polyester fibre which
forms a transport system with an increased surface area that pulls moisture away
from the skin to the outer layer of the fabric and keeps the wearer cool and dry
• Thermolite® is very popular for cold climate.
– Hollow core fibres trap in air for great insulation and provide warmth and comfort
without weight. The large surface area allows the fast evaporation of perspiration
and wearer stays dry 50% faster than cotton.
• Sportwool® is a
– Basically a two layer moisture management fabric with wool on the inner side and
synthetic fibre on the outer side100.
• Fieldsensor R®
– is ecofriendly moisture management fabric made from recycled polyester fibres
which quickly absorb perspiration, carry it rapidly to fabric outer surface and disperse
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throughout outer surface for rapid evaporation
Technical Textiles - Teng 4184 31
• Inotek® fibre is innovative biomimetic .
– When it absorbs moisture, it shrinks to thin sturcture causing
microscopic air pockets to open and increase the breathability. This
response is reversible and fibres come back to original dimension in
dry conditions106.
• Skin® 400 series
– is elastane incorporated warp knitted innovative compression athletic
wear which can increase oxygen delivery to active muscles by
dynamic gradient compression.
• Biomimetic swimsuit Fastskin developed by Speedo®
– Inspired from shark skin. The denticles of shark’s skin and super
stretch property of fabric can enhance the performance of swimmer
by shape retention, muscle compression and reduced drag coefficient
SPORTS ACCESSORIES

SPORTS ACCESSORIES
• Efficient and durable sporting items providing designated playing

conditions for the targeted sports, viz. Artificial turfs, Sport nets,
rings(boks) etc.
Tents Nets Artificial Tuft

Artificial turf (field)
Parts of artificial turf
• Pile Fibre –
– Grass like piles are nonabrasive and soft to touch.
– Made of either the polyamide nylon/nylon 6.6 or PP/PE.
– Has to allow for smooth ball roll and bounce, support non-
directional foot traction, allow for water permeability and
should have the correct balance of strength, elasticity and
stiffness to withstand the wear and tear of regular usage.
• Backing Fabric –
– Material to which surface fibers are attached to form the
underside of the artificial turf surface.
– Has to permit water to flow through the fabric readily.
• Shock- Absorbing Foam –
– provides cushioning for running or falling athletes. The foam
is made of a closed-cell polymer alloy like polyurethane,
typically 1/2 inch in height and perforated for vertical drainage
• Supporting Base –
– supports the load placed on the entire structure, typically a 2-
feet or 3-feet layer of asphalt or concrete

Artificial Turf Cross Sectional Area

Nets
• Nets used for sport and safety applications are:
– Slip resistant
– High energy-absorbing capacity
– Light-fastness
– Uv stability
– Strength and flexibility
– Chemical and Abrasion resistance
• Examples of sport nets
– Goal nets
– Tennis and Volley ball nets
– Table-tennis nets
– Catch nets
– Nets for dividing-up sporting facilities
SPORTS GOODS

Different Sports Goods & Equipments
Categories Equipment
1. Inflatable Balls Volley Balls, Mini Balls, Hand & Basket Balls, Rugby Balls, Foot ball,.
Exercise and Gymnastic equipments, Health & Fitness equipments,
2. Exercise equipment
Club equipment, Playground equipments
3. Footwear Sports shoes, Boxing boots
Flying Discs, Wickets and Bases, Sticks, Bats & Clubs, Badminton,
4. Outdoor games
Tennis & Squash Rackets Cricket equipment, Hockey equipment,
equipments
Lawn Tennis, Children’s playing Shuttle cocks, Rolling skates
5. Indoor games
Table Tennis Weight lifting equipment, Carom boards, Chess boards ,
equipments
Leg guards, Head guard, Chest guard, Helmets, Protective equipment
6. Protective Equipments
Arm Boxing gloves, Hand gloves Soccer
7. Vehicles Bicycles, racing bikes & racing motor cars
Examples Of TEXTILE Materials USED IN SPORTS GOODS MANUFACTURING
1.Boxing Equipment's
Consist of Boxing Gloves,
Boxing Punching Gloves, Boxing
Head Guards, Boxing Punching
Pads, Abdominal Guard etc.
 Boxing Equipments Are Made
Of
Pu Laminated / Pvc Coated
Fabrics,
Woven Polyester Fabric / Nylon
Fabric.
Pu/Pvc Coated Fabrics Are The
Most Commonly Used Fabrics.

2. Protective Equipments
Cricket Gloves
• Batting gloves are made
of PU laminated fabric.
• Wicket keeping gloves
are made of PVC coated
fabric.
Helmets
• PVC
• polystyrene & PU.

3. Football leg pads
• This is a very common

injury that footballers face,
• A light weight and strong
pads having high impact
strength can be used.

4. Racket
• Rackets have evolved

from wooden and metal
frames (the latter were
introduced in the late
1960s) to the modern
ones,
• Made of metal–matrix
composites & carbon
fiber reinforced
composites.

5.SPORTS FOOTWEAR
Raw Materials
• PVC and PU coated fabrics are the
most widely used material for
sport shoes and are also known as
artificial leather.
• PU fabrics have the advantage of
higher breathability over PVC
fabrics
• Upper layer made of woven nylon,
PET & leather
• Inner layer of warp knit fabric or
woven.
6. HIGH JUMP
Vaulter’s feet – vaulting Cross bar fibre glass with
spikes – leather or rubber ends (safety)
mechanical uppers – built up
heel which enhances Landing area: high density
upright running style polyurethane foam
needed for vaulting – 7 or 9 covered with non-tearing
spike plate for traction and and non-abrasive
take off, rubber in heel synthetic cover (safety)
(performance)
Pole – carbon fibre

(performance)
Synthetic (rubberised) Run-up.
(All weather / traction)
END

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Technical Textile Min

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Teng 4184

By: Dr. Rotich K. Gideon (PhD)

• You should participation in class

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They are all technical textiles

Beddings Baby diapers Seat covers Bullet proof vest

• Examples of Technical textiles:-  Examples of Technical textiles:-

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Conveyor belts Industrial hose Insulators

Fire fighting suits Chemical protective suits Personnel protection

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Electromagnetic Electrostatic Industrial Ballistic

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Roof tops Carpets Covers Car seats

Tire cords Interior decoration Air bags Safety belt

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Sport shoes Sport equipments Sport wear

Sport Uniform Nets Artificial Field

Diapers Sanitary towels

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Shopping bag Back bag

Kitchen textiles Carpets Beddings

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Sewing threads Shoe laces Labels

Zippers Elastic bands velcro Padding

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bn. kgs. (2000) Fabrics

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1) They have reduced fabric 6) Higher filtration rate

Advantages of Non- woven filters

Engine air filtration Industrial Air Filtration

1. Thermal and chemical 2. Filtration requirements

Before After Scanning electron micrograph showing

1 By: Dr. Rotich k. Gideon

 Usually placed at tension surface to strengthen the soil.

 Permeable woven fabric employed

 First modern nonwoven geotextile was

SEM of Non-Woven geotextile fibres

 Largest hole sizes and largest particle sizes are assessed by

 Useful in drainage application

 Used for drainage applications

 Allowing liquids and gases to flow

 Used to Isolate one material form another.

Embankment cross-section Reinforced Embankment

AGRUFLEX tunnel lining system

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2. Decorative 4. Functional Textile

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